Test center 1. Understand the meaning of area.
Reciting area refers to a certain geographical space, which is divided by people according to certain indicators on the basis of geographical environment differences. The region has a certain area, shape, scope and boundary, and has obvious location characteristics. (regional unnatural existence)
(1) There are single indicators and comprehensive indicators for recognizing the regional division.
Single index: such as hot zone and climate type.
Comprehensive indicators: East Asia Cultural District, Middle East and North Africa Cultural District, Europe and America Cultural District (language, religion).
(2) Understanding is divided into natural elements and humanistic elements.
Natural elements: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, eastern monsoon region and northwest arid and semi-arid region (climate).
Humanistic elements: developed areas and underdeveloped areas (economy); Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (History)
(3) Homogeneous regions of cognition: regions with similar or relatively consistent natural elements.
Similarity of natural elements: plateau area, plain area and hilly area (topography)
Similarity of humanistic elements: dialect area (language), paddy field agricultural area and dry farming area (crops)
(4) "Understanding" functional area: refers to an area that is closely related in function and has certain relevance or internal connection. Such as urban economic zone, Pudong New Area, industrial zone, commercial zone and residential zone.
(5) Regional characteristics: integrity, difference and openness.
Test site 2: compare the differences between natural environment and human activities in different regions (understanding)
Regional differences among three natural regions in China.
region
East monsoon region northwest arid and semi-arid region Qinghai-Tibet alpine region
Position sum
It covers the eastern Daxing 'anling, southern Inner Mongolia Plateau, eastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, backed by inland plateau, west of Daxing 'anling, Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain-Qilian Mountain and Great Wall, north of Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain-Qilian Mountain Line, south of Himalayas, east of Hengduan Mountain and west of the border.
The terrain is low in altitude, among which the eastern plains are numerous and wide, with the highest altitude, but the difference is significant. Plateau, mountains and inland basins are the highest, mainly mountains and plateaus.
Climate monsoon climate is remarkable, continental and dry. The annual precipitation is decreasing from east to west, and the annual range and diurnal temperature range is large, with windy weather and cold climate. High altitude, thin air, low temperature and strong solar radiation.
The vegetation is mainly forest, partly forest, mostly desert, partly grassland, mainly desert, grassland and alpine meadow shrubs.
Most of the soil is developed under forest vegetation, and the strong leaching is mainly due to the poor development degree and shallow soil layer under desert and grassland vegetation.
There are many kinds of creatures, less than animals in the eastern monsoon region, and only a few species, such as yak, are cold-tolerant.
Hydrological rivers are mostly outflow rivers, and lakes are freshwater lakes. Surface water is mainly supplied by rainwater, mostly inland rivers, with short rivers. There are many lakes, mostly saltwater lakes, mostly inland rivers, and many lakes, mostly saltwater lakes.
Agriculture is dominated by farming, but attention should be paid to avoiding floods and droughts, animal husbandry and oasis agriculture, but attention should be paid to solving the problem of irrigation water sources, and animal husbandry and valley agriculture need to solve the problem of insufficient heat.
Many cities, few cities.
Dense population, very few, very few.
Internal differences in the eastern monsoon region
The main characteristics of the stage: the case of man-land relationship: the development of Pittsburgh
In the initial stage, there are few towns in the region, the spatial structure is relatively simple, the geographical environment has less restrictions on human activities, and the human impact on the environment is relatively weak. The relationship between man and land in the region is basically coordinated. Pittsburgh is located in the center of the coal field, and the rich coal resources in the Appalachian Mountains are the basis for its rise. Rich and high-quality iron ore near Lake Superior; Cheap water transport conditions of the Great Lakes and Pennsylvania Canal
In the growth period, the scale of resource development is getting larger and larger, cities and industrial areas are expanding rapidly, and the industrial structure and spatial structure in the region are becoming more and more complex, showing a point-to-point development trend. From agglomeration to diffusion, the industry began to appear obvious disharmony. The development space is limited, the environmental pollution is aggravated and the environmental damage is obvious. The city, also known as the "Cheese Belt", starts from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, passing through the transportation hub Chicago and the automobile city Detroit. The industrial structure in this area is complex, and the main industrial sectors are machinery industry, chemical industry and textile industry.
