Keywords: focus on solving the basic concepts and process application technology of short-term consultation
Focus-solving short-term counseling was founded by Steve De Shaze, Inso Ginberg and their colleagues in the short-term family counseling center in Milwaukee, USA in the 1980s. Red Path & ampM.Harker( 1999+0999) believes that focus-solving short-term consultation refers to a short-term consultation mode that cooperates with visitors and their families to help them solve the development process. In recent years, focus-solving short-term counseling has attracted the attention of psychological counselors all over the world because of its positive thinking, action orientation, time sensitivity and effectiveness, and has been widely used in various fields of psychological clinic.
The basic idea of 1
1. 1 "Everything happens for a reason"
Causality is difficult to determine. If you spend too much time looking for the reasons behind the problem, you will inevitably fall into the contradictory logic of "chicken lays eggs, eggs lay chickens". Focus on solving short-term consultation points directly to the problem itself, focus on how to stop the problem from continuing, and let the consultation point to solving the problem instead of exploring it.
1.2 "problem" also has a positive effect.
People construct their own understanding and views on things in social relations, that is, people's understanding of the world is established through social interaction. The existence of a problem also has a positive effect. The spirit of focus-solving short-term consultation lies in not only seeing the symptoms of the problem, but also seeing the positive role behind it.
1.3 "Snowball Effect"
Nothing is always the same, and changes are happening all the time. When small changes occur, the environment and system are different from the original state. Small changes will accumulate into big changes as long as they last. Therefore, focus short-term consultation attaches importance to the existence and value of this small change and provides conditions for its occurrence and persistence.
1.4 "Yin-Yang Taiji" Thought
From a static point of view, focus-solving short-term consultation focuses on discussing the situation where the problem has not occurred, starting from the white part. Because the whole system is balanced, as long as the white part expands, the black part will decrease and the whole system will change. Focus-solving short-term consultation emphasizes the influence and interaction between consultation and interview, and constructs new experience and significance through interaction.
1.5 "People are active and developing"
Every individual has the resources and potential to solve his own problems, emphasizing the use of human resources to achieve the goal of change. Visitors are experts in their own problems, while consultants only "guide" visitors to use their own abilities and experience to change, look for "exceptions" in a positive sense, and discuss the occurrence of "exceptions" in depth.
2 negotiation process
The short-term consultation mode of focus solution has clear and concise steps, and its consultation process is shown in figure 1. As can be seen from the figure 1, the short-term consultation of the focus solution is mainly divided into three stages: (1) the dialogue stage of building the solution (40 minutes); (2) Rest period (10 minute); (3) Positive feedback stage (10 minute).
2. 1 Construction plan for dialogue stage
This stage includes three parts: target architecture, exception architecture and hypothetical solution architecture. The goal structure is that the consultant guides the visitors into the consultation interview, clarifies the problems and establishes the working goal of the consultation, which is similar to the psychological diagnosis in the general psychological consultation process. Then, according to whether the visitor has a "positive experience", two different methods are adopted: when the visitor has a "positive experience", an exception frame is adopted, that is, the visitor is guided to tell when his problem will not happen; If there is no "positive experience" or no "positive experience", the method of hypothetical solution architecture is adopted, mainly through the assumption of the visitor, if the problem has been solved or the goal has been achieved, what will he look like and how different he will be from now. Building a dialogue stage to solve problems is a systematic and purposeful continuous process, and its focus is on the dialogue of "change" rather than the dialogue of "discussing problems".
2.2 rest stage
At this time, the consultant will leave the meeting, review and sort out the effective solutions to the problems raised by the visitors in the first stage, and think about or discuss with colleagues how to give effective feedback to the visitors. Visitors can also take a rest at this stage, sum up and reflect on their own solutions to problems. The rest, whether consultants or visitors, have laid the foundation for the positive feedback in the third stage: first, make the feedback given by consultants more organized and convincing; Second, the visitors themselves are reflecting, and they have a preliminary preparation before the consultant gives feedback.
