Influencing factors of warehouse location 1, natural environment factors
2. Meteorological conditions
The main meteorological conditions considered are: annual precipitation, air temperature and humidity, wind power, frost-free period, frozen soil thickness, etc.
3. Geological conditions
Mainly considering the bearing capacity of soil, the warehouse is the assembly place of bulk commodities, and the goods will exert great pressure on the ground. If there are bad geological environments such as silt layer, quicksand layer and loose soil layer underground, it is not suitable for building warehouses.
4. Hydrological conditions
To carefully collect hydrological data in recent years, we must stay away from large river basins and groundwater overflow areas, the groundwater level should not be too high, and rivers and dry beaches are not optional.
5. Terrain conditions
The warehouse is built in a place with high terrain and flat terrain. Try to avoid mountains and steep slopes, and it is best to choose rectangular terrain.
6. Business environment factors
7. Policy environment background
Whether the warehouse site has preferential logistics policies to support the logistics industry will directly affect the efficiency of the logistics industry, and the quality of the local labor force is also one of the factors to be considered.
8. Commodity characteristics
The warehouses handling different types of goods should be located in different areas, for example, the location of production warehouses should be closely integrated with industrial structure, product structure and industrial layout.
9. Logistics cost
The warehouse should be built as close as possible to the demand for logistics services, such as large industrial and commercial areas, in order to shorten the transportation distance and reduce logistics costs such as freight.
10, service level
The level of logistics service is one of the important indexes that affect the efficiency of logistics industry. Therefore, when choosing the warehouse address, we should consider whether it can be delivered in time to ensure that customers can get satisfactory service whenever they ask the warehouse.
1 1, infrastructure conditions
12, traffic conditions
The location of the warehouse must be convenient, preferably close to transportation hubs, such as ports, stations, main roads (national highways and provincial highways), railway marshalling stations and airports. And there should be two modes of transportation.
13, public facilities
It requires smooth urban roads, developed communications, adequate supply of water, electricity, gas and heat, and strong sewage and garbage disposal capacity.
14, other factors
(1) Utilization of land and resources
Warehouse construction should make full use of land, save land, give full consideration to the influence of land price, and give consideration to regional and urban development planning.
(2) Environmental protection requirements
It is necessary to protect the natural and human environment, minimize the interference with urban life, not affect urban traffic, and not destroy the urban ecological environment.
(3) the surrounding conditions of this area
One is that there should be no fire sources around the warehouse and no proximity to residential areas. Second, whether the economic development of the surrounding areas where the warehouse is located can promote the logistics industry.
(4) How to deliver the goods quickly and effectively
In the early stage of planning and construction, any warehouse will take how to deliver goods quickly and effectively as one of the considerations.
Other factors of warehouse location There are other factors to be considered. First of all, it is necessary to determine whether the site is a factory or a distribution center. In different cities, the problems involved in transportation are relatively fixed. If you receive your goods by railway vehicles and trucks, then railway and highway factors will be the main considerations; If the goods you receive are only one truck, or the capacity of one truck is not enough, and it is too heavy to transport as a parcel, or it needs a specific arrival time, air transportation becomes our mode of dependence. In this case, our considerations are different.