In the transformation stage, the original advantages of the region are gradually lost, the economic growth is slow or even stagnant, the market competitiveness of products is reduced, and the benefits are reduced. The regional economy has declined as a whole, the contradiction between man and land has intensified in a shrinking state, and the unemployment rate has remained high; Population decline and other serious social problems. Since the 1950s, the economic development of the industrial belt along the Great Lakes, which is dominated by manufacturing, has been in trouble. Many factories have closed down, workers have lost their jobs, and a large number of people have moved out. It is called "rust belt" or "ice belt".
In the regeneration stage, we should take measures to make the region generate new growth vitality, promote the recovery of regional economy from the tense state, and coordinate the development of industrial structure from heavy industry to high-tech industry. This is the so-called "knowledge city"
Internal differences in the eastern monsoon region
Main crops of agricultural ripening of vegetation soil in geomorphic temperature region
The eastern monsoon region is surrounded by mountains and waters, and fertile land Wan Li (vast plain) is in the northeast.
The coniferous forest and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest in the middle temperate zone are fertile black soil. Spring wheat, corn and soybean are harvested once a year.
The loess of deciduous broad-leaved forest in warm temperate zone of North China, which is dominated by plains and plateaus, develops three crops of winter wheat, cotton and peanuts in two years or two crops in one year.
..................................................................................................................................................................................
Poor red soil in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by mountains, hills and basins in south-central China, where rice and rape are harvested two or three times a year.
The latosol of tropical evergreen rain forest in South China is mainly in low mountains and hills, and rubber, oil palm, coffee and cocoa are harvested three times a year.
Distribution map of three natural regions in China
Test center 3. Compare the influence of regional geographical environment on human production and lifestyle in different development stages with examples (understanding).
Regional development has roughly experienced four stages, namely, initial stage, growth stage, transformation stage and regeneration stage. The characteristics of different stages are different, and the relationship between man and land has also experienced a development process from basic coordination to uncoordinated-intensified contradiction between man and land to coordination. Details are as follows:
Test site 4: illustrate the influence of industrial transfer on regional geographical environment with examples. (understand)
(1) Three major industries (understanding)
Various economic activities of human beings are usually divided into primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry.
Primary industry: including planting, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery, etc., that is, agriculture in a broad sense.
Secondary industry: including mining, manufacturing and construction, as well as the production and supply of electricity, gas and water.
Tertiary industry: other industries other than the primary industry and the secondary industry, such as commerce, finance, insurance, transportation and public services (other public welfare undertakings), that is, services in a broad sense.
There are obvious regional differences in industrial structure: the greater the proportion of tertiary industry, the higher the level of economic development in this region.
(2) Reasons for the industrial transfer of memory: regional differences in economic development level and uneven distribution of resources.
The first and second content
In the early days of reform and opening up, the 1990s.
The reason is the low level of economic development and the inevitable result of the Pearl River Delta's participation in the international division of labor. The production cost has greatly increased, and the space for developing labor-intensive industries is getting smaller and smaller.
Hong Kong's industrial transfer is mainly based on the introduction of computers, information technology and bioengineering from high technologies such as clothing, textiles, plastic products and electronic components.
Industrial transfer is labor-intensive and knowledge-intensive.
Results Although the production cost of the Pearl River Delta is lower than that of Hong Kong, it is already at a fairly high level in the whole country, and the Pearl River Delta has initially established its central position in the South China economic circle.
Environmental impact makes the Pearl River Delta industry with serious environmental pollution transfer, and with the increasing attention to environmental protection, environmental quality began to improve.
(3) From the perspective of geographical distribution, the transfer of labor and resource-intensive industries from more developed areas to less developed areas will bring adverse environmental impacts. Such as environmental pollution, traffic, housing, public security and other social problems.
(4) In the process of industrial transfer, knowledge has gradually changed from an industrial type that consumes a lot of raw materials and energy to an industrial type that focuses on knowledge, technology and services, and the adverse impact of industrial activities on the regional geographical environment has been reduced.
