I. Introduction to Cartel 16pf (referred to as Cartel 16PF for short), also known as Cartel 16PF test, is one of the most perfect psychological measurement tools in the world. The different combinations of 16 personality factors in a person constitute a unique personality, which completely reflects the whole picture of a person's personality. Used to measure people's 16 basic personality traits, it is the basic factor that affects people's study and life.
16 main personality traits can be obtained by testing this questionnaire. Because the measured 16 personality traits are independent and have low correlation, each personality factor can clearly and uniquely explain the personality characteristics of the subjects. Through the synthesis of these information, we can fully understand their personality characteristics. 16 personality factors are: gregarious, intelligent, stable (emotionally), bullying, excitement, constancy, aggression, sensitivity, doubt, fantasy, sophistication, anxiety, experiment, independence, self-discipline and nervousness.
16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a personality test questionnaire compiled by Professor Carter from the Institute of Personality and Ability Testing of Illinois State University. According to a study, 197 1? 16PF ranks second only to MMPI in the most cited tests in the research literature during the period of 1978. In a survey on the clinical application of psychological tests, 16PF ranked fifth. Cartel is the main representative of personality theory and has made great contributions to the development of personality theory. To introduce 16PF, we must mention the trait theory, because 16PF developed with the personality trait theory of cartel. Complement each other.
16PF is suitable for young people and adults over 16. There are five versions: A and B are complete versions, each with 187 items; C and D are books reduction, each item 106; E was originally suitable for subjects with low educational level, 128. What is widely used in China now is the revised Chinese version published in 1970 by Dr. Liu Yonghe, an American Chinese, under the sponsorship of the cartel and in cooperation with Dr. George meredith, a researcher at the Institute of Personality and Ability of the University of Illinois. More than 2,000 China students in Hongkong and Taiwan Province have obtained its norm.
Second, the purpose of the questionnaire Personality is a stable and habitual way of thinking and behavior, which runs through people's whole psychology and is an overall portrayal of people's uniqueness. Personality is very important for managers, which permeates all the behaviors of managers and affects their activities, styles and performance. A lot of research and practice show that some styles of personality types have a specific relationship with management activities, and their contributions to the group are different, and the suitable management environment is also different. Using mature personality tests to diagnose the personality types of managers or candidates can provide suggestions for personnel placement, adjustment and rational use of human resources. This is the purpose of this test. 16PF is widely used in personnel selection and evaluation.
Thirdly, theoretical cartel thinks that the basic structural element of personality is trait. There are many kinds of traits, which are common to human beings and unique to each other. Some traits are determined by heredity, while others are determined by environment. Some are related to motivation, and some are related to ability and temperament. If divided by dimensions, it can be divided into four dimensions.
(1) Surface features and root features Surface features refer to a group of features or behaviors that seem to get together, that is, various behaviors that can be observed. There is a correlation between them. Root trait is the ultimate root and cause of behavior. They are bricks stacked in a grid. Each root trait controls a set of surface traits. Through factor analysis of many surface features, we can find the root features to which they belong.
(2) Ability, temperament and motivation are related to cognition and thinking. In 16PF, the ability trait is mainly expressed by the intelligence factor (B factor), which determines the efficiency of work. The emotional and emotional aspects of behavior show the characteristics of temperament and style. Dynamic characteristics are related to the will and motivation of behavior.
(3) Individual characteristics and * * * The same characteristics cartel agrees with Ahlport's view that human beings have the characteristics shared by all members of society (* * * the same characteristics) and the unique characteristics of individuals, that is, individual characteristics (referring to superficial characteristics). Although there are * * * the same characteristics, the strength of * * the same characteristics on each member is different (refers to the root characteristics).
(4) Physical Traits and Environmental Shaping Traits Cartel thinks that some characters in 16PF are determined by heredity and are called physical root traits, while others come from experience, so they are called environmental shaping traits. Cartel believes that both heredity and environment have influence on the growth and development of personality. He attached great importance to heredity and tried to determine the special genetic components of each root trait.
On the basis of his theory of personality interpretation, Cartel compiled a 16 personality factor questionnaire, which described the personality characteristics of individuals from 16 aspects.
The names and symbols of these 16 factors or subscales are gregarious (a), intelligent (b), stable (c), bullying (e), excitability (f), constancy (g), aggressiveness (h), sensitivity (i), skepticism (l) and so on. The explanation of these 16 factors can be found in the test instructions.
