The official department is an official position in ancient China, which is simply the department in charge of personnel, and its nature is similar to our current human resources department. In the Western Han Dynasty, ministers often served Cao, who was in charge of the affairs of prime minister, censor and minister. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, ministers often regarded Cao as an official, and later selected the Ministry. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was called official department and official book. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was listed as the first of the six departments, and the official ministers (known as Da Zai and Zhu Zai in history) were the main officials and assistant ministers. Generations have lived together.
The official department is in charge of the appointment, removal, examination, promotion and transfer of state officials, and consists of four departments. In the official department, the largest is Shangshu (minister), followed by Assistant Minister (deputy minister), and then there are four chief officers called Langzhong (director) and deputy chief officers called Yuanwailang. The four subjects in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were selecting works, being honest with officials, checking seals, collecting honors and taking exams. In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the Qing government responsibility cabinet made an imperial decree and the official department was revoked.
Functions of the Fourth Division of the Official Department
The selection of literary works is actually equivalent to recruitment, training, salary, performance and employee relations. Wen Xuan is in charge of civil service grade examination, listing, examination, selection, promotion and monthly election (equivalent to recruitment); The title, official duties, official positions, difficult official positions, seal application and seal donation (equivalent to employee relations and career development) of the head of the seal inspection department; Ji Xun is responsible for civil servants' obedience, final support, and handling the inheritance, naturalization and renaming of officials (in fact, they are all file management); The examination department is responsible for the division and discussion of civil servants, handling Beijing inspections and major affairs (that is, the performance appraisal of officials).
The salaries of officials in previous dynasties were basically fixed, so the ancient salaries had little to do with the current human resources work. Anyway, the "boss" emperor has the final say. Besides honest officials like Harry, how many officials live on salaries? The difference between ancient and modern human resources functions is still under training. The training of ancient officials was carried out in the Ministry of Rites. Does have a clear lawsuit, in charge of ceremony, military salute, management affairs and imperial examination, of which imperial examination is naturally the biggest business of does.
In fact, the ancient official minister is equivalent to the current human resource manager. Many friends may ask, wasn't the ancient official minister a minister? There are also college students (equivalent to the management team executives of enterprises now) and prime ministers (equivalent to the general manager, and the boss is naturally the chairman). However, the power of the official department in ancient times was great, and its greatest power was: literary selection and examination, that is, the recruitment of officials (the literary selection was below five) and the performance evaluation (Beijing inspection and major plans). Officials of these two departments have never been provoked, whether they are promoted or dismissed, developed or bankrupt, it is a matter of one word. In view of this, most ministers and assistant ministers in the Ming Dynasty were replaced by doctors from the Propaganda Department and the Examination Department.
Ancient conscription official selection department
The official department of literary selection is an institution under the official department of Ming and Qing Dynasties. Responsible for the rank, selection and promotion of civil servants, as well as the laws and regulations of monthly elections. The following departments are: Talent-seeking Department: undertaking the registration of bimonthly officials, cutting off talents and promoting them, selecting and promoting them, taking high-paying, good-paying, deputy-paying and senior-excellent jobs, teaching them, taking part in imperial examinations, copying and supplementing Chinese books, and managing the registration, inspection, distribution and introduction of officials in Baqi Province and below. (emphasis: first, bimonthly; Second, kyou-kan).
Setting department: responsible for the registration, inspection, distribution and introduction of monthly replacement officials. In addition, the provinces also make up the questions, promote the tone, actually grant, try the salary, add posts and lay off officials. Provincial governors play invitations and are responsible for the registration, cancellation and overstaffing of alternate officials in various provinces. And transfer personnel to provincial party committees to fill vacancies. (focus: first, a single month; Second, mainly local officials)
Promotion division: to undertake various discussions, each official will be given a new seal, each official will be given a promotion, and a license for awarding prizes and donating students will be issued.
Registration: store the official records of officials outside Beijing, and undertake the registration and sales of the official records of officials outside Beijing listed in the Beijing Office below bachelor's degree and requested by various government offices to fill the vacancy.
Manuscript room: to undertake the promotion of officials such as Korean War who are below the bachelor's degree in Manchu Dynasty, and to look up books and imperial history during the examination.
Pen-paste department: responsible for the printing of all the government offices and flags outside Beijing, and supplementing the consultation and release of pen-paste, and choosing another pen-paste.
In addition, there are institutions such as lack department, official department, support department, book department, dispatching department, investment and supply department, large donation department, single and bimonthly discussion and election department, gentry department, repair department and receiving and dispatching department.
After introducing the department of selecting officials and being honest, our key core lies in expounding the following issues: First, the training of reserve cadres (juren) is generally to become an official after obtaining the provincial examination, and of course it is a backup. This reserve cadre team is huge, with a large population base and obvious echelon advantages.
