1. Planning of accounting policy choice
The choice of accounting policy is related to the legitimacy and rationality of CPA audit, as well as the legitimacy and robustness of Securities and Exchange Commission audit. The common problems in accounting policy choice of small and medium-sized enterprises are mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) the method of income confirmation is vague; The provision for impairment of assets is irregular; The method of confirming long-term and short-term investment income is irregular (abuse of cost method or equity method, etc.). ); Change the depreciation method and fixed number of years at will in different fiscal years; Lagging of fixed assets carried over from construction in progress; Capitalization of borrowing costs; Man-made manipulation of equity investment difference, long-term deferred expenses of intangible assets; Improper handling of special matters in consolidated accounting statements, etc.
2, enterprise sustainable profit planning
In the sustainable profit planning of enterprises, there are moral and legal risks in financial accounting methods and management. In financial accounting methods, there are reasonable choices and applications of accounting policies; Reasonable selection of accounting periods for income and expenses; Reasonable arrangement of financial contracts and purchase and sale contracts; Reasonable transaction arrangements of related parties; Reasonable arrangement of sales methods. The possible problems of management include: false performance appraisal needs; Concealing risky transactions; Realize unfair income distribution; Confirm the value of false assets, etc.
3. Capital and liability structure planning
The capital liability structure planning is stipulated in the Company Law, the Securities Law and relevant documents of the stock exchange. For example, there is a 50% limit on the proportion of foreign capital in net assets; There is a 70% limit on the debt ratio at the end of the year before issuance; The proportion of intangible assets to net assets is not higher than 20%, and so on. Capital liability planning mainly solves several problems: the composition of equity capital and debt capital; Concentration and dispersion of ownership structure; Debt proportion control and term selection; Debt risk and debt income control, etc. What needs to be reminded to financial colleagues here is that some companies with low debt ratio may not pass the issuance audit smoothly. Because the SEC will think that you don't need to raise money through the securities market. Moderate debt is beneficial to restrain the moral hazard of the agent and reduce the agency cost, and the creditor can maintain moderate control over the current owner.
4, tax and government subsidy planning
In terms of tax and government subsidy planning, the situation may be more serious for local small and medium-sized enterprises, especially some enterprises that adopt internal and external accounting methods, which need to face the impact of tax punishment and reconciliation. Mainly reflected in: fixed assets purchase invoices, land value-added tax, operating income value-added tax, corporate income tax and other taxes are missing. Before listing, the underpaid tax should be paid according to law and confirmed by the tax bureau to be illegal. If the local government stipulates for various reasons that the enterprise can not pay or underpay the tax after actually paying the tax, the tax authorities can not recover it. This situation also requires the tax authorities to confirm that there is no tax violation.
5, enterprise internal control planning
Enterprise internal control planning is the focus of SEC audit. Internal control is mainly divided into: financing control, investment control, expense control, profit control, capital control and distribution control. The basic approaches are: corporate governance mechanism, responsibility authorization control, budget control system, business process control, moral hazard control, incompatible job separation system and so on. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of internal control design ideas, one is financial control with constraints and incentives; The second is the financial control of centralization and decentralization. I suggest that small and medium-sized enterprises should focus on the first type, and large enterprises can adopt the second type.
6, long-term incentive mode planning
Long-term incentive mode planning actually belongs to financial planning, although many people think it is the work scope of human resources department. There are many cases of equity incentive, such as Foshan Lighting's performance stock, Sinopec's stock value, Changyuan Power's stock option, Wuzhong Instrument's compound model, Shanghai Belling's virtual equity, Ogay's MBO, Oriental Venture Capital's performance unit, COSCO Development's operator's shareholding, and Jindi's employee's shareholding. No matter what kind of incentive, it needs to be solved as a financial problem.
7. Related Party Transaction Processing Plan
The main content of related party transaction planning involves the sales, purchase or service behavior between related parties, which can be determined by control rights and significant influence. The positive effects of related party transactions are reflected in improving the competitiveness of enterprises and reducing transaction costs, while the negative effects are insider trading, interest transfer, tax evasion and market monopoly. Because there are too many complicated problems in related party transactions, it is best for qualified enterprises to completely avoid or minimize the occurrence of related party transactions.
8. Planning to avoid horizontal competition
In terms of financial planning to avoid horizontal competition, it is mainly to reasonably select the controlling shareholders, so that enterprises that constitute horizontal competition can enter the listed companies. Enterprises that constitute horizontal competition cannot stay under the holding company, and the holding company's shares in horizontal competition enterprises should be diluted as much as possible. In addition, other financial constraints of horizontal competition include: setting up independent non-executive directors, making special commitments by controlling shareholders, and making detailed and comprehensive information disclosure.