It can be seen that the governor's "governor" is not a local official in name, but a "dispatch" nature sent by the central government. This shows that the central government firmly holds local power in its hands. There are no local officials in name, and the magistrate and magistrate also belong to the central officials.
the Ming Dynasty
From the late Ming Dynasty to the beginning of Jingtai, in addition to Yu Qian and Wang Ji, there were more governors in the local area, such as Ministry of War Shangshu, Nanjing Ministry of War Shangshu Shi Jing and Nanjing Military Affairs. These governors are set up for something, and they will leave when they are finished. Five years after its establishment (1469), Guangdong and Guangxi re-established the governor, whose duties began to be professional and almost customized, but he was not a local official, military and political chief. Among them, the more important governors are:
Hongzhi ten years (1497), a trilateral military officer in Shaanxi province, referred to as the trilateral governor.
Hongzhi ten years (1497), a military officer in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan and Huguang.
In the eighth year of Zheng De (15 10), a member of the military affairs and salary management department of Shaanxi Province declared Governor Xuan Da, or "Governor Xuan Da" for short.
In the twenty-ninth year of Jiajing, the governors of Hebei, Liaoning and Baoding were appointed as military affairs and salary management departments, referred to as "the governor of Hebei and Liaoning" for short.
In the thirty-third year of Jiajing (1550), the governors of Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangnan were also members of Jiangxi Military Affairs Committee, and so on.
The viceroy and the governor are local military and political officials, collectively referred to as the governor. However, the power of the governor is greater than that of the governor, most of whom are under the governor, and there are also governors and governors; The jurisdiction of the governor is wider than that of the governor, generally more than one province, and there were five provinces and seven provinces under the jurisdiction of the late Ming Dynasty; The level of the governor is higher than that of the governor, and most local governors are elected by the officials of this department, with Shangshu and Assistant Minister as their posts, plus the official titles of Duchayuan (Duyushi, Duyushi, Du Yu Shi Yu). In addition to ministerial officials, the governor who specializes in government affairs also has a temple official in his place, and the official system is like Shangshu and Assistant Minister.
In the fourteenth year of Zheng De, Ming Wuzong claimed that "the governor's military affairs were mighty, and the president was handsome as an official of Taishi Town", so he changed the governor to a general system. In the thirty years of Jiajing, courtiers changed their names to Governor without using the word "system", but they were used to honoring the Governor as the ruler. In the politics of the Ming dynasty, the governor played an important role. When he entered the DPRK, he was a prominent official, and when he left the DPRK, he was a military and political leader. The governor and the company commanders all listen to the golden mean, so he is called "the first important task of a beautiful man."
"A Record of Ming Taizu" Volume 42: "On December 27, the third year of the Apocalypse, Governor Yin announced that Zhen Zizhong, Zi Shu, Governor Deng Lai, Governor Wu Yongxianzi, Governor Yu Zhou and Taichang Temple were well-regulated and went to prison to study."
Ching Dynasty
List of local governors' offices (2) (20 photos) In the Qing Dynasty, the governor was the highest local governor in charge of the first, second and third provinces, and both the governor and the governor were local military and political officials, collectively referred to as the governor. However, the power of the governor is greater than that of the governor, most of whom are under the governor, and there are also governors and governors; The jurisdiction of the governor is wider than that of the governor, generally more than one province, and there were five provinces and seven provinces under the jurisdiction of the late Ming Dynasty; The level of governors is higher than that of governors, and most local governors are elected by officials of the Ministry. In the politics of the Ming Dynasty, the governor played an important role. When he entered, he was an important official of the imperial court, and when he left, he was the head of the military and political affairs of one side, so he was called the first important task of Wen Shuai. In the early Qing Dynasty, the number of governors and their jurisdictions were not fixed, but they were customized after Qianlong. China has eight governors: Zhili, Liangjiang, Shaanxi-Gansu, Fujian-Zhejiang, Hubei-Hunan (namely Huguang), Guangdong-Guangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan-Guizhou. The governor is usually in charge of comprehensive military and political affairs, civil and military management and assessment of officials with the title of assistant minister of the Ministry of War (or minister of history) and right capital suggestion. On the one hand, he is a senior military and political official known as a government official. There are also grain transportation and governors of Donghe and Nanhe. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), the three northeastern provinces of Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang were changed to generals and made governors of the three northeastern provinces. "Official History of the Draft of the Qing Dynasty III": "Governor. From yipin. Manage the military and civilians, comprehensively manage civil and military affairs, inspect officials, and trim the border. "
official rank
In the Qing dynasty, the governor was the highest-ranking local governor, ranking second (if you add the title of minister, it will be second), ranking above the second governor and governing one or more provinces. According to this example, all provincial governors have concurrent titles. In the first year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1723), except the case of Shangshu and the right suggestion of Douchayuan, the governors of other provinces were all right assistant ministers of the Ministry of War and right assistant suggestions of Douchayuan.