2.3 Positive feedback stage
With positive feedback and meaningful information, the intervention strategy designed in the rest stage can provide reference for visitors, help them to implement actions or change their ideas, and promote a virtuous circle of behavior and ideas through homework. At this stage, the guiding consultation feedback to visitors seems to deviate from the requirement of neutrality in traditional consultation, but in essence, the consultation feedback designed by the consultant is an "exceptional construction" or "hypothetical construction" in the first stage of intervening in visitors, and the consultant just sorts out these fragmentary materials to make them more organized and systematic.
3 application technology
3. 1 Pre-meeting changes
At the first formal meeting, the consultant will start the meeting with "the questions changed before the meeting". The consultant conveys to the visitors the belief that "the change has occurred" and "the consultant hopes that the change can be sustained". Establish a cooperative professional relationship with visitors through this framework, guide visitors to see problems from a positive perspective, and create a problem-solving oriented atmosphere. For example, during the period from your question to your consultation today, do you think your question has changed? Have you tried to change this situation?
3.2 Abnormal discovery problems
An exception refers to a situation in which a visitor's problem does not occur or its severity is low, and it is not noticed by the visitor because of the few occurrences or the intentional neglect of the visitor. When the visitor is in the description of a problem or a goal, the consultant finds out that the problem does not exist or the goal has occurred with the help of the problem with exception structure, helps the visitor to think about the time when the problem does not exist or is solved, thus constructing the solution to the problem, and reminds the visitor that he actually has the resources to solve his own problem. This technology is mainly used in the process of "abnormal construction".
3.3 Miracle Problem (Miracle Problem)
By assuming and foreseeing the future, counselors can make visitors see clearly their goals and catalyze the psychological state of solving problems. At the same time, it also helps visitors to see further through the problem and understand that what they really want may not be to eliminate the problem itself, but to be able to do things that are hindered by the problem. For example, what do you think your life will be like if your problem is solved? What would you be like if you came early tomorrow? This technique is generally used in "hypothesis solving construction" and can also be used to give encouragement and expectation at the end of feedback.
3.4 Assessment of problems
Usually, the consultant can use 1 to represent the worst case of the problem, and 10 to represent the most anticipated case of the visitor, asking the visitor to evaluate the problem or related problems, simplifying the goal, helping the visitor to determine the progress, cultivating small changes, and enhancing the motivation and confidence of the visitor. This technology can not only quantitatively evaluate the problems with clear consulting objectives, but also evaluate the feasibility of future plan implementation. For example, if you were asked to evaluate the seriousness of the problem, how would you evaluate it? How serious was your problem last time? After a while, how serious is your problem now? To what extent do you think you will adopt and implement this series of suggestions? Please rate the degree of adoption and implementation.
Others, such as generalization (when encountering similar problems, others will respond in the same way, removing labels) and encouragement (encouraging and encouraging visitors to make even a little change to enhance their confidence), are also often used in short-term focus-solving consultation (Sun Hua Equality, 2006).
4 Preventive measures
The process of focus-solving short-term consultation is simple and the goal orientation is clear. The focus of consultation is goal-oriented conversation, not problem-oriented conversation. Its main strategy to solve the problem is: looking for exceptions, and the solution is among them. Because the focus-solving short-term counseling has a clear goal and a simple process, it has a good effect on general adaptive or developmental problems, especially for school psychological counseling. Although there are some problems in focus-solving short-term consultation, such as lack of rich psychological theoretical basis, simplicity, instrumentality and depth, strong guidance, over-rational consultation process, ignoring the emotional needs and independent needs of the parties, arranging organized and systematic strategies and demanding "novice" consultants, these problems cannot hide its unique advantages. Focus-solving short-term consultation has completed the transformation from "open trial" to "effectiveness" (Wallace, 2000). The author believes that with the continuous improvement of theory and exploration of practice, the short-term consultation of focus solutions will be more and more suitable for the needs of all aspects.