Where did the Khitans go? Great gods, help!

Disappeared are descendants in the long and magnificent history of our country, an eagle family who fought against the sky-Qidan. The great Liao country, which is built by this nation and spans the Great Wall with the Liaohe River Basin in the north of China as the core area, has flourished in China for more than 200 years, miraculously leaving surprises and mysteries, and then suddenly disappeared without a trace. From 9 16 AD, Abao, Lu Ye established the Khitan State, to 1 125 AD, Yan Xi, Lu Ye was captured and died in Liao, and Liao stayed in the country for 209 years. After the demise of Liao State, Yelvshi, the eighth grandson of Baoji, established the Western Liao in 1 124, which was kept in China for more than 90 years and was destroyed by Mongolia in 12 18. However, it is puzzling that with the demise of the Great Liao Empire, the Khitan nationality with a population of 1.2 million at most also disappeared without a trace. So, where did this outstanding nation, which created many civilizations, go? Historians can only speculate that the fate of millions of Khitans can be roughly divided into three types: First, the Khitans living in their ancestral land gradually forgot their ethnic origin and merged with other ethnic groups. Second, after the demise of the Western Liao Dynasty, most of the Khitans in the northern desert moved westward to Kerman, Iran, and were completely Islamized. Third, after the outbreak of the Jin-Meng War, some Khitans who "vowed not to eat golden millet" took refuge in Mongolia. They followed the Mongolian army to the west and spread to all parts of the country. In the past, China historians believed that most of the Khitans were integrated into other nationalities in different periods and under different historical conditions. After the demise of the Liao Dynasty, most of the Khitans remained in the northeast, except for some who moved westward with Yelushi. Although most of these Khitans are integrated with Jurchen, Han and Mongolian, some Khitans still retain the customs and habits of the Khitan nationality in the form of groups. After the Jin-Meng War broke out, many Khitans revolted and took part in the struggle against the rule of Jurchen. Some of these Khitans were suppressed by Jurchen and some took refuge in Mongols. This part of the Khitans who took refuge in the Mongols, with the Mongols' Western Expedition, the Khitans were scattered all over the country. After the demise of the Western Liao Dynasty, this part of the Khitans who moved westward with Yelushi established a Chilman dynasty in Kerman province, Iran, commonly known as the post-Western Liao Dynasty. However, the traditional customs of this part of the Khitan people have disappeared and are completely Islamized. But their influence on the West is still there, so that modern Russian and Latin always refer to China as "Khitan". Huang Bin described an interesting story in the history of Liao Dynasty: In the 3rd century, Mongolians marched south to Central Asia and West Asia, and spread the methods of making and using China gunpowder and tubular firearms to Arab countries. At this time, the Khitan has been extinct for more than 100 years, but it is recorded in the famous Arab military book Equestrian and Ordnance in the late13rd century, and the gunpowder formula is also recorded as Daur Khitan. Are there any Khitans who have not been integrated by other ethnic groups? On this issue, the Qing Dynasty put forward that the Daur people originated from the Khitan people, and modern scholars also believe that the Daur people are the people who inherit the Khitan tradition the most. We came to the Daur Autonomous Banner in Molidawa, Inner Mongolia, where Daur people live in compact communities, and found that Daur people here have many legends, customs and languages. These are all closely related to the Khitan people recorded in historical materials. The Daur people have always worshipped their own Bodhisattva, Culler Buddha, and Culler was the name of the leader who moved northward in Qidan more than 800 years ago. According to historical records, after the death of Liao, General Khitan, who refused to pay gold, led some Khitans to Nenjiang River Valley and organized clans and tribes to settle down according to the custom of Khitans. Until the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, Gen timur, the Daur chief in the Genhe area, was also called the Khitan chief by Tunguska people. The hunting, eagle catching, eagle training and fishing methods of Daur nationality are also roughly the same as those of Qidan people recorded in historical materials. Daur people love to play Go. Their chess and chessboard are very different from those we have seen, but they are very similar to those unearthed in Liao tombs. The Daur nationality has always maintained the marriage custom that "the same surname can be friends, but different surnames can marry". No matter how many generations they have been estranged, they will never get married, which is the same as the Qidan nationality. Daur's ritual vessels and their sacred trees have something in common with Qidan's ritual and "Tree King". In the past, cremation and wind burial prevailed among Daur people. After the shaman died, he put the body on the gallows and buried the bones in the ground a few years later. The Khitans are also "but put their bodies on the mountains and trees"; The two ethnic groups belong to Altai Mongolian language family, and have similarities in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Both ethnic groups believe in Shamanism, "cooking", advocating black, worshiping the sun and worshiping. In addition, the Liao Dynasty called the emperor's palace account "Ordor", and the army guarding Ordor