function
The role of the governor is to restrain the military attache with civil servants, coordinate the relationship between provinces and towns, unify the power of affairs, and prevent the provinces and towns from acting in their own way and shirking each other. It reflects the strengthening of the central government's control over local military affairs.
goodfav magazine
Governor zhili
Governor of Zhili-the governor of Zhili and other places, prefect military affairs, manage salaries, manage rivers and serve as governor.
In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1 year), the governor of Zhili was established at the beginning and later; In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), he was promoted to the governor of Zhili and customized;
In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Zhili water conservancy governor was established, referred to as Beihe governor for short;
In the 14th year of Qianlong (1749), the governor of Beihe River was dismissed, so he was also in charge of river affairs and river management in Zhili.
Twenty-eight years of Qianlong (1763), and concurrently served as governor;
Xianfeng three years (1853), in charge of salt affairs in Luchang. After the Taiping Rebellion, the order of salt transportation was destroyed and the post station was naturally suspended.
Tongzhi nine years (1870) and minister of Beiyang trade.
Governor of liangjiang river
Governor of the two rivers-the governor of the two rivers and other places, the military affairs prefect, and manage wages, run rivers, and manage the affairs of the South River.
In the first year of Kangxi (1662), the governor of Jiangnan was also in charge of river affairs;
In the twenty-first year of Kangxi (1682), the governors of Jiangnan and Jiangxi merged into the governors of Liangjiang, customized and still held Chiang affairs;
Daoguang eleven years (183 1 year), and concurrently served as the salt administrator of two Huai dynasties. After the Taiping Rebellion, the order of salt transportation was destroyed and the post station was naturally suspended.
Twelve years of Tongzhi (1873), and concurrently served as the minister of Nanyang Ministry of Trade and Industry;
In addition, in the early Qing Dynasty, the governors of the two rivers were in charge of Nanhe affairs, assisting the main river, gradually taking charge of aggravating river affairs, and finally comprehensively managing Nanhe affairs.
viceroy of min zhe
Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang-Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, military affairs prefect, concurrently in charge of salary and governor affairs.
After three years of Qianlong (1738), the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang merged into the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, customized;
In the 11th year of Guangxu (1885), the governor of Fujian was changed to the governor of Taiwan Province province and concurrently served as the governor of Fujian.
Governor Huguang
Governor of Huguang-Governor of Hubei, Hunan and other places, prefect military affairs, manage salaries and serve as governor.
In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the governor of Huguang was set up at the beginning, and later; In the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), the Governor of Huguang in Sichuan was changed to Governor of Huguang, and customized.
In the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), it was renamed Governor of Hubei and Hunan, but it was still referred to as Governor of Huguang.
In the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), he was dismissed and concurrently served as the governor of Hubei.
governor of Guangdong and Guangxi
Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi-Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, military affairs prefect and governor.
In the twelfth year of Yongzheng (1734), the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi was changed to the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and was customized in Zhaoqing;
In the 11th year of Qianlong (1746), he moved to guangzhou fu;
In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), he was dismissed as the governor of Guangdong and concurrently served as the governor of Guangdong.
Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu
But so do dungans governor-but so do dungans and other places, the prefect of military affairs, management of wages, management of tea horses, as governor.
At the beginning of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the governor of Gansu was set up to manage the tea-horse affairs.
In the fourteenth year of Kangxi (1675), the governor of Shaanxi but Gansu was established at first, and then it was renamed and transferred many times;
In the 19th year of Qianlong (1754), the governor of Gansu was removed, and then the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu was changed to the governor of Gansu to manage tea and horse affairs.
In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), the governor of Gansu was changed to the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu. For customization, he still served as the governor of Gansu, in charge of tea and horse affairs.
Sichuan governor
Governor of Sichuan-the governor of Sichuan and other places, prefecting military affairs, managing salaries and serving as governor.