(5) Recitation has three major factors that affect international industrial majors: a, labor costs; B. internal transaction costs; C market
(6) After Reading's reform and opening up, there have been two large-scale industrial transfers in the Pearl River Delta.
(7) The influence of industrial transfer on the place of immigration and emigration (recitation)
The content industry moves out and the industry moves in.
Positive impact on the natural environment: reducing environmental pollution
Negative effects: seriously polluting the environment and destroying the ecological environment.
Positive impact on social economy: promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure
Negative effects: Rising unemployment rate has positive effects: promoting productivity and accelerating urbanization.
Test site 5: illustrate the influence of cross-regional allocation of resources on regional geographical environment (understanding)
Eastern route scheme, middle route scheme and western route scheme
This route basically carries water to North China along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, from the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River to Danjiangkou Reservoir, to Beijing and Tianjin, and from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to the upper reaches of the Yellow River.
Danjiangkou Reservoir in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the water source areas of Jinsha River, Yalong River and Dadu River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.
Evaluation advantages: The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is used, with small engineering quantity, large water quantity and good water quality.
Disadvantages: pumping water step by step, high energy consumption, poor water quality, large engineering quantity and small water quantity.
(1) Comparison of Recitation of East Line, Middle Line and West Line of South-to-North Water Transfer Project
(2) The far-reaching influence of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project.
(1) Positive significance-mainly in the field of water supply
(1) Social and social benefits: It can alleviate the water shortage in North China and is conducive to social stability.
② Economic benefits: alleviating water shortage in North China and promoting economic development.
③ Ecological benefits: improving the ecological environment in North China; Control land subsidence.
(2) Possible environmental problems-mainly in water source areas.
① The runoff of the Yangtze River decreases, which affects the water quality in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
(2) The siltation is intensified, which makes the river channel silted.
③ It will adversely affect the growth of aquatic organisms along the route. ;
(4) secondary salinization of soil in the transfer area;
(3) Describe the far-reaching impact of the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project.
A to the transfer place (west): A resource advantage is transformed into economic advantage, which promotes economic development and B increases employment opportunities.
Improve infrastructure and ecological environment
B to the transfer area (east): a to alleviate energy shortage and promote economic development; Adjust the energy consumption structure and improve the atmospheric environment.
Topic 2, Regional Sustainable Development
Test site 6: illustrate the environmental problems and development problems in the region with examples, and explain their hazards and comprehensive management and protection measures.
Regional environmental problems 1: soil erosion
(1) The range of the Loess Plateau: west of Taihang Mountain, east of Sun Moon Mountain, north of Qinling Mountain and south of the Great Wall.
(2) List the hazards of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau:
A makes the soil layer of cultivated land thinner, loses nutrients and reduces yield; B the lower reaches of the Yellow River form a "suspended river on the ground"; The ecological environment has deteriorated.
(3) The causes of soil erosion are recited:
A natural reasons: A has a special geographical position and fragile ecological environment (from plain to mountainous area, from wet to dry, from forest to grassland, from agricultural area to pastoral area); B. The soil is loose and easy to be eroded by running water; C precipitation is concentrated and there are many heavy rains; Geological disasters occur frequently.
B human factors: a unreasonable land use (wasteland; Open pit mining; Construction of caves, roads, water conservancy projects, etc. without plan. ); B destroy vegetation. Man-made causes are the main causes of modern soil erosion.
(4) Soil erosion control
Comprehensive management of small watersheds is the best measure to control soil erosion in the Loess Plateau.
To control soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, we must adjust measures to local conditions, take soil and water conservation as the center, and adhere to the principle of "combining forest with grass, combining engineering measures with farming measures; Combining economic, social and ecological benefits; The combination of governance and development. "
C. Specific measures: engineering measures (ditch fixing, slope protection and platform protection), agricultural technical measures and biological measures.
Gully development is a geomorphological feature of the Loess Plateau.
Regional environmental problem 2: desertification
(1) "Recitation" China desertification scope: west of Daxinganling, north of Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain-ancient Great Wall.
(2) Understanding desertification: land desertification, rocky desertification and secondary salinization caused by the degradation of cultivated land, grassland and forest land.
