The aims and purposes of ICAO are to formulate the principles of international navigation and promote the development of international air transport, so as to:
(1) Ensure the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation worldwide;
(2) encourage the design and operation technology of aircraft for peaceful purposes;
(3) Encourage the development of air routes, airports and navigation facilities for the use of international civil aviation;
(4) To meet people's demand for safe, normal, effective and economical air transportation;
(5) preventing economic waste caused by unreasonable competition;
(6) Ensure that the rights of the State party are fully respected;
(7) Avoid differential treatment among States parties;
(8) Promoting the flight safety of international navigation;
(9) Promote the development of international civil aviation in all aspects.
ICAO publications are usually divided into two categories:
(1) The final report of the meeting, international standards and recommended measures, air navigation service procedures, supplementary procedures and regional plans approved and published by the Council;
(2) Field manuals, ICAO circulars, air navigation plans, technical manuals, etc. Authorized by the Secretary-General in accordance with the principles and policies approved by the Council.
These publications either provide standards that contracting States must abide by in international navigation, or provide acceptable compliance methods for implementing these standards.
Convention on International Civil Aviation is the basic law of international civil aviation, and ICAO has formulated various international standards and recommended measures in the form of annexes to Convention on International Civil Aviation. Up to now, the Convention * * * has 18 annexes, which are summarized as follows:
Appendix 1: The issuance of personnel licenses provides standards for the issuance and renewal of licenses for flight crew members, flight dispatchers/flight operators, air traffic controllers and aircraft maintenance personnel.
Appendix 2: Flight Rules, including those related to visual and instrument flight.
Annex 3: Meteorological service for international navigation, which specifies meteorological service for international navigation and meteorological report for aircraft observation.
Appendix 4: Charts, including charts used in international aviation.
Annex 5: Units of measurement used in air and ground operations. This appendix lists the dimensional systems used in air and ground operations.
Annex 6: Aircraft Operation, which contains various specifications to ensure that the safety level of various aircraft operations around the world remains above the minimum standards.
Annex 7: Nationality and registration mark of aircraft, which specifies the requirements for aircraft identification and registration.
Annex 8: Airworthiness of aircraft, which provides unified procedures for aircraft certification and inspection. Including airworthiness certification standards for large aircraft, helicopters, small aircraft, engines and propellers.
Annex 9: Simplified Procedures, which provides simplified procedures for transit procedures.
Appendix 10: Aviation Telecommunications, Volume 1 specifies the standards of communication equipment and systems; Volume 2 provides standard communication procedures.
Appendix 1 1: Air traffic services, including information on the establishment and use of air traffic control, flight information and early warning services.
Appendix 12: Search and rescue, providing information on organizing and using facilities and services required for search and rescue.
Appendix 13: Investigation of aircraft accidents and accident symptoms provides a unified method for notification, investigation and reporting of aircraft accidents.
Appendix 14: Airport, providing airport design and equipment specifications.
Appendix 15: Navigation information service, including methods for collecting and publishing navigation information necessary for flight.
Appendix 16: Environmental protection, including verification of aircraft noise, noise monitoring, noise impact range specification for land use planning (Volume 1) and aircraft engine emission specification (Volume 2).
Annex 17: Prevent illegal interference with the safety of international civil aviation, and stipulate the methods to protect international civil aviation from illegal interference.
Appendix 18: Safe air transport of dangerous goods, including the identification, packaging and transportation specifications of dangerous goods.
The main contents of airworthiness are as follows:
order
Part I Definition
Part II Compliance Approval Procedures and Continuous Airworthiness
Chapter 1 Model Verification
Chapter II Manufacturing Industry
Chapter III Airworthiness Certificate
Chapter IV Sustained Airworthiness of Aircraft
Part III Large Aircraft
The fourth part helicopter
The fifth part small aircraft
Part VI Engine
The seventh part propeller
According to the nature of the work, the airworthiness management of airworthiness management institutions can be divided into the following three categories:
(1) Legislation and standard formulation-The airworthiness certification department formulates and promulgates various airworthiness standards, rules, regulations, instructions and notices related to safety technology and management according to the aviation law promulgated by the state;
(2) Issuance of airworthiness certificates-in the process of development, use and maintenance of civil aircraft, the compliance of the implementation degree or standard requirements is tested by examining and issuing various airworthiness certificates according to law;
(3) Supervision and inspection-The airworthiness department promotes the units or individuals engaged in the design, manufacture, use and maintenance of civil aviation products to always consciously meet the requirements of airworthiness standards and regulations through the qualification examination before issuing certificates and the supervision and inspection after issuing certificates.