In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the governor of Sichuan was established; In the fourteenth year (1657), the governor of Sichuan was established at the beginning, and later renamed as Fei;
In the 13th year of Qianlong (1748), the governor of Sichuan was restored and abolished at the same time, so he also served as governor.
Governor yungui
Governor yungui-governor of yungui and other places, military affairs prefect, and also manages salary and governor affairs.
In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), Governor Yungui was established at the beginning and later divided.
In the twelfth year of Yongzheng (1734), the governors of Guizhou and Yunnan merged into the governors of Yunnan and Guizhou, and customized them;
In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), he was dismissed from office and concurrently served as the governor of Yunnan.
Governors of three northeastern provinces
The governors of the three northeastern provinces-the governors of the three northeastern provinces and other places, are in charge of the generals of the three provinces and the governor of Fengtian.
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), General Shengjing was changed to the governor of the three northeastern provinces, and the affairs of the three former generals outside the customs were also managed by him.
At the same time, the governor of Fengtian was set up, and the flag soldiers in the area under the jurisdiction of General Shengjing were changed into deputy governors, who were in charge of them;
In the second year of Xuantong (19 10), he was removed from the post of Governor Fengtian and concurrently served as Governor Fengtian.
Nanhe governor
Governor of Nanhe-Governor of Jiangnan River, military affairs prefect, also referred to as Governor of Jiangnan River.
In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Zonghe was changed to the governor of Nanhe;
Xianfeng was abolished in the eighth year (1803), and the affairs were merged into the governor of grain transportation.
Governor Donghe
Governor of Donghe River-Governor of Henan and Shandong Rivers and military affairs of the prefect, also known as Governor of Donghe River.
In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the deputy Duduhe was changed to the governor of Donghe;
It was abolished in the 24th year of Guangxu (1898) and resumed in the same year; In 28 years (1902), it was abolished and the affairs were merged into the two governors of Henan and Shandong.
Governor of grain transportation
Governor of grain transportation-Governor of grain transportation and officials of Jiangbei Town Road.
In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the governor of water transportation was established;
In the eighth year of Xianfeng (1803), he dismissed the governor of Nanhe and was also in charge of river affairs in the south of the Yangtze River.
In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1805), he controlled the officials of Jiangbei Town and Road;
In the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), there was no water tank transportation, and the Governor of Jianghuai was established.
In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), it overlapped with the affairs of liangjiang governor, was abolished, and its affairs were merged into liangjiang governor.
The governor's residence still exists today.
Now only Zhili Governor's Office (Baoding, the only existing provincial capital of Qing Dynasty in China, the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units, the middle road building is well preserved, part of the east road building is well preserved, and the west road building is basically gone) and Liangjiang Governor's Office (Nanjing, Taiping Tiangong site, the former site of the presidential palace, the second batch of national key cultural relics protection units, the middle road hall, the second hall, the science department, the second hall, the second hall, the second hall, the second hall, the second hall, the second hall, the second hall Six groups of stables were left in the east, the TaoErh Lin Temple was moved, and the rest were converted into buildings of the Republic of China. The rest of the governor's official residence buildings basically do not exist, or are just ruins. The existing west building of the governor's office in the three northeastern provinces is a modern building. Located in Huai 'an City, Jiangsu Province, the Governor's Mansion of Water Transport, which was in charge of national water transport affairs during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, was large-scale, well-preserved and well-laid.
