? A Brief Introduction to the Life of Zhang Tang Historian Zhang Tang.

Introduction: (? -65438 BC+065438 BC+65438 BC+February 2006), (now in the southeast of Shaanxi), was appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for conspiring against Empress Chen, Huainan and Hengshan. He has been promoted to doctor Taizhong, Tingwei and physician. Together with Zhao Yu, he edited the Law of Passing the Palace and the Law of Meeting the DPRK. & gt Zhang Tang, a native of Ling Du in the Western Han Dynasty (now southeast of Xi, Shaanxi Province), was born in an ominous year, about the middle of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, and was a typical legalist bureaucrat. According to modern psychological theory, a person's childhood living environment has a great influence on his life's growth and development. Subconscious * * * usually profoundly changes his personality in silence, and his personality determines his fate to some extent. There is also a folk proverb in China, which says, "When you are three, you look down on small, and when you are five, you look down on big." . Sima Qian recorded such a small incident that happened in Zhang Tang's childhood in Historical Records Biography of Corrupt Officials, which reflected a lot of information, which will help us to have a deeper understanding of the mentality of Zhang Tang and his cruel officials. & gt "The father belongs to Chang 'an and the son belongs to Tang. Also, the mouse stole meat, and my father was angry and made soup. Dig soup to smoke rat meat, prey on it, send a book to inform, take rat meat and go to prison. When my father saw it, he took it for an old jailer. He was so scared that he put the book in prison. Zhang's father managed his family in a professional way. He lost his temper because the mouse stole meat and punished his son with bamboo boards and Vitex negundo soup. Please note that flogging was one of the common formal punishments in ancient China. Xiao Zhangtang was wronged and stubborn. He dug deep into the ground to catch the stolen mouse. Instead of killing it with evil spirits, he set up his own court in earnest, disseminated documents, convicted him by torture, and finally read out the verdict and executed the mouse (dismembered) in class. Please note again that the punishment of beheading is one of the cruel weekly punishments in ancient times, which is also called "dismembering five horses" in modern times. My father, who has been in public office for many years, was also "shocked" when he witnessed this scene. From then on, he discovered Zhang Tang's talent and asked his assistant to write judicial documents. (There are few documents about the litigation trial system in the Han Dynasty, which are mainly described in The Story of the Cooler and Zhang Tang's The Trial of Rats. Through the analysis of the above events, we can draw the following conclusions: firstly, the influence of family environment, Zhang Tang's own interests and talents, and his father's professional training all make him very suitable for the post of "knife and pen official" and engage in judicial work, which has a great relationship with his later ranking in the three fairs and his becoming an ancient scholar; Secondly, the cruel and cold-blooded side of Zhang Tang's childhood character has already begun to show signs, with a strong tendency to violence, and then intensified until he became a generation of cruel officials, "making the world look askance", but at the same time it also laid the groundwork for the tragic ending of his life. & gt& gt After Zhang Fu's death, Zhang Tang worked as an official in Chang 'an for many years. His political rise, first of all, was because he helped Xing Xinghou to be born and introduced to the nobility of North Korea. He was in Ningcheng, a famous cruel official at that time. Later, he made friends with his younger brother, Prime Minister Tian Fen, was recommended to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and was promoted to the rank of suggestion. Zhang Tang's emergence in official career began with the witchcraft case of Empress Chen in BC 135. Queen Chen Ajiao (the heroine of synopsis of the golden chamber) summoned witches to cast spells and recite spells in the harem in order to compete with the beautiful Wei Zifu. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered a thorough investigation of the matter. Zhang Tang took the opportunity to play a cruel official and snare the innocent. " Tang Shen had ties with the Party, and more than 300 people were punished. Chu's father was beheaded in the city. "Thousands of people have been implicated. Later, Chen Ajiao was abolished, and Wei Zifu made a new move. Zhang Tang was promoted to be a loyal doctor because of his meritorious service in handling cases, and was appreciated by Emperor Wu from then on. & gt When Dr. Taizhong took office, Zhang Tang cooperated with Zhao Yu, a cruel official with a good personal relationship, and formulated and revised various national laws and regulations according to the actual needs of Emperor Wu's politics. Its main actions are: to restore the harsh laws such as the law of sharing seats, clan punishment and libel, which were abolished in the early Han Dynasty; Formulate a law that knows the past, that is, officials must report the case when they know it, and sentenced criminals must strictly enforce it, and local unrest must be severely suppressed, otherwise it will be treated as a felony; Twenty-seven compilations of Gong Yue laws (lost today). Guard system is an important part of Sixty Articles of Han Law. The same feature of its laws and regulations is to "do things in depth and keep officials on duty", that is, to make the laws and regulations strict and meticulous, especially for the officials who hold office. This reversed the trend of lenient legislation since the prosperity of the literary field, and the development of China's law was harsh and rigorous. & gt At this time, in order to strengthen the feudal unification, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty no longer respected Confucianism, but instead respected Dong Zhongshu's neo-Confucianism. Zhang Tang is just speculating. He wrote a letter requesting the appointment of Dr. Ru as Tingweishi to assist him in handling the case. At the same time, on behalf of the emperor and court officials, he consulted Dong Zhongshu, who had retired from his hometown, and took his opinions as an important trial basis. Since then, prison officials have judged cases according to the