1 the proposition of the problem
Recently, the relevant government departments issued the Interim Provisions on the Qualification System of Construction Engineers, which indicates that China will establish a registered construction engineer system, and its main target is the project managers of construction enterprises. The implementation of the registered construction engineer system will have a far-reaching impact on the development of China's construction industry. (refer to the Chinese website of architecture)
The generation of professional qualification is a means to evaluate talents under the condition of market economy, and it is also the personnel access control implemented by the government in order to ensure the orderly economic development and standardize the professional order. To put it simply, it is a necessary condition put forward by the government for people engaged in certain occupations, and it is also a qualification condition for professionals to independently carry out business and serve the society. China's construction industry provides a large number of construction products for the society, and its quality is related to social and economic development and social stability. After the implementation of the qualification system of architects, structural engineers, cost engineers and supervision engineers in the construction industry in China, the implementation of the registered construction engineer system and the establishment of the corresponding qualification system and unified standards will play a very important role in improving the overall level of professionals and standardizing professional behavior. Socialization and professionalization of the professional qualifications of a large number of project managers in construction enterprises will promote the development of project managers and the orderly flow of talents, which is conducive to the competition of China's construction industry in the international market.
In recent years, with the transition of China's economic system and China's accession to the World Trade Organization, a series of changes have taken place in the construction industry: first, construction enterprises have established a modern enterprise system that adapts to the socialist market economy; Second, the construction industry has formed a reasonable industrial organization structure; The third is to further standardize the trading order in the construction market and create a good market environment. All these have brought great changes to the management and operation mode of construction enterprises, and the project management mode with enterprise project manager as the core has the trend of changing to the project management mode with professional consulting engineers as the core.
Practice shows that the establishment and improvement of a standardized physical construction market has promoted the market order of free choice and fair competition. The establishment of a series of market game rules, including the market access clearing system for market participants, is a sufficient condition for maintaining market order. The project manager of the construction enterprise plays a decisive role in the success or failure of the project, which is unimaginable in a market without professional qualifications and standardized management. Implementing the corresponding qualification system for construction engineers engaged in project management is helpful to adjust the organizational structure of the construction industry and form a standardized construction market order.
Since the mid-1980s, China has carried out the construction of project law, and through practice and exploration, a set of project management-oriented system has been formed. In particular, the regulations on the qualification of construction project managers have promoted the improvement of the level of project managers, and the team of project managers has continued to grow and become an important management group in the construction industry. The urbanization process in China has provided huge market demand for the construction industry and created a wide range of application opportunities for qualified project managers. After the baptism of market competition, a group of first-class project managers with rich experience and courage to struggle stand out and become a new force in China's construction industry.
As the old saying goes, a thousand troops are easy to get, but generals are hard to find. The success of modern large-scale engineering projects depends on whether all kinds of limited resources can be fully coordinated and all kinds of modern industrial technology, construction technology and management technology can be effectively utilized in limited time and space. Therefore, the project manager who can combine professional technology, management science, leadership art and rich experience becomes the most valuable talent to determine the success or failure of the project. For any owner's project management economic entity and large contractor enterprise, a well-trained project manager is extremely scarce and valuable wealth.
However, at present, the adjustment of industrial organization structure presents a polarized enterprise form, and the selection of project managers lacks market docking, which makes the group of project managers trained in China in recent 20 years face the danger of being wasted. The main reason is the privatization of construction enterprises and the adjustment of industrial organization structure, which makes more than 80% of large and medium-sized enterprises in China face differentiation and merger. The new rules of market game and the change of enterprise management system will inevitably lead to the change of management mode and employment mode. Because the post qualifications of project managers are not professional qualifications, the society does not recognize their professional characteristics, and the market does not have the conditions to choose project managers, a large number of project managers will work out of order during the adjustment process, which will affect the healthy development of China's construction industry.
Since the privatization of construction enterprises and the adjustment of industrial structure are the inevitable choices of the construction industry in the market economy, professional and socialized project managers should be the basis for establishing an orderly market. The implementation of the project manager qualification system is the guarantee to make full use of this precious resource.