Governor: Governor, official name. China was one of the local military and political officials in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Also known as massage table. Patrol around the military, political and civil affairs ministers. In the Qing dynasty, the governor was in charge of the military, politics and civil affairs of a province. Its rank is equivalent to today's governor or provincial party secretary. Named after "Traveling around the world, caring for the army and serving the people". The grades of local officials in the Qing Dynasty are as follows: the governor, who is also the right capital of Duchayuan, is second class, and the minister of war is first class; The governor, who is also the right deputy of Douchayuan, has the title of suggestion, from the second grade to the assistant minister of the Ministry of War and from the second grade. The rank of governor is slightly higher than that of governor. In the early days, the power of the governor was far greater than that of the governor. For example, the governors of the two rivers were in charge of Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces according to the rules, but the governors of Anhui and Jiangxi no longer obeyed the governor in the later period. During the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, officials were sent to local governors, which was a temporary assignment, and "governor" did not become an official name. The name of the governor first appeared in the 24th year of Hongwu (139 1), and it was also a temporary dispatch. Ming Hongwu twenty-four years (139 1), set up a governor. In the 19th year of Yongle (142 1), 26 people, including Qi Yi, were the governors of all provinces, resulting in the governor system. In the fifth year of Xuande (1430), six people, including Yu Qian and Chen Zhou, were divided into northern Zhili and southern Zhili. Since then, the permanent governors of various provinces have gradually become a system. At the beginning of the governor's establishment, he was only responsible for taxes and grain, prime minister's river course, refugee treatment and border management. Later, he focused on the military. The governor of the Ming Dynasty was born as a scholar. At the beginning, the mainland governor was elected by the official department in conjunction with the inpatient department, and the border governor was elected by the official department in conjunction with the Ministry of War. In the 14th year of Jiajing (1535), Jiuqing promoted both inland and border areas. There are governors, who are collectively called governors. In the Ming Dynasty, although the governor was not the official military and political chief of the local government, he actually held the local military and political power because he was separated from the local government and controlled three departments (the department of undertaking propaganda and deployment, the department of prosecutors and envoys and the department of commanding envoys). At the same time, the governor goes to the capital for deliberation every year, which also reflects the court's strengthening of local jurisdiction. In the late Ming dynasty, the governor's translocation was often influenced by the imperial portal, and the final appointment power returned to castration power. In the Qing Dynasty, there were governors in all provinces. In the Qing dynasty, the governor was the highest military and political chief of a province and had the right to handle the civil affairs, justice, supervision and military command of the province.
origin
(1) The problem of refugees in the Ming Dynasty became more and more serious, and farmers rebelled from time to time, which also affected the government's tax revenue sources. The governors of Henan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanxi and Nanzhili were established under such circumstances.
(2) At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the political system of provinces was established, and at the same time, the three departments of capital, cloth and press were established. After advocating morality and orthodoxy, the power of the civil service group expanded, the status of the military group declined, and the balance of the three pillars was broken. The increasingly intensified social contradictions make the three divisions fragmented and ineffective. Another governor reflects the desire of the ruling group to adhere to the principles of centralization and decentralization.
(3) The Governor came into being because of the need to improve the ruling efficiency and rectify armaments. Sending courtiers to manage local affairs and carrying out some reforms on the original institutions in order to rectify and eliminate the long-standing drawbacks have become unconscious but regular measures of successive dynasties.
build
(1) Wu Hong said.
It is believed that the name of the governor began in the 24th year of Hongwu when the Crown Prince was appointed as the governor of Shaanxi (Zheng Xiao's "Today's Words" Volume 2 1 1).
② Yongle theory
It is generally believed that the governor of Ming Dynasty was Zhang Wang, the governor of Henan Province in the 19th year of Yongle. The Official List of the Past Dynasties, which was officially revised in the Qing Dynasty, agreed with this view and questioned Wu Hong's theory: Wang Zhangfeng was a governor in the early Ming Dynasty. First, in the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu, the Crown Prince was sent to Shaanxi for a temporary trip, which was not customized.
(3) xuande yue
It is believed that there was no governor in the early Ming Dynasty, but only assistant minister and imperial censor in Xuande. Sun Chengze's "Tianfu Guangji" affirmed this statement, saying: Hong Xichu had ordered Qian Zhou, the Guangxi Buzheng envoy, to visit Zhili and Zhejiang. . . Begging courtiers to visit the Governor, the people of An Tian. . . He appointed Hu, the provincial judge of Guangxi, as the minister of Dali Temple, and participated in politics with the governors of Sichuan, Zhili and Zhejiang counties. This is the beginning of the governor.
If the governor is considered as a system, there are two prerequisites for its establishment: first, it is specialized in one place; Second, it is relatively stable. According to the Biography of Ming History, Hu almost (later surnamed Xiong) visited Zhezhi in August of the first year of Hongxi, and Xuande returned to North Korea after leaving office for five years. Therefore, it is appropriate to take it as the beginning of the Ming governor. In the fifth year of Xuande, Zhao Xin, Zhao Lun, Zheng Wu, Yu Qian, Cao Hong and Zhou Chen were sent to governors in Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Huguang, Yushan, Beizhi, Shandong, Susong and other places, and the establishment of governors began to become a routine measure. Therefore, Wang Shizhen also thinks: "Every province has set up a special (governor) since the fifth year of Xuande." ("Ming Yao Hui" Volume 34 "Official Six" Governor).
function
The establishment of the governor in Ming Dynasty has its obvious stages, and the general trend is gradually localization and institutionalization, that is, from the central government to local military and political officials, from temporary dispatch to permanent institutions.
