A site in Gangu, Gansu Province, was discovered for half a century before it attracted attention. Expert: Uncovering the Secret of the Old Qin People

The Qin Dynasty was the first multi-ethnic dynasty that unified feudalism in the history of China, and it created a series of feudal ruling systems, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations. The origin of Qin culture has always been concerned. The discovery of a series of cultural relics in the early Qin Dynasty in Longdong revealed the mystery of the early Qin history. Maojiaping site in Gangu county is one of the important cultural sites in pre-Qin period. Its discovery provides important information for the early Qin culture and its age, the migration route of Qin people, and the relationship between Qin and Xirong. And promoted the chronology of Qin culture to the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was rated as one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in 20 14. Maojiaping Site is located in Maojiaping Village, Pan 'an Town, Gangu County, 25 kilometers away from the county seat. Maojiaping Village is located on the gentle slope of South Zhulailing, with Weihe River in the north, Pan 'an Town in the east, and Xiaonan Hebei flowing into Weihe River in the west, which belongs to the secondary platform on the south bank of Weihe River. The northern part of the site is a residential area and the southern part is a burial area. There is a gully in the tomb area, which divides the tomb into east and west parts. Maojiaping Village is the only road of the Silk Road, connecting the north and the south. Its special geographical position made it occupy an important position in the pre-Qin history of Longyou. The distribution of Maojiaping site 1. The origin of the excavation of the Maojiaping site 1947. The famous archaeologist Mr. Pei Wenzhong discovered the Maojiaping site during his inspection in the Weihe River Basin and marked it as prehistoric culture. 1982 to 1983, Gansu provincial cultural relics team, Peking University and other units carried out excavations, and made important gains, and found group A remains with Zhou and Qin cultural factors and group B remains with unique cultural characteristics. Since then, the Maojiaping site has been silent for more than 20 years, and it was not until the appearance of "Tsinghua Bamboo Slips" that the Maojiaping site came back to people's sight again. Tsinghua Bamboo Slips are the abbreviations of a batch of Chu bamboo slips from the Warring States Period that entered Tsinghua University in 2008. Huaqing Bamboo Slip "The Year of the Department" reads: "(Lian) fled from Shangyi (Beggar) to the east. Cheng Wang attacked the merchants (beggars' gangs), killed Lian, and moved the merchants (beggars' gangs) to Zhu (Zhu) in the west, in order to prevent slaves from conquering Qin's ancestral glory. According to Mr. Li Xueqin, Zhulai Mountain in the southwest of Gangu is today. Zhulai Mountain is located on the south bank of Wei River southwest of Gangu. It belongs to the Qinling Mountains and stretches for dozens of miles. It is a Danxia landform formed by the cut of the Weishui River, which is reddish, so it is called Zhulai Mountain. "Yugong" said: "Zhe, Zhu, birds talk and mice talk, as for Taihua." It can be seen that Zhulai Mountain was already a famous mountain in Longyou in the pre-Qin period. As for Zhu's geographical position, Shuijing Note says: "Mountains gather in the road." Five-fold residence, that is, Sanpu, southwest of Gangu today, is the main peak of Zhulai Mountain. On this basis, Li Xueqin thought that Zhou Chengwang moved westward to the southwest of Gangu. Nian, a bamboo slip in Qing Dynasty, is a great progress in the study of Qin culture in recent years, which urgently needs the support of archaeological data. At the same time, the archaeological investigation of early Qin culture is also in full swing. In 2004, the early Qin cultural joint archaeological team, composed of Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Field Archaeology Department of National Museum, Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and Northwest University Cultural Heritage College, launched a large-scale archaeological investigation in Longdong, and excavated key sites such as Dabaozi Mountain in Lixian County and Liya Site in Qingshui County, and achieved fruitful results. Mr. Wang Guowei combined "paper materials" with "underground new materials" to study the "double evidence law" of ancient history, which has always been regarded as a standard by historical researchers. With the progress of early Qin cultural literature research and the advancement of archaeological investigation, the Maojiaping site near Zhulai Mountain has once again attracted academic attention, and people are eager to further explore the Maojiaping site to confirm the westward migration of Qin people recorded in bamboo slips in Tsinghua. Under this background, the archaeological excavation of Maojiaping site was officially opened in 20 12. 