1917 September 18, Sun Yat-sen launched a war of protection against the northern warlords and defended the Provisional Constitution, which was an important event in the history of modern bourgeois revolutionary movement in China. 1965438+In early July 2007, Zhang Xun supported the restoration of Emperor Puyi, and Sun Yat-sen was extremely angry. That is, Liao, He Xiangning, Zhang Taiyan and others went south from Shanghai on the warship Haichen, ready to organize the southern expedition. However, before Sun Yat-sen arrived in Guangzhou, the farce of restoration was over, and Duan, who was in charge of the Beijing government again, stubbornly refused to restore the interim constitution and convene a national assembly under the clamor of the Constitutional Law Research Association. In this case, Sun Yat-sen pointed his finger at the northern warlords represented by Duan. /kloc-on 0/7, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Guangzhou and delivered a speech that night, clearly stating that the purpose of protecting the law was to overthrow the fake * * and establish a new * * * and calling on all walks of life to rise up and fight for the protection of the law.
Sun Yat-sen's call to protect the law first received a positive response from the navy. On July 2 1 day, Cheng Biguang, former commander-in-chief of the navy of Beijing government, issued a declaration of supporting the protection of the law, declared the independence of the navy, and then led the First Fleet of the Navy to Guangdong. In order to maintain their rule in southwest China, warlords in Guangxi and Yunnan also expressed their opposition to the dissolution of the National Assembly and the abolition of the Provisional Constitution. As early as June 20th, Guangxi warlords announced that the local military and political authorities of Guangdong and Guangxi were temporarily independent of the two provinces due to the dissolution of the National Assembly. Soon, Yunnan warlord Tang also said that he would unite with Guangdong and Guangxi. In this way, the four provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou have become the base areas for protecting the law.
At the call of Sun Yat-sen, members of Congress went south to join the ranks of protector. By mid-August, more than 30 members of/kloc-0 had arrived in Guangzhou. Due to the lack of quorum, Sun Yat-sen convened a special session of the National Assembly on the 25th. On March 3 1 day, the special session of the National Assembly adopted the organizational outline of the military government of the Republic of China. The Outline stipulates that the purpose of forming a military government is to "delimit rebellion and restore the provisional constitution", and declares that the marshal will exercise the executive power of the Republic of China before the constitution is fully restored. /kloc-in September, 2000, the special session of the National Assembly elected Sun Yat-sen as Marshal, and Tang and Lu Rongting as Marshal (Tang and Lu were not in office), who were responsible for exercising the functions and powers of the military government. In June 5438+00, Sun Yat-sen was sworn in, saying that he would do his utmost to get rid of Duan and other rebels of the Republic of China and restore the interim constitution. Subsequently, Sun Yat-sen ordered a crusade against Duan in the name of the Grand Marshal, which started the war of protecting the law.
The battle of protecting the law first began in Hunan. Before the establishment of the government, Duan regarded his confidant, Hunan warlord Fu, as a plan to realize armed reunification, and constantly drove Beiyang Army into Hunan, causing strong dissatisfaction from all walks of life in Hunan. On September 18, Liu, commander of Lingling, and Lin Xiumei, brigade commander of Hunan Hengyang, jointly electrified and declared the independence of southern Hunan. 10 On June 6th, the Protector Xiangnan General Command was established, and Cheng Qian was elected as the Commander-in-Chief. On the same day, the national defense army in southern Hunan and Beiyang Army fought in Xinipu, Xiangtan, and the national defense war officially broke out. Sun Yat-sen immediately sent a telegram to the Xiang generals, hoping that they would "encourage them to do things to make great contributions." Since then, the Southern Hunan National Protection Army and the Guangdong-Guangxi Allied Forces have been at loggerheads with Beiyang Army in Hengshan and Baoqing for nearly a month, and the situation is very fierce. 165438+ 10, the southern army began to gain advantages and successively conquered Baoqing, Yongfeng, Xiangxiang, Hengshan and Xiangtan. 18, defenders in southern Hunan occupied Changsha, the capital of Hunan province. At this time, the provincial law enforcement forces also responded. 65438+ At the beginning of February, the allied forces protecting the law in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan drove away Wu Guangxin, a special investigation envoy sent to Sichuan, and captured Chongqing. In the same month, Li Tiancai and others electrified Xiangyang to declare independence and formed "Hubei Guo Jingjun"; Guo Jian and others declared independence in Fengxiang and formed the "Shaanxi Garrison". In addition, in Henan, Shandong and other provinces, Jing also launched an uprising. In just three or four months, the bonfire of the battle to protect the law spread all over Yusheng, which greatly encouraged Sun Yat-sen. He had planned to unite various armies in Wuhan and launch a massive Northern Expedition.