2 Analysis of the necessity of professionalization of project managers
2. 1 Market demand of project manager
As the agent of the enterprise legal person in the project, the project manager is also the organizer and commander of the project construction. He must have theoretical knowledge of project management and practical experience in organizing construction. Understand technology, be good at management and have the ability of organization, command and coordination. The main worksheet of the project manager in the project now has the functions of decision-making, organization, planning, control, coordination and so on, which are suitable for his post, and finally realizes the objectives stipulated in the contract. The adjustment of the industrial structure of the construction industry and the unification of the construction market have greatly changed the concept, management system and organizational structure of construction enterprises, which has made the talents with project management as their profession have great market demand.
After the industrial organization of China's construction industry is adjusted in place, the specific project contracting tasks of large enterprise groups are generally completed by regional departments or branches. Facing a series of engineering projects, these institutions are engaged in specialized service activities such as finance, procurement and technology. Adopting the matrix structure with variable power characteristics can give full play to the advantages of professional division of labor, but providing suitable project managers makes them face the huge task of selecting and using talents. Because of the particularity of the project, candidates with expertise but different from the project can't meet the requirements. There are still geographical restrictions and information costs in selecting personnel from within the group, so it is difficult to fully optimize the decision of selecting project managers.
The fierce competition in the construction market leads to the uncertainty and imbalance of the tasks undertaken by enterprises, which restricts the selection of excellent project managers. Moreover, many enterprises pay more attention to the ability to resist risks when recruiting project managers, that is, the selected project managers must not only meet the requirements in professional quality, but also have certain economic strength, otherwise they cannot be considered as candidates. This practice of * * * sharing benefits and * * taking into account risks not only narrows the selection scope, but also objectively discriminates against potential candidates, which is not conducive to the cultivation and development of talents. Choosing a project manager within the enterprise scope, the responsibilities and rights are clearly defined in the internal contract signed by both parties. This principal-agent contract is largely based on the completed indicators. This form of principal-agent contract, which is based on results rather than process constraints, is closer to the way the market chooses talents than the agent's own ability, but the market does not have the conditions to choose project managers at present.
Under the modern enterprise system, the operating performance or effectiveness of an enterprise organization depends not only on whether the interests of the enterprise owners are guaranteed, but also on whether the interests of relevant stakeholders, especially the management, are guaranteed. The relationship between the enterprise and the project manager is actually a principal-agent relationship, and the best result of the game between the two sides should be full cooperation to maximize the interests of both sides. The project manager contracts the project according to the contract signed with the enterprise. Enterprise is the use of human capital owned by project managers and the employment of their knowledge and skills, and high income is the full embodiment of its value. Compared with other technicians, the project manager has two advantages, one is the professional knowledge related to his work experience. Engaged in project management has the characteristics of strong practicality, and the combination of experience and theory gives the project manager practical and unique working ability. The second is social knowledge. The environment of the project determines that the project manager handles all aspects related to the project. In the past, all kinds of network relationships and credits were established from government management to suppliers, which became a rare social capital. Therefore, the selection of project managers can adapt to the changes and needs of the construction market through the market-oriented operation mode facing the society, and can also adopt the internal methods of enterprises. The specific way to take it depends on which transaction method has lower cost. Under the normal market order, the market mechanism can fully stimulate and optimize the allocation of scarce resources such as project managers, and make the development and utilization of this scarce resource move towards a virtuous circle.
In addition, in the field of engineering construction in China, the project-oriented project management has gradually diversified, and there have been three obvious changes: ① the responsibility system of construction project managers, which is dominated by construction enterprises; (2) the project legal person (owner) responsibility system based on the construction unit; ③ Chief supervision engineer responsibility system based on supervision consulting service. Project managers can take on different responsibilities and manage projects from different angles. Moreover, the change of contract mode of engineering construction projects and different levels of contract market also provide huge development space and demand market for project managers.