Four. Characteristics of the questionnaire (1) Objectivity
The structure of the test questions is clear, and each question has three possible answers, and the subjects can choose one of them. There is a compromise or neutral answer between the two opposite choice answers, so that the subjects have a compromise choice (for example, I like watching football games: A. Yes, B. Accidentally, C. No; Or for example, most of my favorite people are: a. reserved, b. between a and c, c. sociable), avoiding the compulsion to choose between whether or not, so the subjects are more spontaneous and free to answer questions. In order to overcome the incentive effect, try to adopt? Neutral? Avoid questions that are generally accepted by the society? Right? Or? No? ,? Okay？ Or? Not good? Many multiple-choice questions seem to be related to one personality factor on the surface, but in fact they are closely related to another personality factor. Therefore, it is difficult for the subjects to guess the intention of each question, which is conducive to answering truthfully. From the arrangement of test questions, the method of taking turns in turn is adopted, which not only keeps the subjects' interest in answering, but also helps to prevent them from guessing the meaning of the questions subjectively and answering irrelevant questions. The name of the test is direct and not deceptive. Participants know that this is a personality test, and sometimes they may find the meaning of a topic. But in most cases, the relationship between test questions and personality traits is not obvious.
(2) standardization
The test-retest reliability of this scale is high (198 1 year test shows that the highest reliability coefficient is 0.92(O factor) and the lowest is 0.48(B factor)). Half-reliability is not high. In terms of validity, the test results show that the correlation between 16 factors is low, indicating that each factor is independent. The factor load of the scale items is between 0.73 and 0.96, and the answers to each question in the same factor are highly consistent.
(3) Multifunctional
Through the score and contour map of 16 personality factor or subscale, we can not only reflect the overall combination of 16 personality and personality characteristics of the subjects, but also reflect the extroversion and extroversion of personality, mental health, interpersonal relationship, career orientation, whether they have the ability to learn and grow in the new working environment, and the people who can achieve professional success and have strong creative ability through the comprehensive action of some factors. In addition, compared with other similar tests, 16PF can measure more main personality characteristics in the same time, which is a true multiple personality scale.
(4) universality
The norm population of 16PF is a normal population, and its evaluation is generally aimed at the normal population, so it has a wide application range. It is suitable for both individual testing and group testing. Each test takes only 45 minutes to complete. Suitable for young people, adults and the elderly with an education level equivalent to grade three or above.
(5) Profound
Carter has long-term experience in clinical psychology, and specializes in McDougall William's instinctive psychology and Freud's psychoanalytic theory. It is not difficult to find the influence of instinctive psychology and psychoanalysis in his trait theory. In addition, he was born and educated in England, and has good humanistic quality and strong intuitive understanding and insight. Therefore, his explanation of personality structure and personality factors is holistic, dynamic and profound. He even tried to make its 16PF analysis a kind of? Quantitative psychoanalysis? . Of course, this kind? Integrity? And then what? Deep? Other examiners who use 16PF will encounter different degrees of difficulty in interpreting the test results.
5. The function of the questionnaire describes the relatively independent personality characteristics of people from 16, such as fun group, intelligence, self-discipline, independence, sensitivity, risk-taking, doubt, etc., and can understand the performance of candidates in environmental adaptation, professional achievements, mental health and so on. In personnel management, 16PF can predict the job stability, work efficiency and stress tolerance of candidates. It can be widely used in all aspects of psychological counseling, personnel selection and career guidance, and provides personal psychological quality reference for personnel decision-making and personnel diagnosis.
6. Applicable objects This test has a wide range of applications and is suitable for all teenagers, young adults and the elderly with junior high school education or above. 16PF belongs to the scale of group measurement, but it can also be measured separately.
Seven. Factor a musicality: those with high scores are extroverted, enthusiastic and gregarious; People with low scores are silent, lonely, introverted and indifferent.
B factor intelligence: those with high scores are smart, knowledgeable, good at abstract thinking, strong learning ability and quick thinking; People with low scores are dull, shallow in knowledge and weak in abstract thinking.
C factor stability: those with high scores are emotionally stable and mature, and can face the reality; People with low scores are emotional, unstable, easily troubled, vacillating and easily dominated by the environment.
E factor depends on strength: those with high scores are strong, stubborn, dominant and enterprising, independent and positive; Low marks are modesty, obedience, accommodation and obedience.
F factor excitability: those with high scores are relaxed and excited, carefree and indulgent, and happy-go-lucky; Those with low scores are cautious and taciturn.
Factor g has constancy: those with high scores have constancy of responsibility, respect conscience and do their duty; Low score perfunctory, poor principle, perfunctory, lack of law-abiding spirit.
H-factor enterprising: those with high scores have strong adventurous spirit, less scruples and strong initiative; People with low scores are shy, cringe, shrink back and lack self-confidence.
Factor 1: sensitivity: those with high scores are careful, sensitive and emotional; Low score, careless, rational, practical and self-improvement.