With the continuous victory of the Guards, the contradiction between the direct warlord headed by Feng and the Anhui warlord headed by Duan has become increasingly superficial. Feng secretly made peace, hoping to rely on the strength of the southwest army to contain Duan. Wang Ruxian, commander-in-chief and Fan, deputy commander-in-chief of Beiyang Army in southern Hunan, who were sent by Duan to fight in southern Hunan, belonged to the direct line and took a negative attitude in the war. 1 14 10 14, they electrified the main peace at the front line, which led to the defeat of Beiyang army in Hunan and forced Duan to resign. However, after Guangxi and Yunnan warlords controlled Hunan and Sichuan provinces respectively, their own interests were satisfied and they quickly compromised with the direct warlords. On the 28th, despite Sun Yat-sen's opposition, the Guangxi warlord electrified the Lord for peace. In mid-February of the following year, they reached an agreement with the Beijing government to cease fire for two weeks, giving Beiyang Army a breathing space. In March, Duan came to power again and organized the Beiyang army to go south on a large scale. Soon, most of the territory occupied by the national defense army in Hunan was lost. Under the obstruction of warlords in Guangxi and Yunnan, Sun Yat-sen's plan for the Northern Expedition finally failed to come true.
While blocking the garrison's northern expedition, the warlords in Guangxi and Yunnan also split the garrison government together with politicians from the Political College (191kloc-0/6 was established in Beijing) to crowd out Sun Yat-sen. Lu Rongting, a warlord in Guangxi, publicly stated several times that he would not cooperate with the military government headed by Sun Yat-sen. Tang not only tried his best to prevent the troops stationed in Guangdong and Yunnan from supporting the government, He also slandered Sun Yat-sen ..1918 65438+10. In October, warlords in Guangxi and Yunnan organized so-called provincial associations to protect the law against Sun Yat-sen, and Sun Yat-sen resolutely fought against the activities of warlords in Guangxi and Yunnan to undermine the military government. 1 at the beginning of the year, he publicly exposed the crime of Guangxi warlords trying to strangle the military government and ordered the navy to shell the government offices of Guangdong acting governor Mo Rongxin as a warning. But since Sun Yat-sen has no strong military support, the warlords in Guangxi have nothing to hide. At the end of February, they planned to assassinate Cheng Biguang, the naval chief of the military government who supported Sun Yat-sen and advocated the Northern Expedition. Politicians in the School of Political Science also strongly oppose Sun Yat-sen's leadership. 10 In April, due to the activities of the Institute of Political Science, the special session of the National Assembly passed the Amendment to the Organization Law of the Military Government, changing the leadership system of the Grand Marshal into the collegial system of the President. Sun Yat-sen resolutely opposed this absurd decision of Congress. The next day, he pointed out to Congress that it is illegal to reorganize the military government without authorization, and firmly stated: "Even those who want to be president after reorganization will never give up." At this time, I also called the southwestern provinces of Tang Dynasty to express my support for the reorganization of the military government. Under the oppression of warlords and politicians in Guangxi and Yunnan, Sun Yat-sen painfully realized that relying on warlords could not achieve the purpose of protecting the law, so he resigned angrily on May 4. In his resignation, he exposed the reactionary nature of the southwest warlords and pointed out that "the north and the south are birds of a feather".