Secondly, we need to consider the cost. As a senior consultant, Mr. Jack Boyd of Boyd Co., Ltd. conducted a large number of practical investigations on the development of warehousing industry in the top 50 logistics service-friendly cities in the United States selected by Logistics Today, and provided a comparative analysis report on the operating costs of warehousing and distribution centers in these 50 cities. As expected, the top 10 cities with the lowest cost of building warehouses or distribution centers are concentrated in the southeast, while the areas with high costs are the eastern and western regions. Among all 50 cities, new york has the highest construction cost. In order to build a cost model, Boyd assumes a warehouse with an area of 350,000 square feet, and 65,438+050 supporting laborers transport goods for the national market by road. There are about 16 kinds of workers, from secretaries to forklift drivers, which constitute the basic wage account book for running a distribution center. Boyd applied this method to these 50 cities in his research and made an appropriate comparison. Other basic costs include energy, heating and air conditioning and transportation costs. Architectural comparison includes installment loan cost and property income tax. If the lease method is adopted, it includes the rental fee of the substitutes for the above facilities and equipment. Boyd said that most local customers choose to build corresponding facilities instead of renting them, and at the same time, the facilities used are gradually decreasing, not increasing. Another interesting phenomenon is that more and more non-warehousing functions are gradually appearing in distribution centers, including fund settlement and salary payment to call centers and customer service centers. The cost factor is also one of the reasons for this trend. At the same time, the company found that they could transfer many management functions from the office to the production line. By simple comparison, the cost of a warehouse per square foot is $5, while in a white-collar office building, the same area costs $20. "In the future, the post setting of employees in the warehouse will be more and more like a company with concentrated information and technology," Boyd explained. In the modern warehouse, you will not only meet forklift drivers, but also find software engineers and permanent representatives of other cooperative enterprises who originally settled in the company headquarters. "A large number of personnel requirements and technical requirements make the personnel cost analysis here one of the factors that determine the location of the warehouse." However, the most basic function of the warehouse is still to transport and accept goods. To emphasize this point, Boyd assumed an outbound cost in his model to distinguish different types of departure-destination.
Boyd's outbound mode includes 65,438+00 cities as destinations, all of which can "serve the entire American consumer market well". In the calculation process, it is basically assumed that a truck has a load of 30,000 pounds and is transported by a private land transportation company at a rate of $65,438+$0.46 per mile. In the model, new york, Miami, Los Angeles, San Diego, Oakland and San Francisco are still the cities with the highest transportation costs. Similarly, mainland central cities, such as Kansas, St. Louis, and even Memphis, have strong advantages in transportation costs nationwide. So, what about Cleveland and Ohio, which were rated as one of the friendliest logistics cities by Logistics Today? In Boyd's construction, leasing and transportation cost model, they suddenly fell to about 20 locations. On the contrary, Gary and Indiana, which ranked 29th in the national address selection list, soared to the top 10 in all three Boyd calculation models.
It should be pointed out that when we determine the location of the warehouse, there is no single tool that can give a perfect blueprint for development. The expansion of business around the warehouse will correspondingly increase the scale, structure and labor demand of the building. When we turn our eyes from the comprehensive basic scheme provided by logistics site selection consultants to the scheme provided based on various realistic cost factors, we are close to my goal again.
At present, most companies are more willing to choose the location of the warehouse near the market center or near the market to balance the contradiction between cost and speed. This will not increase the cost because of facilities near low-cost markets such as Melbourne and Birmingham, but when they measure the additional impact of traffic congestion in new york, Atlanta and other major markets, they find that they can only choose between Lehigh Valley, Payne or Atlanta, Georgia.
Boyd emphasized that safety is becoming more and more important for final decision? The 1 1 event also has an impact on site selection. Of course, this is not fear of another terrorist attack, but how to reduce the occurrence of potential sabotage, such as highways or other underground facilities. Many construction sites are selected after the completion of important infrastructure or large-scale factory facilities in the region.
The study of warehouse location flow reveals some population trends for us, but the number of migration shows a slightly different situation. In 2004, the States with the largest floating population in the United States included California (49,965 people), of which 54.7% moved out of the state; Florida, with a floating population of about 34 1.28 and immigrants accounting for 59.9%, is a pure immigrant state. Followed by 33763 people in Texas, 52.6% are immigrants; In contrast, the population base of North Carolina with an immigration rate of 6 1.8% is only 15569, and that of Alabama with an immigration rate of 6 1% is 5259. A clever consumer explained to us why: If you are in an industry that requires customers to package their own goods, it means that you are in a competitive advantage. However, whether you provide services directly to consumers or process and assemble goods, the flow of these people reflects the changes in the labor force and indirectly indicates the changes in the labor market.