Trial period prescribed by the governor
Suntech orthodoxy period is a trial period set by the governor of Ming Dynasty. Its characteristic is that the special service is generally used as the transition. When preaching morality and orthodoxy, it is very common to have a special task and be a ruler at the same time. Hu almost, Zhou Chen has served as the southern magistrate. In the eighth year of Xuande, the basic duties of the governor were defined.
The stage of coexistence between the governor and the garrison
In addition to the governor, there are also guards, which have existed since Yingzong acceded to the throne. Therefore, in many places, the governor and the garrison stand side by side. Less than five months after Emperor Yingzong ascended the throne, five provinces of Jiangxi, Huguang, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Liaodong and other places set up civil servants and called them "town governors" with the governor. In the fourth year of Jingtai, the local town inspectors moved to the Douchayuan system one after another, and they all called "the governor as a remonstrance". The Governor is expected to "return to the hospital" and take charge of the affairs of Beijing Ducha Hospital.
Overall localization and institutionalization
Jingtai to Zhengde is the period of localization and institutionalization of the governor as a whole. After the restoration of Yingzong, the town and patrol were unified, and the principle of long-term guarding and replacing one place was retained, which made the localization and institutionalization of the governor take a big step forward. The ownership of the governor's establishment tends to be unified from Jingtai.
The gradual institutionalization of the qualification of governor
Since the establishment of Hongzhi, governors have been promoted in temples such as Gyeonggi, Shao Qing and Dali Temple, with profound qualifications ranging from officials, censors, employees, and highly qualified diplomatic envoys, judges, deputies and county magistrates at higher levels. The former senior official is the deputy capital suggestion, which is called the right deputy capital suggestion somewhere in the governor; The original humble person was Wudu Yushi, who was called the right suggestion of a certain governor (Zhang Cong's Order on Choosing the Commanders as Defenders, which was published in Ming History 177), such as "The military gate was the governor's boarding to praise the military affairs in the East and the right suggestion of Yuan Keli Douchayuan" (North Korea's Li Minbi)
The connection between the governor and the capital is also relatively weak. In the first year of Jingtai, the governor, like all foreign officials, had to take his family to his post, thus reducing the personal relationship between the governor and the capital. In the twenty-second year of Chenghua, the provision that the governor went to Beijing for deliberation was abolished, which was equivalent to acknowledging the localization of the governor.
The completion of localization and institutionalization of the governor
By Jiajing, the localization and institutionalization of the governor had been completed, and four different types had been formed.
(1) ranks above the third division and is the highest authority in each province. Thirteen ministries and envoys in Ming Dynasty were all appointed as governors, and three ministries were under their jurisdiction. This type was the mainstream of the rulers in the Ming Dynasty.
(2) Strengthening the jurisdiction over border areas is the beginning of establishing new provinces and regions. This kind of governors are mainly distributed in the border areas, mostly developed on the basis of the original governors and envoys, with Liaodong, Ningxia and Gansu as typical examples. After Yingzong ascended the throne, a civilian guard was added (renamed Governor after Tianshun), and gradually changed from a military unit to an administrative unit.
(3) forming special areas. This kind of governors are mainly distributed in mountainous areas with weak ruling power at the junction of several provinces, with Nangan and Yunyang as typical examples.
(4) forming a war zone. This kind of governor has two situations. First, it is located in the original border towns, such as Fu Xuan and Datong, with relative stability; Second, according to the development of the war, temporary additions were made to make things smooth, such as the governor of Dengse and Miyun, which were set up during the Apocalypse and Chongzhen years to resist the late Jin Dynasty. However, since Tao Langxian and Yuan Keli, the Governor of Denglai had been 14 in succession until his death in the Ming Dynasty.
Restriction and balance
While the functions and powers of the three departments are concentrated in the Governor, they gradually form various restrictive forces on the Governor, which come from the following levels.
Peer binding force
Xuande and orthodox factions, on the one hand, sent governors and civil servants to various places, on the other hand, gradually sent middle officials to guard them. As a result, a new triangular relationship has been formed in some areas, with the general commander, middle-level officials and civil servants standing side by side. After Jiajing, the status of the company commanders declined, and the officers guarding the company withdrew. But institutionally, company commanders and governors are still on an equal footing, and border towns are always re-established and guarded by officers. Therefore, in the border areas, company commanders and officers are still the restraining forces against the governor.