After Sun Yat-sen resigned, the special session of the National Assembly reorganized the government, and elected Tang, Tang, Sun Yat-sen, Wu, Lin Baoyu, Lu Rongting and Cen Chunxuan as the Premier of Administration and Cen Chunxuan as the Chairman. At this point, the military government was completely controlled by warlords and their vassal political associations in Guangxi and Yunnan. In this case, Sun Yat-sen left Guangzhou for Shanghai on May 2 1. The war to protect the law has failed.
The failure of the war of protecting the law shows that the forces of China warlords with the background of imperialism are much stronger than those of China national bourgeoisie. China's national bourgeoisie, because of its weakness and dare not mobilize workers and peasants, has been unable to shoulder the responsibility of leading the China revolution.
1930, 18 In September, Zhang Xueliang electrified Chiang Kai-shek and immediately sent the Northeast Army120,000 people into the customs. Jiang, Feng,
When the original war was deadlocked, the soldiers of the Northeast Army entered the customs, and the balance between the two sides quickly tilted. 2 1 day, occupied by the Northeast Army.
Tianjin occupied Beiping on the 23rd. The Jin army was exhausted and collapsed at the touch of a button. Retreat quickly to the west.
1931September 18, the Japanese Kwantung Army created the "Wicker Lake Incident" and launched an armed attack on the northeast of China.
Wicker Lake is located 2.5 kilometers north of Shenyang inner city, between Shenyang Station and Wenguantun Station. The Kwantung Army chose this place as the blasting site for two reasons: first, it is remote and convenient; Second, it is close to the Northeast Army's Peking University camp, which is convenient for being falsely accused of being destroyed by China's army, and is also conducive to the attack.
At 22: 20 on June 5438+08, explosives were ignited, and a loud noise shook the earth and blew up a railway track. With the explosion as a signal, the fully armed Japanese army, which had already made preparations, launched an attack on the intended target. At the same time, Japanese artillery near Shenyang Station violently bombarded Beiying. At 23: 46, Hua Guzheng sent the first telegram to Lushun Kwantung Army Command in the name of dohihara, falsely claiming that the Japanese army destroyed the railway and attacked the Japanese garrison on the west side of Peking University Camp in northern Shenyang, and the Japanese and Chinese armies clashed. After receiving the telegram, the commander of the Kwantung Army, Shigeru Toyoto, the chief of staff, Mitsuke Miyake, Smiling Ishihara and others urgently studied countermeasures and agreed that this was an "excellent opportunity" to resort to force. Benzhong immediately decided, according to the scheduled plan, to quickly concentrate the main force in Shenyang, pre-emptively, "punish" the China army and occupy the three northeastern provinces.
On the morning of 19, between 1: 30 and 2: 00, Benzhong ordered the Kwantung Army: the second division stationed in Liaoyang, and the first and fifth battalions of the independent guard stationed in Gongzhuling, etc. Quickly ran to Shenyang to attack the China army there; The third infantry brigade stationed in Changchun is ready to attack Changchun. At the same time, he also turned to the Japanese troops stationed in South Korea for help. Finally, Benji Mao officially reported his orders and situation to the Army. In order to facilitate the command, at 3: 30 am on June 19, Benzhimao led the Kwantung Army Command to Shenyang.
/kloc-On the night of September, 0/8, the Japanese garrison in Shenyang only had two battalions and twenty-nine regiments of the second division, with only a few thousand people. After the wicker lake incident, the Japanese army sent more troops to Shenyang overnight. The troops stationed in Tieling arrived in Shenyang at 4 a.m. on 19, and occupied Peking University Camp with the 2nd Battalion at 5: 30. At the same time, the troops and teachers of the Second Division stationed in Haicheng and Liaoyang also arrived in Shenyang at 5: 00 a.m. on 19, and acted together with the 29th regiment originally stationed in Shenyang, occupying the inner city of Shenyang at 6: 30. Then the division and the independent defenders took joint action to attack Dongdaying, which is 0/0 km away from Shenyang/KLOC. The Japanese army attacked the north and south, and the Northeast Army and Jiangwutang students retreated without fighting. At noon 12, the Japanese army occupied the second battalion of the Northeast Army. Because most of the troops of the Northeast Army carried out Chiang Kai-shek's "no resistance" order, overnight, the Japanese invaders easily occupied Shenyang City. The northeast frontier governor's office, the Liaoning provincial government, the arsenal, the airport and all important military and political organs, as well as the official banks of the three northeastern provinces, were all told to occupy, and all the military and police stationed in the provincial capital were disarmed. Shenyang Arsenal alone lost 1.5 million rifles, 60,000 pistols and heavy artillery. The aviation departments in the three northeastern provinces accumulated 250 field guns, more than 3 million rounds of various bullets, 65,438+10,000 rounds of artillery shells and 300 planes, all of which were plundered by the Japanese army; Its only vault with 70 million yuan in cash was also looted.