(3) List the causes of desertification:
Natural causes: dry climate and fragile ecological environment; Low vegetation coverage; Windy days; More sandy sediments.
B human factors: A excessive logging, B excessive grazing, C excessive reclamation, D unreasonable utilization of water resources.
(4) "Recite" desertification control measures:
A, rational utilization of water source b, construction of shelter forest system c, control of population growth d, adjustment of the relationship between agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and land use e, and comprehensive measures to solve energy problems in agricultural and pastoral areas.
Test site 7: With examples, analyze the geographical conditions of river basin development, and explain the basic contents of river basin development and construction and the countermeasures of comprehensive management.
1. Geographical environment of Tennessee River Basin: Tennessee River originates from the western slope of Appalachian Mountains and is a secondary tributary of Mississippi River. The middle and upper reaches of the basin are mountainous hills, and the lower reaches are alluvial plains. This river has a large drop and is rich in hydraulic resources. It belongs to subtropical monsoon humid climate with abundant precipitation, with more precipitation in winter and spring. The main flood season of the river is 65438+February to April of the following year.
2. Development and management measures of Tennessee River Basin: Take the comprehensive development of water resources as the core, carry out cascade development of rivers in the whole basin, and give play to comprehensive benefits such as flood control, shipping, power generation and irrigation; Take the electric power industry as the leader and establish a complete industrial system with high energy consumption industries as the backbone; Develop agriculture according to local conditions and vigorously develop forestry; Attach importance to the protection and construction of ecological environment and develop tourism.
3. Governance experience: ① set up special development institutions in the whole basin, improve laws and regulations and improve management level; (2) Choose development priorities according to local conditions and form distinctive development models; (3) continuously increase development efforts; ④ Improve the openness of the river basin.
Development and protection of wetland resources in Kaodian No.8
1. Wetland: Land whose water level is often close to the surface or covered by shallow water belongs to the land-water transition zone. Types: rivers, lakes, swamps, beaches, shallow seas with water depth less than 6 meters at low tide, mangroves, coral reefs, reservoirs, rice fields, etc.
2. Functions of wetlands: conserving water resources, providing water resources, regulating floods, regulating climate, beautifying the environment, purifying water pollution, protecting biodiversity, shipping and sightseeing, and providing agricultural and sideline products, minerals and energy. It is known as "kidney of the earth", "Cradle of Life" and "Paradise for Birds".
3. Problems and countermeasures in wetland utilization.
Highlight problem management measures
Due to excessive reclamation and siltation, wetlands are reduced and their functions are degraded, returning farmland to lakes and marshes, and restoring and rebuilding wetlands; Afforestation, soil and water conservation.
The problem of water pollution is outstanding, and water pollution prevention and control
Overhunting and overexploitation lead to a sharp decline in wetland biodiversity, protect wild animals and plants, and prohibit overfishing and hunting; Establish a wetland nature reserve. Establish laws and regulations to protect wetlands and enhance the awareness of wetland protection.
Test center 9: With examples, analyze the conditions, layout characteristics and main problems of agricultural production in a certain region, and expound the methods and ways of sustainable agricultural development in this region.
1, favorable conditions for agricultural production in the United States
Natural conditions: it is mostly temperate and subtropical, with moderate precipitation and hydrothermal conditions suitable for planting a variety of crops; The flat and open terrain and fertile soil are conducive to mechanized farming and large-scale management.
Socio-economic conditions: commodity economy is developed, and economic benefit is the primary factor affecting agricultural production; Developed transportation; Advanced science and technology and developed industries provide a strong guarantee for the development of American agriculture.
2. Specialization of agricultural production areas in the United States.
Objective: According to the characteristics of natural and social conditions in different regions and the objective requirements of agricultural production, rational distribution and large-scale production are carried out to achieve the greatest economic benefits.
Major agricultural belts in the United States:
Location factors of agricultural belt layout
The climate along the Great Lakes in the northeast of the dairy belt is cold and humid, which is suitable for pasture growth. Huge market (large population and dense cities)
The middle part of the corn belt has flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant annual precipitation and sufficient heat.
The temperate continental climate in the middle (winter wheat) and north (spring wheat) of the wheat belt; The soil is fertile and the terrain is low and flat.
