Awareness refers to discovering the existence of objective things, but not knowing what they are.
Discrimination is to distinguish the attribute of one objective thing from that of another objective thing.
Confirmation is a process of comparing one's existing knowledge and experience with the information obtained at present, determining what the perceptual object in one's brain is, and naming and classifying it into a certain category.
Perception is an advanced cognitive process to explain sensory information, which involves perceptual organization, direct perception and indirect perception, top-down processing and bottom-up processing.
One of the basic processes of perception is perception segmentation and perception organization. The process of organizing all kinds of sensory information into a perceptual whole after distinguishing them.
Gestalt school first studied perceptual segmentation and perceptual organization, and thought that the principle of perceptual organization was gestalt rule, including proximity rule, similarity rule, continuity rule and closure rule.
Direct perception, also called ecological perception, was put forward by Gibson. It means that the perceiver directly obtains the stimulus information from the objective things and reflects its overall attributes.
Indirect perception means that the perceiver reflects objective things with his own experience. This is a positive construction process.
Direct perception and indirect perception are not completely opposite, just different views. Direct perception mainly studies the perceptual process of the perceiver's action, while indirect perception mainly aims at the perceptual process of the perceiver's cognition.
Direct perception and indirect perception include two interrelated processes: bottom-up processing and top-down processing.
Bottom-up processing is the processing starting from the external stimulus information, emphasizing the role of information retained by sensory organs in perception. It is a low-level to high-level processing, also known as data-driven processing. An important feature is that the results of the lower stage in the treatment process are not affected by the higher stage.
Top-down processing is a process in which individuals process current stimulus information by using existing knowledge, experience and concepts. Because perceptual processing is guided by individual knowledge and experience, it is an advanced processing, which restricts the low-level processing, also known as concept-driven processing. The processing output of the lower stage is limited and influenced by the processing output of the higher stage.