2. Archaeological discoveries range from 20 12 to 20 14. The early Qin cultural joint archaeological team excavated the Maojiaping site for three years, with an excavation area of 4,000 square meters, 99 tombs/kloc-0, 752 ash pits and 5 Chemakeng. There are 5/kloc-0 copper containers, more than 500 pottery pieces and more than a thousand small pieces (groups) unearthed. The archaeological excavation yielded fruitful results, which greatly revealed the cultural features of Maojiaping site and provided rich materials for the study of early Qin culture. Among them, the greatest achievements are the "Golden Goma Railway"-Zichege and Che Malaysia Airlines. During the excavation of the Maojiaping site in Chemakeng, 1, 10 excavation site (A-J) was selected. In the first half of 20 13, a large relic was found in the excavation site D, which was initially judged as a tomb, and it was not excavated until a small tomb was found in the southwest corner in the second half of the year. Professor Liang Yun, the team leader, realized that this should be a large-scale relic. At the end of September, this large chariot pit numbered K20 1 was presented to people. The Chemakeng is 1 0m long and 3m wide, facing the northwest. There are three chariots and horses in turn, numbered1,No.2 and No.3, and the car K20 1 in Maojiaping Chemakeng is located in the east of the pit, which is a guiding car. Four horses and one car, the horse is kneeling, with ornaments, titles, bodyguards and so on on the horse's head. Car 2, located in the middle of the pit, is the main car, which is extremely luxurious. It consists of left and right army horses and chariots, all painted with lacquer armor. The horse hip is decorated with copper bubbles and moire copper ornaments, the vest is decorated with red and dark flat stripes, and there are copper bubbles in the abdomen. Outside the car board, Mengniu's skin is painted with black paint, and animal images such as tigers, leopards, horses, sheep and rabbits are painted with rainbow colors, all of which are running and lifelike. K20 1 No.2 car K20 1 No.2 car Wenwen No.3 car is located in the west of the pit and is a slave car. Xu knelt in front of him, with clear traces of Cheshi and Cheyu, and Cheshi decorated with black stripes on a white background. There is a rattan basket in the northwest corner of Cheyu, which contains the heads of cattle and sheep. The horses used in the chariot pit were all disposed of after being killed, and the direction was consistent with the direction of the tomb, which reflected the function of burial. The vehicle is a two-wheeled single-wheeled vehicle with clear structure. There are three luxuriously decorated and orderly vehicles in the chariot pit, all of which show the noble status of their owners. According to reports, this type is similar to the discovery of Qin tomb in Baoji Doujitai, which is undoubtedly the performance of the mature period of Qin cultural factors. 2. The discovery of Chege Chemakeng K20 1 is undoubtedly exciting, but its main tomb has not yet been discovered. The excavation started from 20 14 to 10, and the leader Professor Liang Yun judged that the owner of the tomb should be in the northwest of Chemakeng. Indeed, it was misjudged as the drilling point of the ash ditch before, and two tombs with a length of more than 4.5 meters were found, which were confirmed as the main tomb of Chemakeng, numbered M2059. Tomb M2059 faces the northwest, with a niche on each wall and a coffin in each niche. Two people were martyred in the East Temple, and the west, north and south temples were martyred 1 person. There is a coffin in the grave. In the head box between coffins, there are bronze sacrificial vessels, five pots, four baskets, two square pots, a pot, a pot, a pot, a pot, a pot. 0/5 pieces of copper container/kloc-and 0/3 pieces of pottery/kloc-. There are sacrificial dogs and decorations on the cover plate. The M2059 sketch of Maojiaping site shows that the coffin is made of patent leather, and there are cinnabar, turquoise earrings and a string of colored beads such as gold and agate around the human bones. The next discovery excited archaeologists. A bronze dagger of the tomb owner's right arm was unearthed in the inner coffin, and two lines of inscriptions were engraved on Hu's part, with the words *** 14, one of which was clearly legible: "Qin Gong is a child car". This discovery was shocking, and the identity of the tomb owner was immediately exposed. This is the general of Chejia. Zichege family was an important figure in the Qin Dynasty's victory. "The Book of Songs Yellow Bird" said: "Being a yellow bird stops at the spine. Who is Mu Gong? Ziche Yan Xi. " In this regard, "Zuo Wen Zhuan's Six Years" states: "Qin Bo is a good pawn. Zhong Xing and Zhen Xuan, the three sons of the family, were martyrs, all good people of Qin. China people mourned it and gave it a "yellow bird". "Yellow Bird" tells the story of "Three Heroes of Rickshaw", that is, the story of Qin Mugong being martyred by Xi, Zhong Xing and Needle Tiger. Maojiaping Zichege's statement shows that the owner of the tomb is a member of Zichege's family and has a high status, thus confirming the records in the Book of Songs, Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records that Zichege is Qin Mugong's "three virtues died". At the same time, it also shows that the western cemetery of Maojiapinggou may be the family cemetery of Ziche. With the discovery of such high-grade tombs and large-scale sites, the position of Maojiaping site has risen to a new height, and how to locate it has become the focus of academic attention, which has triggered a shock in academic circles and promoted the study of early Qin culture to take a big step forward. Third, the cultural factors of Maojiaping site 1, the ethnic group of Maojiaping site 30 years ago, archaeologists compared the remains of Maojiaping Group B in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty with the Siwa culture in Longyou area at the same time, and confirmed that its ethnic group belonged to the Rong nationality. New archaeological discoveries have revealed richer cultural features, especially the discovery of high-grade tombs, which has also triggered a new discussion on the Maojiaping clan in academic