The southern part of the cotton-growing area has fertile soil and sufficient light and heat.
3. Problems and solutions in American agriculture.
Problems: excessive reclamation and destruction of vegetation lead to soil erosion and "black storm"; High energy consumption; Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are seriously polluted.
Measures: develop ecological agriculture, organic agriculture, water-saving agriculture, precision agriculture, prescription agriculture and other agricultural production methods; Protect cultivated land and agricultural ecological environment, and promote conservation tillage techniques such as fallow, no-tillage and crop rotation.
Test center 10: Combining with examples, this paper analyzes the relationship between rational development of energy and mineral resources in a certain region and regional sustainable development.
Take Ruhr area in Germany as an example: Ruhr area was formed in the middle of19th century and is called "the heart of German industry".
1. Development background of understanding
Influence of factors and characteristics on industrial development
Location Ruhr is located in western Germany, between Liutongpo River and Ruhr River, a tributary of the lower Rhine River. Ruhr district is located at the crossroads of Europe, and its geographical position is superior. Since ancient times, it has been the only place for exchanges between East and West Europe, and it is also a shortcut from Northern Europe to Central and Southern Europe.
The traffic of the Rhine River is north-south: railways and highways are densely covered; Four artificial canals have developed land and water transportation, which is convenient for contact inside and outside the region.
Resource coal resources are rich and buried deeply, but coal resources with large reserves, many varieties and rich media are the basis for the development of coal industry, iron and steel industry and electric power industry in Ruhr District.
This area is poor in iron ore, but close to the green iron ore in France. Sweden and Russia go to Ruhr through Rotterdam port.
The Rhine, Lipper and Ruhr rivers are rich in water resources, which, combined with coal resources, promote the development of chemical industry in Ruhr area.
2. Elaborate the location conditions of Ruhr development.
(1) Natural conditions: A is rich in coal resources and B is rich in water resources.
(2) Socio-economic conditions: a, convenient waterway transportation; B, the market is broad; C, the labor force is sufficient; D, facilitate the import of iron ore from other countries and regions; E, good agricultural foundation.
3. Reasons for the decline of Ruhr area
Internal causes: first, the industrial structure is single, and second, the environmental pollution is intensified.
External causes: A world steel surplus B coal energy status decline C new scientific and technological revolution impact
4. List the main strategies of sustainable development in Ruhr.
(1) Transform traditional industries, vigorously support emerging industries and tertiary industries, and realize diversification of industrial structure.
(2) Control environmental pollution, strengthen environmental management and create green space.
(3) Strengthen infrastructure construction such as transportation.
Test center 1 1. This paper analyzes the process of industrialization and urbanization in a certain area and the main problems in this process, and expounds the countermeasures to solve these problems.
1. Rapid economic development
(1) Advantages of economic development in the Pearl River Delta region
Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta
The same natural conditions are abundant water resources and flat terrain.
Socio-economic conditions: sufficient labor force, broad market, good agricultural foundation, sufficient water resources supported by national policies and flat terrain.
Abundant labor force, vast market, agriculture
Good foundation and national policy support.
The economic hinterland with a high level of science and technology and a long history of development is adjacent to Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia.
Duoqiao town
(2) List the shortage of resources in the development of Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta-mineral energy, and the solutions.
Open source: a cross-regional allocation of resources (west-to-east gas transmission, west-to-east electricity transmission, north coal transportation to south) b development of new energy.
Reduce expenditure: a adjust industrial structure, vigorously develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, and b improve energy efficiency.
Eliminate energy consumption industry
(2) the industrial structure of the Pearl River Delta (one drop, three liters and two leading)
Evolution of industrial structure of classified content (proportion change)
The decline of primary industry agriculture
The dominant position of secondary industry, industry and construction industry
In addition to the primary industry and the secondary industry, the tertiary industry has grown significantly.
(3) Industrial development in the Pearl River Delta region
The Pearl River Delta region has developed into an industrial system that focuses on light industry and emphasizes the development of chemical industry.