The FAA's approval system organization has three levels:
The first floor is the production and airworthiness certification department, aircraft engineering department, international policy office and planning and project management office of FAA headquarters, which is responsible for the formulation and management of airworthiness policies. These include:
(1) The Production and Airworthiness Certification Division is responsible for the production license certification and the formulation of the single-machine airworthiness certification policy.
(2) Aircraft Engineering Department, responsible for formulating technical policies for aircraft airworthiness certification.
(3) International Policy Office, responsible for international airworthiness bilateral agreements and policy formulation of international affairs.
(4) Planning and Project Management Office is responsible for the formulation of the examination and approval procedures for model qualification.
On the second floor, there are four airworthiness certification centers for transport aircraft, small aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft, engines and propellers set up in different regions according to the layout and professional division of civil aviation industry. The validation center is responsible for the project management of aviation product model validation within its jurisdiction, the formulation of airworthiness standards, validation policies and standardization, and the management of regional offices under its jurisdiction.
The third floor is the on-site offices responsible for specific examinations in the areas under the jurisdiction of each test center, such as the aircraft examination office, the manufacturing inspection regional office, the manufacturing inspection satellite office, and the examination management office.
EASA european aviation safety agency. In the airworthiness certification work, EASA is mainly responsible for the design and manufacturing review, certification and management of Airbus. For other products, the design is reviewed and approved by EASA, and the manufacturing is reviewed and approved by the airworthiness authorities of EASA member countries. At the same time, the airworthiness authorities of EASA member countries have also undertaken a lot of basic review work, solved problems such as regional management, and ensured work efficiency and effectiveness.
Compared with FAA, EASA's airworthiness organization system has the following different characteristics:
(1) The product approval classification is different.
EASA has set up a department responsible for airworthiness certification of spare parts and airborne equipment and a department responsible for airworthiness instructions, which is responsible for relevant certification work.
(2) Pay attention to standardization.
EASA's airworthiness organization system has set up a standardization department to be responsible for standardization and training.
(3) Measures for approval and management of certificates
The design and production institutions of European aviation products also separately issue the approval documents of design institutions. Therefore, EASA's airworthiness organization system has set up an organization review department, which is responsible for the review and approval of design institutions, production institutions and sustainable airworthiness institutions.
EASA adopts the management mode of design unit approval, type certificate approval and production unit approval and airworthiness certificate for aircraft airworthiness management.
Responsibilities of various departments or institutions of CAAC:
(1) airworthiness certification department
Drafting airworthiness regulations and standards
Airworthiness certification
Nationality registration and registration
Airworthiness certificate management
Post-certificate management
Appointed representative management
(2) airworthiness certification department of regional administration
Participate in the formulation of airworthiness certification policies, standards and procedures, and organize their implementation in the areas under their jurisdiction; Supervise and manage the holder; Implement the management of corresponding certificates in the area under its jurisdiction according to the authorization.
To be responsible for the issuance and management of airworthiness directives of relevant aircraft, and for the examination and approval of the extension or exemption of relevant airworthiness directives.
To be responsible for the examination and approval of the addition, modification and major special repair projects of civil aircraft within its jurisdiction.
According to the authorization, participate in the accident investigation of civil aircraft within the jurisdiction; Responsible for the evaluation of major and frequent accident projects within the jurisdiction.
(3) Shanghai airworthiness certification center
According to the authorization, undertake the relevant work of civil air transport aircraft model qualification examination, supplementary model qualification examination and production license examination.
Assist in the management, supervision and inspection of type certificate and production license holders of civil air transport aircraft.
According to the authorization, be responsible for reviewing the flight manuals of relevant types of civil aircraft.
Assist in compiling airworthiness instructions for relevant types of civil aviation products, and supervise and inspect the implementation of airworthiness instructions by relevant aircraft design and manufacturing units.
According to the authorization, undertake the technical inspection before the issuance of the relevant civil aircraft chartered flight certificate and standard airworthiness certificate.
Assist in the formulation (revision) of airworthiness standards and related documents for civil air transport aircraft.