circles. The widely used curved limb burial is different from the straight limb burial used in the upper Qin Dynasty. Even noble tombs, such as M2058 in the west of Gougou and M 1049 in the east of Gougou, are tombs with bent limbs. The age of these high-level tombs can be traced back to the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period. Judging from the flexion and flexion of limbs, the owners of these tombs are not relatives of Qin. """belongs to the ruling class in Hebei, but abides by the etiquette of the Qin Dynasty in funeral customs." (Shi Dangshe's Proof of the History of Early Qin Culture and Administrative System-Rereading Mao Jiaping) Since several high-end tombs are not Qin's, the middle and lower classes are naturally not Qin's. Who are they? Professor Shi Dangshe believes that the owner of Maojiaping cemetery should be Ji Rong. Which is part of Xirong. 2. Cultural Factors of Maojiaping Site The most striking cultural feature of Maojiaping Site is Qin Zhou culture, which developed and grew in the matrix of Zhou Culture. Typical remains of Zhou Culture were found in the floodplain of Longxi, west of Gangu, indicating that Zhou Culture, which originated in Longdong area, influenced Longyou area very early. In this context, the Qin culture of Maojiaping site was inevitably influenced by Zhou Wenhua. For example, the pentapod and tetrapod systems used in M2059 are the same as those in Zhou Wenhua. Archaeological findings unearthed in Longyou area of Tongju and Maojiaping site in Ding Tong show that Siwa culture has typical characteristics of northwest indigenous culture, that is, the culture used in "Xirong", and Maojiaping "Group B remains" embodies the characteristics of Xirong culture. This shows that after the rise of the Qin people in Longyou, the local Rong people also integrated into it, and the vast Rong indigenous people were the main force that constituted the new Qin people. Therefore, Rong cultural factors are also reflected in the Maojiaping site, which has also been confirmed in archaeological remains. For example, the ubiquitous factors such as limb-bending burial are the result of Qin people's absorption of Rong culture. Four. Attribute of Maojiaping Site Maojiaping Site belonged to Jirong in the pre-Qin period, and later it was located in Jixian County in the Qin Dynasty. According to Records of Historical Records and Qin Benji, Qin Wugong was divided into Ji Rong in the 10th year (688 BC) and became the first county. Mr. Shi Dangshe believes that the "early counties" of Qin State are Luan and Ji, which are the territories of Qin State. After the mid-Warring States period, they officially became Luan and Ji counties. (Shidangshe: "Proof of the history of pre-Qin culture and administrative system-Rereading Maojiaping") There is a Xiaonan River on the west side of Maojiaping Village, which is called Wen Gu Water in the Notes on Water Classics. Going upstream and crossing the watershed, you can reach Qinxiling, Dabaozishan, Lixian County; Wushan county, just west of Maojiaping, is the seat of the military department; Tongwei County, just north of Maojiaping, is a prosperous place. As the saying goes: "The site is the only place where Qin people travel from south to north. The geographical position is important, and it has not been abandoned from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period. The cemetery is large in scale, and its nature may be related to Jixian County established in Qin Wugong. (Liang Yun: Maojiaping in Gangu, an important site of Qin culture) Wen said that at this point, we can form an overall impression of Maojiaping site, which is under the influence of Zhou Wenhua. From the early Spring and Autumn Period to the mid-Warring States Period, the Qin people had it, and Qin Gong appointed doctoral officials to manage it. " It should be an important bridgehead for Qin people to control Xirong and an important base for Qin people to move eastward. "M2059 is the tomb of Hebei Governor's car. Furthermore, it is inferred that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Qin people implemented early county system management in Hebei, including Maojiaping, which should be a despicable place on the border of Qin territory. The excavation of Maojiaping site is a major breakthrough in the study of Qin culture in 2 1 century. It reveals the face of early Qin culture and the relationship between Qin and Rong, and its rich cultural factors are enough to become the coordinates of pre-Qin culture research in Longyou area. Reference: The Book of Songs, translated by Wang Xiumei, Zhonghua Book Company, 2009. Yang Bojun: Notes on Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period (20 16 edition). Sima Qian: Historical Records, Zhonghua Book Company, 1985. Song Xiqun: The latest archaeological research shows that the Maojiaping site should be under the jurisdiction of Qin Wugong, 20141218,005. Liang Yun: Maojiaping in Gangu, an important site of Qin culture, popular archaeology, May 20 13. Xiao Yu: The Origin of Qin Culture-Archaeology of Maojiaping Site, Popular Archaeology, February 20 15. Shidangshe: Confirmation of the history of pre-Qin culture and administrative system —— Rereading Mao Jiaping, Trends of China Historical Research No.4, 20 17. (Author: Haoran literature and history Ji Cheng Chen Guang) This article is the original work of Haoran literature and history science from the media, and it is forbidden to reprint it without authorization! The pictures used in this article are all from the Internet unless otherwise specified. If there is any infringement, please contact the author to delete it. Thank you!