will of the imperial court, with the intention of the ancients, and said that they must be "rams" in the Six Classics, which is called "Spring and Autumn Prison" in history, which not only promoted the process of canonization of legal Confucianism, but also opened the precedent of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty. & gt in BC 123, Liu An, the king of Huainan (the author of the ancient book Huai Nan Zi, the protagonist of the idiom "Chicken and dog ascend to heaven") and Liu Ci, the king of Hengshan, rebelled and lost their lives. Ting Wei Zhang Tang presided over this major political case, tried to figure out Liang Wudi's thoughts, took the opportunity to eradicate old grievances, and played the role of pursuing ruthless governance. " Huainan and Hengshan prisons, headed by Liehou, have 2000 stones and heroes. Tens of thousands of people died. "The following year, that is, the second year of Yuan Di's enthronement ceremony, Zhang Tang became an official, became a knight, and started the most brilliant seven-year career in his life. & gt The main reason for the success of Zhang Tang's career lies in his humility. Before his success, he made a wide range of friends and laid a solid class foundation. " "Historical Records and Biography of Cooler Officials" says that "Tang is a deceitful man, dancing with wisdom to control others ... although he is at odds with others, he is eager to admire him". Although there are opinions, we should also do enough work on the surface, create an atmosphere, admire and respect rich and powerful senior officials, and respectfully "make friends with Chang' an Fu Jia and famous literati in the world ... As for provincial officials, they are repair experts; Send to the public, do not avoid cold and heat. " Therefore, "although the usage is not exclusive, it has gained this reputation. "Although the problem is not small, it has been praised by powerful people and gained a good reputation. Secondly, and most importantly, Zhang Tang won the trust of the emperor. From the perspective of Emperor Wu, Zhang Tang's words and deeds are obedient and absolutely loyal to the emperor, without any selfishness. Emperor Wu naturally thought that he was a rare talent, so he naturally reused him and gave him power. In fact, it is "a person who is guilty of doing whatever he wants, a person who has deep grievances with history; In other words, those who want to explain what they want, and those who are indifferent to prison history ... prison ministers are responsible for themselves. "That is to say, Zhang Tang's case, most of them are met with the rejection of Emperor Wu, and his punishment will be aggravated when he falls; If Emperor Wu likes it, he will find an excuse to be merciful outside the law; If Emperor Wu doesn't care and has a gap with himself, he will be ruthless in the first instance, taking crowding out the enemy as a political achievement and safeguarding the imperial power as a cover to maximize his desire. " Although the text quotes the law, it tends to explain what Tang said. "The emperor ruled alone in name, but in fact the final decision-making power was completely guided by Zhang Tang's personal will. It is worth noting that Zhang Tang's success depends on these two factors, which is also the reason for his failure. & gt Zhang Tang, who was ranked after Sangong, boasted that he had the emperor's favor and held many positions. His power far exceeds that of the prime minister, and he decides everything in the world. He talked about state affairs in the court until sunset, and Emperor Wu forgot that the waste food could not go out at night, and all the ministers were not allowed to return; When Liang Wudi was unable to go to court due to illness, he made a special trip to visit Zhang Fu, which made him spend so much money. The large-scale war between Han and Hungary for many years led to the emptiness of the national treasury and the poverty of the people. In order to solve the financial crisis, Liang Wudi ordered Zhang Tang to take charge of economic reform, plan the state to compete for profits with the people, manufacture platinum currency and five baht, implement the monopoly law of salt and iron products, put up wanted orders everywhere, severely crack down on the powerful, and bully the weak with cool methods, which led to national inflation and unrest. & gt At this time, with the acquiescence of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Tang personally created one of the most serious unjust prison cases in the history of ancient cultural thought and legal system in China. Yan Yi, a farmer who is famous for his honesty, offended Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty by opposing Zhang Tang's economic bill of replacing 400,000 yuan with a piece of white deerskin. Zhang Tang, who presided over the political reform plan and was good at observing political trends, had a feud with Yan Yi, so he accused Yan Yi of "not talking, only moving his lips" and "condescending not to talk, saying dead words" (not talking but slandering in his heart, he should be sentenced to death). With the consent of Emperor Wu, Yan Yi was executed. The case of superiority can be said to be a strange injustice throughout the ages, which is only a subjective guess of political prisoners. This bad precedent is thousands of years earlier than Yue Fei's "self-evident" and money's "lust for sin" in the Southern Song Dynasty. The direct consequence of this is that the autocratic power of imperial power is monstrous, and everyone in the government and people is frightened. " Naturally, there is a legal comparison of condescension, and most officials and officials flatter others. "And condescension is publicly compared, and all ministers have to flatter themselves to save their lives. As for the reform plan, you will not listen to the consequences when you are in politics, and the damage will be too wide, which will inevitably cause serious harm to society. " Since the birth of platinum and five baht, hundreds of thousands of people have died because of the theft of money by officials and people. There are many lawbreakers, but the government can't punish them completely. "As a result, people's grievances are boiling, and complaints are everywhere." As for Shu Ren, salty means soup. "At this point, the controllable economic crisis has been artificially deteriorated into a serious political and social crisis. Just as the glory of injustice cannot escape a bleak ending, Zhang Tang's apprentice is coming to an end. & gt