2.2 Specialization of project managers
The professionalization of project managers will promote the specialization and socialization of project management. At present, the project managers in China, on the whole, have low knowledge level and unreasonable structure, and even many of them only have high school education. Even if some project managers have considerable cultural and professional knowledge, they still lack the business knowledge and management ability required by the post, especially the ability to innovate in science and technology and adapt to international occupations. The reasons are mainly in two aspects: on the one hand, the threshold for entering the project management profession is too low to reflect the professional quality requirements of the project manager position itself, and the income is quite different from the working conditions and tasks undertaken, making it difficult to attract outstanding high-tech talents. On the other hand, the selection and appointment of project managers is limited within the enterprise, lacking social selection channels and environment, and the lack of social incentive mechanism leads professional and technical personnel not to choose project management as their career orientation goal, and it is also difficult to establish professional honor and cherish professional reputation, such as life. Professionalization of project managers is an important symbol of integration with international practices. With China's entry into the World Trade Organization, the construction industry is facing the competitive pressure from foreign enterprises. In the new environment, we should improve the comprehensive quality of project managers and take training a qualified professional project manager team as the main task of the development strategy of the construction industry. Starting from the overall situation of standardizing the market and improving the mechanism, the national construction authorities institutionalized the qualification certification and grading registration of project managers in the construction industry, which has played a positive role in the orderly development of project managers. Now the qualification and performance of project managers have evolved into the conditions for their market access, which provides a good foundation for the market to choose project managers.
However, it is undeniable that the current project management qualification management system has limitations. First, driven by compartmentalization and local interests, the training and qualification identification of project managers are a mere formality, and the acquisition of qualifications does not reflect the real situation; Second, the recognized project manager's professional ability is limited, and his professional knowledge is single, which is far from the professional knowledge, system management technology, social science knowledge and information technology application ability required by modern project management, which restricts the improvement of project management level. Third, the qualification management of project managers is limited to construction units, which is not conducive to the development of project managers.
The operation of engineering construction projects in China conforms to international practice, so there must be a group of professional engineering project management talents who know technology, management and operation, which is a necessary condition for doing a good job in engineering project construction with high quality, high level and high efficiency. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a construction engineer qualification system suitable for project managers in China. Experience of qualification system for architects and structural engineers. The registered architect system that has been implemented in the construction industry can be used as a reference for the implementation of the registered architect system. In particular, the management personnel of engineering projects with heavy responsibilities, complex technology and public interests should be controlled by market access system to reduce the risks in the implementation of engineering projects. A project manager with the qualification of construction engineer can independently engage in project management according to law. Knowledge, technology, ability and practical experience are the necessary conditions for a qualified project manager. Moreover, the establishment of professional construction engineer status enables China to establish a mutually recognized relationship with internationally influential professional qualifications, such as American construction engineers, chartered construction engineers from Britain, Singapore and Hong Kong, and German registered engineers, which will be an important measure for China to join the WTO and enhance the competitiveness of the construction industry.
The professionalization of project managers and the establishment of registered construction engineer system are good manifestations of human capital. Registered architects carry out business services through engineers' consulting associations or project engineers' consulting companies. Allocate resources through market mechanism, guide the needs of various professional project managers, optimize the composition structure of professional managers, promote the rational flow of talents, and fully reflect personal self-worth. Engineer consulting association or project engineer consulting company plays an active role in the professionalization of project managers. Through the establishment of professional archives of talents, the performance of employees in the archives is evaluated by standardized and standardized evaluation methods, and the information of managers is provided to the employing department by commercial personal professional credit rating, so as to safeguard the interests of employees and give full play to the intermediary role of engineering consulting associations.
3 ways to realize the professionalization of project managers
To realize the professionalization of project managers, the government and its construction departments can play an important role. Establishing an orderly and standardized construction market is a social system engineering. In the transitional period, the friction between various interest groups is inevitable, and there are various conflicts and obstacles. Establish various systems to adapt to the market economy and form an institutional framework of incentive mechanism conducive to economic development. The government's unique political authority and enforcement function minimize the cost of institutional reform. Implementing a series of professionalization and socialization processes of talents, including the qualification system of construction engineers, is helpful to the cultivation of innovative talents and the development of society.