Factor l skepticism: those with high scores are suspicious, willful and opinionated; People with low scores are sincere, cooperative, tolerant, trustworthy, easy-going and easy to get along with others.
Factor M: Fantasy: Those with high scores are imaginative and unrestrained; Low scores, seeking truth from facts, down-to-earth, in line with the rules, and strive to be appropriate and reasonable.
Factor n sophistication: those with high scores are smart, smooth, sophisticated, knowledgeable and good at dealing with the world; Low score, frank, straightforward, naive.
Anxiety factor O: those with high scores are anxious, depressed, pessimistic, self-blaming and lack of self-confidence; Those with low scores are calm and confident.
Factor Ql is experimental: those with high scores are free and open, critical and radical, and do not stick to reality; Conservative with low scores, follow the rules and respect the tradition.
Factor Q2 is independent: those with high scores are independent and decisive; Those with low scores depend on others and follow the crowd.
Factor Q3 Self-discipline: Those with high scores know themselves, and are self-disciplined and cautious; People with low scores can't have poor self-control, be undisciplined, contradict themselves, relax, follow one's inclinations and ignore the overall situation.
Factor Q4 nervousness: those with high scores are nervous, frustrated, often impatient, uneasy, often tired, nervous and struggling; Those with low scores are calm, calm and contented.
Adaptation anxiety type X 1: Low score: life adapts smoothly, usually feels satisfied, and can do what you expect and think is important. You may also lack perseverance in difficult work and have a tendency to retreat from everything and refuse to work hard. High score characteristics: I am often dissatisfied with the goals I want to achieve in my life. It may damage your work and affect your health.
Introverted and extroverted X2: Low score: introverted, timid, self-sufficient, restrained in dealing with people, conducive to engaging in fine work. High score features: outgoing, cheerful, sociable and unconstrained, which is conducive to trade work.
Sentient, serene and alert X3: Low score: emotional and troubled, probably a type of lack of self-confidence and depression, sensitive to life details, gentle personality, paying attention to the art of life, thinking twice before acting and worrying too much. High score: enterprising, decisive, resolute, enterprising, energetic and quick-moving, but often ignore the details of life and only pay attention to the obvious, sometimes thoughtless, reckless and reckless.
Cowardly and decisive X4: Low score characteristics: cowardice, obedience, dependence on others, purity, passive personality, driven by others and unable to be independent, and will accommodate everything in order to win the favor of others. High score characteristics: decisive, independent, revealing, ambitious and aggressive, usually actively looking for an environment or opportunity to show this behavior, in order to fully display their original ability and gain benefits from it.
VIII. Scoring and Description (1) Scoring
1, first check whether there are obvious errors or omissions.
2. Grade 3 score: 0, 1, 2. But intelligence (factor B) is a grade 2 score.
3. Original soundtrack? Standard 10 scale? sectional drawing
Except for the questions in the Intelligence (B) Scale, there are no right or wrong questions in other sub-scales. Each question has three answers, A, B and C, which can be divided into 0, 1 and 2 (the questions in the B Scale have correct answers, and two grades are adopted, 1 is the correct answer, and 0 is the wrong answer). Use the scoring template to get the original score of each factor, and then convert the original score into the standard score according to the quota table. In this way, the outline of the subject's personality factors can be obtained according to this score, and the corresponding personality characteristics of the subject can also be evaluated according to this score. Or use a computer to score, and record the computer scoring results.
(2) Interpretation of scores
Low score (1~3) and high score (8~ 10).
(3) Calculation formula and its explanation
On the basis of 16 personality factor, Cartel made a second-order factor analysis, obtained four second-order common factors, and calculated the multiple regression equation for finding the second-order factor from the first-order factor. These four second-order common factors are dimensional personality factors that synthesize the corresponding first-order factor information, and their calculation formulas and explanations are as follows:
① Adaptation and anxiety =(38+2L+3O+4Q4-2C-2H-2Q3)? The letters in the formula 10 respectively represent the standard scores of the corresponding scales (the same below). What does the final score from the formula represent? Adaptation and anxiety? Power. People with low scores usually feel satisfied when they adapt to life smoothly, while people with very low scores may lack perseverance, shrink back in the face of difficulties and refuse to struggle and work hard. High scores don't necessarily have neurosis, but they are usually easily excited and anxious, and they are often dissatisfied with their situation; High anxiety not only reduces work efficiency, but also affects health.
② extroversion = (2a+3e+4f+5h-2q2-11)? The result of 10 operation represents extraversion. People with low scores are introverted, shy and cautious at ordinary times, and are more stiff and unnatural when getting along with others; Those with high scores are extroverted, usually sociable, cheerful and informal.