Industrial system and main industrial departments in Pearl River Delta region
2. Highly urbanized
(1) Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta Region
Fundamentally speaking, the level of urbanization is determined by the economic level. In different historical periods in the Pearl River Delta region, due to different levels of economic development, the urbanization process also has different characteristics. This paper compares the characteristics of urbanization in the Pearl River Delta region before and after the reform and opening up:
Historical stages before and after reform and opening up
The urban population is small but large.
There are fewer cities.
Cities are small in scale and large in scale.
The density of cities has changed from small to large, and urban agglomerations have emerged.
Urbanization is fast and slow.
The level of urbanization is low and high.
Reasons for slow economic development and rapid economic development.
(2) Urbanization and industrialization in the Pearl River Delta.
Urbanization is closely related to industrialization, which is the main driving force of urbanization in the Pearl River Delta region.
Relationship diagram between urbanization and industrialization
3. "Reading" Problems and Countermeasures
Problems, the ecological environment situation is grim, the contradiction between man and land is intensified, and redundant construction is prominent.
Specifically, (1) environmental pollution tends to increase; (2) Some cities and regions are seriously short of water (water shortage). Due to the overheating of land development, agricultural land has dropped sharply, and the per capita cultivated land in the Pearl River Delta region has dropped sharply, and the contradiction between people and land has intensified. Some towns blindly expand their scale and pursue their own infrastructure and service system, which leads to unreasonable industrial structure, repeated construction and huge investment waste.
Planning to control pollution, protect the ecological environment, optimize the industrial structure, and do a good job in urban and regional planning.
The concrete measures are to build "Green Mountain, Blue Sky and Clear Water Project", take measures to control environmental pollution and protect water and soil resources, and expand the primary industry in the Pearl River Delta region; Pay attention to adjusting the structure of the secondary industry, develop high-tech industries by using the advantages of technology and talents, and transform and eliminate enterprises with high energy consumption, high cost and heavy pollution; Actively develop the tertiary industry (1), prevent the blind expansion of the built-up area, and ensure the ideal spatial development pattern; (2) The scale of cities and towns should be moderate; (3) The urban layout should be reasonable, urban and rural planning, construction and management in different regions should be strengthened, and a sustainable spatial coordinated development model should be established.
Topic 3. Application of geographic information technology
1. Understand the basic concepts of geographic information technology.
Geographic information technology includes global positioning system, remote sensing technology, geographic information system and digital earth. It improves the ability of human beings to capture, monitor, describe and express the process of natural evolution and social and economic development, thus making it possible to simulate the real world in a virtual way.
2. Understand the application of remote sensing in resource investigation, environment and disaster monitoring.
(1) resource survey: mineral resources and water resources survey, crop yield estimation, global climate change observation, disaster monitoring, major engineering construction, etc.
(2) Disaster and environmental monitoring: Remote sensing monitoring covers a large area, and can quickly and accurately obtain information on environment and disasters, and timely discover changes in environment and disasters. It has the characteristics of wide monitoring range, fast aging, high precision and strong continuity. ① Water pollution: Study and analyze the history and trend of water pollution in the same basin. ② Sandstorm: the origin, movement and diffusion process of sandstorm.
3. Understand the concept of Global Positioning System (GPS) and its application in positioning and navigation.
Global positioning system consists of three relatively independent parts, namely, space part, ground monitoring system and user equipment part. It is a system that uses satellite network to obtain the latitude, longitude and elevation of a point on the ground.
Global positioning system has the characteristics of all-weather, high precision and automatic measurement. The main function of GPS is positioning and navigation. The space satellite system consists of 24 satellites, including 2/kloc-0 working satellites and 3 spare satellites.
4. Understand the concept and main functions of GIS.
(1) The concept of geographic information technology: it is a system that relies on computers to realize the collection, processing, storage, analysis and application of geographic information.
(2) Main functions: data collection, data analysis, decision-making application, etc. The main problems that can be solved include spatial distribution and location analysis, trend analysis, pattern analysis and simulation results.
5. Understand the application of geographic information system (GIS) in urban management.
(1) urban information management and service; (2) urban planning; (3) Urban road traffic management; (4) urban earthquake resistance and disaster prevention; (5) Urban environmental management.
6. Understand the meaning of digital earth.