Under the active promotion and effective management of the government, the qualifications of construction enterprises have been reconstructed, and it is more difficult for the state-owned economy to strategically withdraw from the construction industry and enter the construction market barriers, so that the resources of the construction industry have been integrated. Many construction enterprises have embarked on the integrated management road from investment, planning, design, construction to marketing, and truly formed large enterprises with intensive capital, talents, technology and management.
Establish a professional support system for project managers. At present, there is no university in China that specializes in training project managers, and most of them are selected from technical and management personnel with practical work experience. There is still a gap between these people and qualified project managers in quality, qualifications, knowledge structure and experience level. Compared with the knowledge and professional training possessed by architects and structural engineers, the starting point of a builder's career should first be senior technicians with good professional education and solid professional knowledge. China's current education series and the professional direction recognized by engineering management specialty lay a good foundation for cultivating future builders. Through the establishment of MBA, senior management talents in the engineering field in China are trained, and architects who take project management as the core, understand the international engineering operation and conform to the knowledge system that project management should have. Of course, the practical experience requirements of the project manager make the practical training and performance appraisal of registered architects an indispensable part.
After China's entry into WTO, various enterprises in the international construction market will quickly enter the China market, and they will bring many advanced management concepts, technologies, methods and rich management experience. For domestic construction enterprises, they will not only feel the pressure of competition, but also play a certain role in promoting. Therefore, it is an effective means for domestic construction enterprises to seize the opportunity, change the concept of employing people and choose project managers to adopt market-oriented operation.
To realize marketization, we must establish a set of institutional system suitable for marketization in selecting project management talents. Implement a series of supporting systems with the qualification of registered architects as the leading factor. The qualification of registered construction engineer must be evaluated by socialized and authoritative trade associations, including the examination system of certification qualification, the registration system of registered construction engineer, the training system of professional construction engineer, the selection procedure of project managers above a certain scale and the engineering insurance and guarantee system. Establish extensive contacts with project engineer consulting industry associations to promote industry information exchange and resource sharing. Through the market-oriented and socialized project manager training institutions, we will continuously cultivate project management talents who are familiar with the bidding business and project contracting methods of international and domestic engineering construction projects and have professional knowledge such as technology, finance, law and claims.
It is worth mentioning that the commercialized occupational insurance system and social security system are of great significance to improve the risk resistance of professional engineers, establish personal professional social credit and promote the transformation of project managers to professionalism. Personal occupational insurance and other engineering risk management systems can effectively transfer, decompose and avoid risks for participants in the construction market, improve the project manager's ability to undertake projects to a certain extent, and be conducive to talent growth. The level of insurance premium obtained by the project manager has also become a standard for the society to judge the project manager, forming a social incentive and restraint mechanism, which plays a positive role in improving the project practice level.
The professional performance files of project managers established by professional insurance companies and engineering consulting companies are an effective evaluation of the personal abilities of market participants. This management method partially replaces the internal human resource management function of enterprises, and can avoid the phenomenon of "adverse selection" and "moral hazard" of agents caused by information asymmetry.
Because of the fixity, one-off and time limit for completion of construction projects, the high mobility of project managers is determined. Through the market allocation of project managers, we will establish a competitive and orderly talent market with engineering project management or engineering engineer consulting institutions and employers as the main body, provide demand information, select suitable candidates, reflect the value of talents, and the market will play a guiding role. If the project is complex, the service conditions are difficult or the specialty is special, the remuneration of the project manager will increase, otherwise it may decrease. Adjust resources through market mechanism to form an efficient talent market with free choice and fair competition. On the other hand, it also promotes the environment for enterprises to care for and use talents.
In a word, the construction market in a broad sense should be the trading market of construction products characterized by the bidding system, the trading market of production factors characterized by capital, labor and building materials, and the trading market of talents characterized by human capital. From the market environment of engineering project management, with the formation of domestic contracting and general subcontracting market, standardizing market order and restricting leapfrog bidding of enterprises with different qualification levels provide space for all kinds of enterprises to display their own advantages. The socialization of engineering project consulting engineers and the construction and development of professional talent market meet the needs of domestic and foreign contracting enterprises for high-level human resources, which is an optional mode for the allocation of engineering project management resources.
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