/kloc-On the night of September, 2008, the Kwantung Army launched an all-out attack along the Nanman Railway. /kloc-on 0/9, the Japanese army captured Yingkou, Tianzhuangtai, Gaiping, Fuxian, Dashiqiao, Haicheng, Liaoyang, Anshan, Tieling, Kaiyuan, Changtu, Siping Street, Gongzhuling, Anton, Fenghuang, Benxi, Fushun and Goubangzi along the Nanman and Anfeng railways. /KLOC-At 4: 00 a.m. in 0/9, the Japanese army launched a general attack on Changchun, and the defenders of China rose to resist. After that, he retreated angrily under the command of Xi QIA, chief of staff of Jilin Military Department. At about 22 o'clock that day, Changchun fell.
Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang surrendered to the enemy's great rivers and mountains in the northeast.
On September 6th, Zhang Xueliang sent a telegram to Wang Yizhe, brigade commander of Shenyang Beidaying: "Now Sino-Japanese relations are very serious, so our army should be extra cautious in getting along with the Japanese army. No matter how provocative you are, you should be patient and not allow conflicts to avoid trouble. " On the same day, Zang Shiyi and Rong Zhen called again: "No matter how the Japanese find trouble, we must tolerate it, can't resist it, and can't make trouble." Rong Zhen, chief of staff, ordered the garrison of Peking University Camp: "Don't resist, don't move, put the gun in the warehouse and die. Everyone will die and sacrifice for the country. "
In August, the Seventh Brigade of the Northeast Army stationed in Shenyang Beidaying had a presentiment that the Japanese army would take action. Brigadier General Wang Yizhe made a special trip to Beiping to ask Zhang Xueliang for instructions. Zhang Xueliang said: "Jiang instructed not to resist for the time being, and then do it when it is ready. Everything was settled by diplomatic means in advance; ..... When you are in trouble, you must make concessions, avoid conflicts militarily, and adopt a delaying policy in diplomacy. " According to this policy, Wang Yizhe decided to take the countermeasures of "refusing to open the door and making limited concessions" against the Japanese attack. "As a last resort, the whole army retreated to gather near Cheshanzuizi and waited for action". In this way, non-resistance, from the central to the local, has been thoroughly implemented. As a result, large areas of land easily fell into enemy hands. In his diary, Senjiro, manager of Manchuria Railway Civil Construction Company, boasted that the Japanese invaders attacked the "Battle of Beitai (Da) Camp, which set a world war record. The enemy has 6.5438+0.2 million people, and the Kwantung Army has 654.38+0/20 troops. It fought fiercely for 7 hours and captured it. " The fall of Shenyang was not captured by the Japanese army, but basically came through the open door. When the Japanese attacked Beidaying, the gates of Shenyang were wide open. Rong Zhen and ZangShiyi discussed the ways to deal with it. They thought the Japanese consulate said that the Japanese army would not enter the city. "If we enter the city, we will close the city gate, and the Japanese army can also destroy it with a gun. If you don't open the city, listen. " Sure enough. The Japanese army entered the city through the open gate without firing a shot.
After the incident broke out, Chiang Kai-shek still refused to resist. Zhang Xueliang, who lives in Beiping, called Nanjing Chiang Kai-shek for instructions overnight, but he was not allowed to resist. Jiang instructed Zhang Xueliang: "The Japanese move is just an ordinary provocation. In order to avoid the expansion of the incident, there is absolutely no resistance. " Under this policy of non-resistance, the enemy surrendered and the great rivers and mountains in Northeast China fell.
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