and protecting the emperor was called Ordor Army. After the emperor died, Oddo returned to the emperor's tomb. The army guarding the security machine is called "Duldo". Experts speculate that it is very likely that "Durkheim" gradually evolved into the present "Daur" in the long history. When the descendants of the Khitans were discovered in Yunnan, when Liao died, there were still some Khitans going south or north to the desert. For thousands of years, there has been little news and no trace. In the early 1990s, a shocking news suddenly came from the Institute of Nationalities of Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Sciences and Yunnan Institute for Nationalities. In Shidian County, Baoshan, Lincang, Dali, Dehong, Xishuangbanna and other places on the southern border of Yunnan Province, there are150,000 people, most of whom live in Shidian County. According to the investigation of two research institutes since 1990, these Khitans settled in Yunnan with the expedition of Mongolian army that year. They experienced several historical periods, including Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic of China and New China, and still retain many cultural traditions of the Qidan nationality. Now, they still use the Khitan fine print on the graves of their ancestors, collectively referred to as "I". Their physical characteristics are also obviously different from those of the locals, and they have grown taller. These people have surnames such as Amang Jiang, Amang Yang and Amang Li, which have been changed to Jiang, Li, Zhao, He and Cha since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Among the descendants of these Khitans, the history of the changes of the Chiang family recorded in the Family Tree of the Chiang Family in Mengban collected by Jiang Jiayun in Dehong Autonomous Prefecture is the most representative: "The ancestor of the Chiang family, surnamed Yelv, was named Baoji, and established the Liao Dynasty, which was destroyed by Jin. Later generations took Ah as their surname and changed their minds. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, with the active expedition of Mongolian army to the south, he was awarded the position of General Wu Lue. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, he was sentenced to a long lawsuit and inherited the local post for actively resisting Burma. After several generations, I changed my surname to Jiang. " This genealogy clearly records that Meng Ban Jiang is a descendant of Bao Ji, the ancestor of Liao Dynasty, and the evolution of his surname. In Jiang Jia, Mugua Village, Shidian County, Baoshan District, a genealogy of Shidianlong's lawsuit was also found. At the beginning of the book, there is a poem with four big characters: the ancestor of Liao country began as Emperor Yan, and reviewed Ji Qidan and Da Liao Emperor; White horses rely on men to reach the river, and green cows rely on women to reach the river. I am the ancestor of Mu Ye Mountain, and eight generations of descendants moved to the Yellow River; The Southern Expedition canonized the Golden Horse, and the Northern War Emperor canonized six courtiers. The surname is Feng Tang's first name, the ancestor of Lu Ye, Baoji; Gold teeth declare political history, and the world code is hereditary and long-term. Gongzu Dezong has a long history and its descendants have a long history. Autumn frost and spring dew test kindness, and it has a long history of meritorious service. This seven-character poem not only tells the heroic history of its ethnic origin and family, but also points out the surname change process of "name surname" In this genealogy, there is also a picture of a green cow and a white horse, which depicts an ancient legend about the origin of the Khitan. In the west corner of Mugua Village, Wang You Township, Shidian County, there is also an ancestral hall, namely Chiang's ancestral hall. The temple is deep in the north and south, divided into front and back rooms, and the main entrance of the temple is opened in the east wall according to the custom of the Khitan people. Under the spire eaves in front of the east gate building of the ancestral hall, the word ""is engraved, followed by a vertical plaque with the four characters "Jiangs Ancestral Hall" in the frame. There is a couplet written between the doorposts: "There are thousands of trees in front of the court in Lu Ye, and there is spring in Yongjiang Temple." The walls of the temple are painted with colorful paintings with strong northern grassland customs, similar to murals unearthed from Liao tombs, showing the nostalgia for ancestors. In recent years, experts in China have found that these descendants of the Khitan in Yunnan have a high homology with the Khitan people unearthed in the northern Liao tombs, and also have a high homology with the Daur people today, that is, they have a recent kinship, thus solving the mystery of the descendants of the Khitan. Supplement: According to the research of Northeast scholars, after the demise of Liao Dynasty, some Khitans who "vowed not to eat golden millet" lived in Shenyang, Mongolia and other places in the northeast and continued to live a nomadic life. Later, when the Jin Dynasty perished, the Khitan talents began to migrate to cities. During the Ming Dynasty, the Northeast Department surrendered to Daming and was given China surnames such as Liu and Feng. Later, some surrendered to Kim, and some began to move westward to Iran, completely islamized. Li Guangbi (708-764), a celebrity, was born in Liucheng, Yingzhou, China in the Tang Dynasty (now Chaoyang, Liaoning) and was a Qidan nationality. At the beginning of the 15th year of Tang Tianbao (756), Li Guangbi was recommended by Guo Ziyi as our envoy to Hedong, and led his troops east to Jingxing (now northwest of Jingxing, Hebei) to take part in pacifying the Anshi Rebellion. He successively captured Changshan (now Zhengding, Hebei Province), Jiumen (now Northwest, Hebei Province) and Zhaojun (now Zhaoxian County, Hebei Province). In May, he joined forces with Guo Ziyi in Changshan, and was exhausted by the enemy. He defeated Shi Siming in Jiashan (now Quyang, Hebei Province) and entered Boling (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province). The military power was greatly boosted, and more than ten counties in Hebei were killed in the Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Zhide (757), Shi Siming and Cai Xide led 654.38 million troops to attack Taiyuan (now southwest of Taiyuan). Li Guangbi and his men are less than 10,000 in the north. They first dug trenches outside the city, and then used hundreds of thousands of excavated soil as a blank to strengthen the city wall. When the enemy attacked the city, they pounded the boulder with artillery, dug tunnels to trap the enemy, and constantly attacked the rebels, making them afraid to approach. When Shi Siming returned to the north, Li Guangbi took advantage of a loophole to attack, defeated Cai Xide and annihilated 70,000 troops, which not only held Taiyuan, but also ensured the safety of Tang Jun's left wing. In July of the second year of Gan Yuan (759), he became the deputy marshal of the military forces in the world. Shi Siming army suddenly crossed the river, captured Bianzhou (now Kaifeng) and forced Luoyang out. Due to the disparity in strength, Li Guangbi abandoned Luoyang to defend Heyang (now south of Mengxian County, Henan Province), threatening the rebels' flanks and making them afraid to move westward. Then he waited for an opportunity to fight, defeated the rebels' attack on the three cities of Heyang, and wiped out twenty thousand enemies. In the second year of Shang Yuan (76 1), the court forcibly recovered Luoyang, and he had to send troops. At that time, the rebels were still sharp, and General Pugu Huai 'en violated the festival, thus defeating Mangshan (now north of Luoyang) and surrendering to Wenxi (now northeast of Wenxi, Shanxi). Later, he was appointed as the deputy marshal of various roads in Henan, went out of the city to meet the enemy Huai, unified the soldiers of various roads in Henan to counterattack the rebels, and cooperated with Pu Gu Huai En to recover Luoyang. He participated in suppressing the peasant uprising army led by Yuan Chao in eastern Zhejiang. In the second year of Guangde, he was suspected by the court and died of depression. In the early 1990s, Mr. Chen Naixiong, a famous expert in Mongolian studies, visited Baoshan, inspected the local genealogy, local chronicles and legends in detail, and compared 326 "I" characters with multi-ethnic characters. It is found that more than 100 of them belong to Altaic language family, which proves that there is indeed some connection between "I" and Daur language. In the middle and late 1990s, the emerging molecular archaeology provided practical and effective help to finally solve this problem. Molecular archaeology can find out the internal genetic relationship by extracting the DNA of various ancient creatures and comparing their sequencing results, and the conclusion is very scientific. When the Institute of Ethnology of China Academy of Social Sciences cooperated with Yang and Liu Chunyun of China Academy of Medical Sciences to study the topic of "Molecular Archaeology", the study of the descendants of the Khitan was listed as an important content. The research group first collected blood samples from Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian, Han and other ethnic groups, then went south to Baoshan, Yunnan, and took 100 blood samples of "I", and then took the road to Leshan, Sichuan, where a small specimen was extracted from the female corpse of Qidan unearthed from Yeluyu family tomb in Inner Mongolia. After completing the DNA sequencing of the remains of Khitan, Daur, Mongolian, Oroqen, Han and Yunnan "I", the research group conducted a rigorous comparison test, and finally came to the conclusion that among Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian and Han, Daur has the closest genetic relationship with Khitan, while "I" in Shidian, Baoshan, Yunnan is similar to Daur. After following the Jurchen Mongols around, the descendants of the Khitans were scattered all over the country, and many Khitans were sent by the Jurchen to the northern frontier to build a fortified "Golden Street Trench" to defend against the Mongolian attack, and then stationed there. After the Jin Dynasty, a part of the Khitans stationed in the war moved northward, maintaining a relatively large and complete ethnic group. This part of the Khitan people is the ancestor of Daur people today. Yunnan "I" originated from the descendants of the Khitans sent to Yunnan by the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty. After the demise of the Liao Dynasty, some Khitans joined Genghis Khan under the leadership of Lu Ye Tuhua, the royal family of the Liao Dynasty. In A.D. 1254, his grandson Lu Ye was busy destroying Dali with Kublai Khan in ancient times and was ordered to lead the army to stay in Yunnan. The lawsuit between Asura, chief of Shidian and Si Afeng, chief of Fengxi, recorded in Yunnan Tusi No.2 in the Ming Dynasty, is the third generation grandson of busy ancient times, and Asura is regarded as the ancestor by the contemporary "I". After more than 740 years of historical vicissitudes, there are no fewer than 6.5438+0.5 million descendants of Qidan in western Yunnan. In the process of reproduction, they continue to intermarry with local ethnic groups, so compared with Daur people, "I" is a little far away from Qidan people.