③ Perceptual and serene alertness =(77+2C+2E+2F+2N-4A-6I-2M)? The score of 10 represents tranquility and alertness. People with low scores are full of emotions, upset and usually feel depressed and discouraged. When encountering problems, you need to think twice before making a decision. They are usually subtle and sensitive, and pay attention to the art of life. High marks are serene, alert, decisive and enterprising, but they are often too realistic and ignore many benefits of life. When encountering difficulties, they sometimes act rashly without considering the consequences.
④ cowardice and boldness =(4E+3M+4Q 1+4Q2-3A-2G)? 10 people with low scores are always echoing others' opinions, indecisive, driven by others, unable to be independent, and highly dependent, so they always indulge themselves to win the favor of others. High marks are independent, bold, sharp-edged and full of courage. Often automatically look for an environment or opportunity to show their advantages.
Comprehensive personality factor analysis (applied personality factor analysis) Comprehensive factor analysis is a double standard based on statistical standards and social adaptability standards. Although theoretically 16 factors are independent, in the realistic situation of social adaptation, a certain behavior is often the result of the interaction of various personality factors. Therefore, in order to analyze people's actual performance in a practical field, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the scores of various personality factors. Therefore, through statistical experimental data, we collected the test answers of personality factors of 7,500 people engaged in more than 80 occupations and more than 5,000 people with various life problems. Carter analyzed the characteristics and types of personality factors of various occupational departments and people with various life problems in detail, and put forward a comprehensive analysis of multiple personality factors scores. Forecasting application formula? . In these formulas, cartel weights different factors according to the role of each factor in a certain behavior in the actual social situation, so the standard based on comprehensive analysis is to add the social adaptability standard to the statistical standard. To evaluate the subjects according to this double comprehensive standard, we should not only consider the scores of each factor, but also consider the direction, weight and coordination of each factor. Commonly used formulas and their explanations are as follows:
① The formula for calculating personality factors of mental health people is: c+f+(11-o)+(1/-Q4). The letters in the formula are the standard scores of each scale (the same below). The result of formula operation represents the mental health level at the personality level. Usually at 0? Between 40 points, with an average of 22 points, people who are generally less than 12 points are very unstable, accounting for only 10% of the population distribution.
② The formula for calculating personality factors of professional and successful people is 2Q3+2G+2C+E+N+Q2+Q 1. Usually the total score is between 10? Between 100, the average score is 55 points, and 60 points is about equal to the standard score of 7, and above 63 points is about equal to the standard score of 8, 9, 10, and those with a total score of more than 67 points should generally achieve something.
③ The formula of the personality factor of the creator is: 2 (1l-a)+2b+e+2 (11-f)+h+2i+m+(11-n)+QL+. The total score obtained by this formula can be converted into the corresponding standard score through the following table. The higher the standard score, the stronger its creativity.
④ The formula of personality factors with growth ability in the new environment is B+G+Q3+( 1 1-F). Is the total score of personality factors with growth ability in the new environment between 4? Between 40 points, with an average of 22 points. People below 17 (about 10%) can't adapt to the new environment, and those above 27 have the hope of success.
Conflict and coordination analysis of idiosyncratic factors Cartel regards the cause of psychological abnormality as a hereditary physical tendency that makes people easy to experience conflict, plus personal traumatic experience in the environment, that is, the cause is caused by conflict. This is similar to Freud's view of mental illness. These conflicts can be seen from the factor score of 16PF. So cartel's 16PF analysis can be regarded as a kind of? Quantitative psychoanalysis? . As early as 1965, Cartel pointed out in the book Scientific Analysis of Personality that 16PF has the function of identifying patients' psychological conflicts, and suggested that clinicians use 16PF as a diagnostic tool. In order to achieve this goal, when using 16PF for diagnosis, we must follow? The principle of coordination? , that is, the coordination between several specific factors, there are two levels, one is the coordination between people's internal needs or desires and their external behavior, and the other is what Freud called? Id？ 、? Self? 、? Superego? Harmony between corresponding personality factors. Cartel emphasized in particular? Self? What is the function of personality maturity? The growth of self-strength enables it to find a realistic and flexible solution to make it an innate driving force or? what's up Change to repay the old wish. What time? Self? Too weak? Id？ And then what? Superego? Too strong, especially when the latter is too strong, is most likely to cause psychological conflicts. On the other hand, Id? Too strong. Superego? Too weak, prone to social adaptation problems. So the key to mental health is growth? Self? . From these coordination, especially the contrast (conflict) of coordination, we can find the problems and reasons of individual internal and external adaptation.
(4) Precautions
1, there is no right or wrong personality test.
2. Complete four examples first.
3. Make sure that only one answer is selected for each test, and no questions are left out. Try not to choose neutral answers.