Second, the talent-seeking department and the talent-donating department perform the selection tasks separately, once every two months, and supervise and compare each other. Moreover, the choice of single and double months will spread the task equally, and there will be no situation of concentrating one department in a hurry. After all, it is really annoying for the state to manage so many alternate officials (reserve cadres).
Third, the post to fill the vacancy is actually below level 5 (according to the enterprise level, it is the cadre at the level of department head, below the middle level), but it is obviously different to seek talents and thirst for managing the central ministries and commissions and open local departments to manage them.
In fact, the main service target of Wenxuan Division is juren, who has a certain degree (after having obtained the township examination) and a certain social status (for example, people who don't have to kneel down when they see an official, but they can refuse to obey the corvee). The most important thing is that literary anthologists can also collect registration fees (donating officials). In modern human resource management, this is the selection and cultivation of reserve talents. Of course, we are not allowed to accept money now.
The assessment also depends on the examination department.
Fine tea
Beijing inspection is a system to evaluate Beijing officials. It was once every six years in the Ming Dynasty and once every three years in the Qing Dynasty, with "four grids" and "eight laws" as the lifting standards.
The "four grids" are: compliance (indicator of moral attitude), politics (indicator of quantitative assessment of political achievements), talent (indicator of talent) and years (indicator of qualifications and experience). Each division is divided into competent (qualified), diligent (good) and excellent (excellent) according to its achievements. The number one person is registered, and they have the priority to be promoted to foreign officials. In fact, this is the same as our original "virtue and diligence", but modern times take attendance as an indicator instead of seniority, which can be seen from here.
The "eight laws" are: greed, coldness, inaction, unwillingness, old age, illness, impatience and weakness. Those who violate this law will be questioned (that is, warned), dismissed or demoted, and the old, weak, sick and disabled will abdicate. After the "eight laws", greed and coolness came and went, and it was changed to "six laws".
Important plan
The grand plan is a system for evaluating foreign officials. It is stipulated to be held every three years. Every year, Yin, Si, Shen, Hai, and other officials in counties, prefectures, prefectures, prefectures, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, cities, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, counties, prefectures, counties, counties Those who are excellent in talent and defense are called "outstanding", and after being introduced (that is, appearing in front of the emperor), they have to upgrade to a higher level. The worst is the illegal division into eight laws (later changed to six laws). The punishment is the same as that of Beijing officials. What violates the law is called equality (this is more interesting, that is, foreign officials can get by as long as they are not reported by the central government. The so-called mountain is high and the emperor is far away, which is a very important reason).
In the assessment of enterprises, Beijing inspection is aimed at various functional departments of the group organs, and the big plan is aimed at cadres at all levels of various subsidiaries (for example, the governor of Jiangsu is the general manager of Jiangsu Branch). The advantage of visiting Beijing is to give Beijing officials a chance to go abroad for exercise, and then get excellent results from the big plan and return to Beijing for promotion. The result of the combination of the two is that the income of Beijing officials is not high, and they rely on local officials to support them; And local officials need the personnel relations of the central government. Exchanging jobs is conducive to the flow of talents. In addition, cadres who have been in office for a long time will have narrow relationships and make much ado about nothing; Second, killing the will is not conducive to growth. Being in a place for a long time, the mountain is high and the emperor is far away, and it is easy to develop the possibility of "disrespect".
Generally speaking, it is not easy for Beijing officials to make achievements, and it is not easy for foreign officials to befriend. Beijing officials may always meet their superiors, or at least get acquainted. Foreign officials are also very affordable. As long as you are willing to do it, you will be a man and your performance will soon be outstanding. The most troublesome thing for Beijing officials is that they are censors (professional name-calling people), which is similar to some inspection and supervision positions in enterprises, so there are also restrictions on the organizational system: you don't always catch pigtails and conduct inspections, so when you go to Beijing for inspections, you will have a good test, especially for satisfaction surveys. The more people swear, the greater the possibility of being beaten (provided that the survey is anonymous). This also avoids the problem of monopoly.
Regardless of the inspection in Beijing or major plans, the assessment of cadres is staged. It is worth noting that the triennial assessment takes into account a situation that people who do a lot of work often suffer losses in the short-term (that is, one year) assessment, especially in difficult things. When it comes to larger projects, one year is often not enough to achieve results. Suppose there is a deficit problem this year, and there is a three-year assessment period. You can try your best to recover the "empty" and make up for it with rich profits. This is different from the due diligence assessment of ordinary employees, and short-term behavior cannot be taken for timeliness. It can be seen that the ancestors also knew how to guard against "agency risk".