Bottom-up constraint
Although the Third Division has been subordinate to the Governor, it is still a statutory provincial organization in name and maintains relative independence to the Governor. If the governor violates the law, the head of the third section can also participate in the performance of the Central Committee. In this way, on the one hand, the governor controls the three divisions, on the other hand, the three divisions also restrict the governor.
Top-down constraints of central departments
The appointment of the governor must be promoted by the court. The promotion of the mainland governor is presided over by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Military Affairs. Governor Kao, enthusiasm, tone sandhi, in the second division of the official department. After Beijing decided to stay, he only listened to the rectification movement through science and technology and cleaned up the mess. If local events are not reported, they will also be consulted by Kedao. ("Ming History" Volume 71 "Election Record III")
The restriction of patrolling according to the imperial history on the governor
The imperial tour of the Ming Dynasty began in the tenth year of Hongwu. Since then, the provincial judges have gradually become the main supervision force of the central government and the agencies dispatched by the local courts. During the four years of Jingtai, the governor was given the title of suggestion, which determined the relationship between the governor and the press. However, the inspector general is independent in performing his duties, and the governor shall not interfere. The patrol publishing house is directly responsible to the central inspector. The governor's administration can be checked and corrected through inspection.
In this way, on the one hand, the governor is in charge of the military and political affairs of a province and is regarded as a "government official"; On the other hand, as a local official, he must accept the supervision of inspection on behalf of the central government. In addition, the governors after Jiajing, the governors sent from time to time, and various tolerant suggestions all played a role in containing or even controlling the governors to a certain extent.
office space
(1) When the governor was first established, it was often the "governor-to-governor" of the province, working with the Chief Secretary. After Jingtai and Tianshun, local governors successively opened their houses and established official offices. (Notes on the New Governor's Office in Ming Jing Ji (Volume 67)) The description of the Governor's Office in Gannan during Hongzhi period is: five halls, two corridors in the hall, several instrument corridors, dormitories in the east and appreciation halls in the east. There are two archways outside the door, Fuan and Calm. South of the screen wall, there are three halls, which are thought to be places for patrolling and preparing for meetings. ..... The dome hall is magnificent, majestic and well-behaved, which is unprecedented in its town. All the decrees and rewards and punishments are here. This is also where you send troops, receive training and sacrifice. If the county government is relaxed, this point will be white, and then we will dare to strike.
(2) The Governor's Yamen in Jiangsu was originally the seat of Heshan Academy, and it was changed to Yamen in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty. During these 480 years, there were many famous officials in charge of affairs, such as Zhou Chen, Hai Rui, Zhang Boxing and Lin Zexu, among whom Lin Zexu was in office for five years. The existing building was rebuilt in the fifth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1866), and 1982 was listed as a cultural relic protection unit in Suzhou. Due to years of disrepair, the building walls, doors and windows were seriously damaged. In line with the principle of repairing the old as the old, in July 2005, Suzhou city carried out protective repair on the former site of the yamen of the governor's office.
Daotai is a Taoist priest, the official name of the Qing Dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, there were Taoist priests in all provinces, who were responsible for four things, or were appointed as ministers and envoys. Designated person as supervisor or route for providing foodstuff, referred to as route for providing foodstuff; There are also rivers and rivers, which are called rivers for short. Some officials are single, and most of them are part-time. Others such as Postal Road, Customs Road, Tuntian Road and Chama Road. Generally, it is held by local officials and road clerks at the same level. As the deputy emissary of Buyi and publishing house, there are two ways to guard and patrol. Guarding the Road developed from political envoys' participation in politics and consultation, while patrolling the Road was the result of the evolution of affairs under deputy envoys and provincial judges. At first, there was only one government, or several governments ruled the same government. Later, some ruled the whole province, and some ruled the land of three or four houses. To this end, the two guards and the governor changed from temporary errands to fixed local governors. Moreover, Qian Gu, the head of the front guard, and the patrol are all in the name of punishment. After a long time, both of them have increased their soldiers, prepared titles, and their hands are gradually consistent. When Qianlong and Jiaqing were in power, they were allowed to play things in secret, and their power was increasing day by day, so that some people regarded Taoism as a local administrative agency at the next higher level. In fact, Tao does not have the nature of local government completely, but is a derivative of provincial administrative agencies.