(4) Shenyang Airworthiness Certification Center
According to the authorization, carry out the examination and approval of airborne equipment of large passenger aircraft.
According to the authorization, carry out the model qualification examination and production license examination and approval of rotorcraft and small aircraft.
Manage, supervise and inspect the holders of type certificate, production license and other related certificates.
Assist in revising, researching and tracking the corresponding airworthiness standards and conformity methods, and form a complete airworthiness certification system.
Carry out cooperation and technical exchanges at home and abroad in explaining airworthiness standards, researching and approving technologies, and formulating compliance methods.
(5) CAAC Aviation Oil and Airworthiness Certification Center
According to the authorization, undertake the airworthiness review of aviation oil and aviation chemical products and the related work after airworthiness certificate management.
Assist in drafting relevant regulations and standards for airworthiness certification of aviation oil and aviation chemical products.
Carry out research on airworthiness standards and verification technology of aviation oil and aviation chemical products.
Responsible for airworthiness testing of aviation fuel and aviation chemical products.
(6) Research Center for Airworthiness Certification Technology and Management of Civil Aircraft
Provide technical support for the decision-making of the civil aircraft airworthiness joint promotion Committee.
Carry out research on the airworthiness development strategy, planning and policy of civil aircraft.
Organize the research on airworthiness certification technology and airworthiness technology.
Organize airworthiness training, accept the entrustment of qualification certification, and provide public services and consultation.
Track and master the international airworthiness development trend and carry out international exchange activities.
Other assigned matters.
(7) Airworthiness Room of Aviation Safety Technology Center of Civil Aviation Administration of China
Assist CAAC to do a good job in the daily work of certificate management, application, certification and correspondence related to aircraft airworthiness certification.
Issue airworthiness instructions according to authorization.
Participate in airworthiness certification.
Maintenance and management of airworthiness information system of CAAC.
Tracking foreign airworthiness regulation.
Participate in the study of repeated multiple failures of aircraft.
(8) China Civil Aviation Management Cadre College Aircraft Airworthiness Certification Department.
Responsible for education, training and scientific research consultation in the field of airworthiness certification, especially the basic training of airworthiness regulations, and carry out research work in the fields of coordination of aviation product certification procedures and processes, management and control of aviation materials, and management and improvement of aviation engineers.
(9) Engine airworthiness certification center (planned to be established)
Carry out airworthiness certification of aero-engines and propellers.
(1) Airworthiness Group of Boeing Company
The airworthiness organization of Boeing Civil Aircraft Company is directly led by the vice president of Boeing Company, and consists of product integration, product research and development, appointment of conformity verification institutions, flight operation, international cooperation and other departments. Among them, product integration and the appointment of conformity verification institutions are closely related to airworthiness verification.
Product integration department: responsible for airworthiness inspection, product follow-up technical support and safety management of delivered aircraft.
Appointment of conformity verification institution: established according to the requirements of airworthiness regulations, mainly responsible for the management and technical support of model conformity verification projects, and its core is to participate in all aspects of process management and technical evaluation of conformity verification through airworthiness representatives.
(2) Airworthiness Team of Airbus
Airbus has established a design agency according to airworthiness regulation in Europe, and obtained the approval of EASA design agency. The head of the design agency is responsible for five main functional departments:
Design room: responsible for product development and design.
Test office: responsible for flight test and ground test.
Airworthiness office: responsible for coordinating the airworthiness activities of Airbus branches; Project management of aircraft: continuous airworthiness work such as single aircraft airworthiness certification.
Design support system monitoring office: responsible for the compilation and implementation of design agency manuals, internal supervision and audit, and external resource management.
Consulting room: responsible for consulting related product technology and management.
The design organization of Airbus mainly includes the following three functions:
Design function: formulate specifications, design, verify and integrate, and provide evidence that meets airworthiness and environmental protection requirements.
Airworthiness function: define the basis of validation and make validation plan, validate model design, conduct single-machine airworthiness validation for delivery, ensure continuous airworthiness, verify compliance, declare compliance, exercise the approval authority of design agency and coordinate with airworthiness authorities.
Independent supervision function: ensure the organization conforms to 2 1 J division and design organization manual, control design suppliers through interface documents, be responsible for design organization manual, control airworthiness signature, and coordinate the design organization approval management department of the Bureau.
Zhao yuerang. Concept and principle of airworthiness [M], Shanghai Jiaotong University Press.2013.