Ideological modernization:
Time: 15,16th century
Representative: Shakespeare
Masterpieces: Romeo and Juliet, hammett.
Influence: It promoted the prosperity in the ideological field and laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of capitalism.
(B) political modernization: the establishment of bourgeois rule-British bourgeois revolution
Root cause: feudal autocracy hindered the development of British capitalist economy.
Fuse: 1638, Scottish people's uprising.
Start time and sign: 1640, convene the parliament and carry out parliamentary struggle.
Climax: the execution of King Charles I, the establishment of * * * and the country, Cromwell as the protector.
Low Valley: Restoration of Feudal Dynasty
End: 1688, the bourgeoisie and new noble staged a palace coup.
Consolidation: 1689 promulgated the bill of rights and established the bourgeoisie.
Constitutional monarchy
Influence: ① Britain overthrew the feudal monarchy through revolution, established the dominant position of the bourgeoisie, and cleared the way for the development of capitalism;
② It promoted the process of world history and became the beginning of modern world history.
(3) It provides a political premise for the future industrial revolution.
(3) economic modernization:
1, early colonial expansion:
Time:16 ——19th century
"triangle trade": Become the main operator of the slave trade.
way
Colonial plunder: by waging a war of aggression, establishing colonies and plundering local wealth (the colonial leader Robert Robert Clive robbed the Bangladeshi treasury, and India became the largest colony in Britain. )
Influence: ① Britain developed its domestic economy with stolen wealth and completed the original accumulation of capital;
At the same time, the colonies also provided a huge overseas market for Britain, which stimulated the development of British industry and became the direct cause of the industrial revolution.
2, the completion of the industrial revolution:
Time: 65438+1960s-1840.
Start sign: Hargreaves invents "Jenny Spinning Machine"
Watt improved the "steam engine"-becoming the main power of the machine.
The representative and inventor Stephen Sun invented the locomotive-since then, railway traffic has developed rapidly, bringing great convenience.
Completion sign: large machine production has become the main mode of industrial production.
Impact: ① Great productivity has been created and the capitalist economy has developed rapidly;
(2) Capitalism finally defeated feudalism and further consolidated the rule of the bourgeoisie;
(3) society is increasingly divided into two directly opposing classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat; (/kloc-British constitutional movement in the middle of 0/9th century)
(4) gradually establish the rule of the world and become the world hegemon.
(4) Britain before and after the First World War:
1, before World War I:
(1) After the second industrial revolution, Britain's industrial output value was successively overtaken by the United States and Germany, relegated to the third place, and lost its monopoly position in the world industry.
② At the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, Kloc entered the stage of imperialism.
(3) The struggle between Britain and Germany for colonies formed the main contradiction between imperialist countries. (colonial struggle)
(4) Britain adjusted its relations with France and Russia, and established a three-nation treaty military bloc.
2. During the First World War:
Defeat the allied group headed by Germany and win the First World War.
3. After the First World War:
1919-1922, participated in the Paris peace conference and the Washington conference, participated in the world re-division, and established a new world pattern with France, the United States, Japan and other big countries (Versailles-Washington system).
After the war, Britain's strength was seriously weakened, but its comprehensive national strength still ranked first in the world and controlled the League of Nations.
(5) Britain before and after World War II:
1, before World War II: In diplomacy, the policy of appeasement was implemented.
Purpose: To preserve vested interests and bring disaster to the East.
2 essence: selfishness, appeasement and rape;
③ Performance: Munich crisis;
2. During World War II:
(1)1939 September, declared war on Germany, but did not attack the Germans;
(2)1940 In May, Germany launched a large-scale air raid on Britain, and the British War broke out;
(3) 1940 In May, Britain and France retreated from Dunkirk to preserve their effective strength for future counterattacks;
④ At the beginning of KLOC-0/942, he signed the American Declaration and became an important member of the anti-fascist alliance;
⑤ 1942, the German-Italian allied forces were defeated in the battle of El Alamein, and the battlefield in North Africa turned around;
⑥ On June 1944, American and British troops landed in Normandy, opening up the second battlefield in Europe;
⑦1February, 945, attended the Yalta Conference;
At the beginning of 81945, the United States, Britain and France invaded Germany from the west.
Pet-name ruby1September, 945, the victory of World War II.
3. After World War II:
① During the 1950s and 1970s, the economy recovered rapidly and sustained prosperity appeared.
② In 1970s, he joined the European Union and became an important member of the European Union.
Second, France:
Ideological modernization:
/kloc-in the 0/8th century, the Enlightenment rose in France.
Enlightenment thinkers:
Voltaire: Attacking feudal autocracy and the Catholic Church, emphasizing bourgeois freedom and equality.
Montesquieu: clearly put forward the principle of "separation of powers" and advocated "natural human rights"
Rousseau: "Social Contract Theory" and "People's Sovereignty Theory"
Significance: It promoted people's ideological emancipation, provided strong support for the bourgeoisie to replace the feudal aristocracy politically, and laid the ideological foundation for the French Revolution.
(2) Political modernization:
1, French Revolution:
Start:1789 On July 14, the people of Paris captured the Bastille.
Promulgate the Declaration of Human Rights: (Freedom and Equality)
Development: 1792 Abolish the monarchy and establish the First Republic of France.
Execute king Louis XVI
Climax: robespierre came to power and jacobins came to power.
End: 1794, "hot moon coup", robespierre was guillotined.
2. The Napoleonic Empire:
Establishment of Empire: 1804, Napoleon was crowned emperor and the first empire of France was established.
Internally: promulgate codes to consolidate bourgeois rule.
Empire integration:
Externally: Defeat the anti-French alliance and control many parts of Europe.
Empire perished: 18 14, Napoleon stepped down and the feudal dynasty was restored.
(c) economic modernization:
18 and 19 centuries, two industrial revolutions were completed, which greatly promoted the development of productivity.
(4) before and after the first world war:
Before the war: formed a three-nation agreement with Britain and Russia, and actively expanded its troops to prepare for the war.
In the war: the battle of Verdun, defeated Germany and turned to strategic attack.
After the war: Paris held a peace conference, which advocated extremely weakening Germany and controlling the League of Nations.
(5) Before and after World War II:
1, before the war:
(1)1929-1933, which was hit hard by the economic crisis.
(2) Diplomatically, it pursues the policy of appeasement (1938, creating the Munich crisis).
2. During the war:
(1)1In September 1939, it declared war on Germany, but it still pursued the "appeasement policy" and did not attack Germany.
(2) 1940 In May, it was attacked by the Germans, then occupied by Germany, and France perished.
(3)1940 In May, the British and French allied forces retreated in Dunkirk.
Third, the United States
(1) War of Independence and Civil War
American War of Independence (1775- 1783)
American civil war
Start and end times
And signs
Go: 1775 gunfire in Lexington.
End: 1783 Britain recognizes American independence.
Beginning: 186 1 year, the civil war began in the south.
End: 1865 victory in the north is over.
ultimate cause
Obstruct British colonial rule
The development of American capitalism
Black slavery is a serious obstacle.
Capitalist development
(Contradictions between North and South economic systems)
blasting fuse
Boston Tea Party
Lincoln became president.
leadership
And representative figures
The bourgeoisie and planters
Washington
middle class
Lincoln
turning point
Battle of Saratoga
Declare the emancipation of black slaves.
File and its
meaning
Declaration of Independence-The Birth of America
1787-constitution for the establishment of a democratic regime
homestead law
Emancipation proclamation
-A turning point in the war
nature
Not just the bourgeois revolution.
It is also the national liberation movement.
The Second American Bourgeois Revolution
result
Establish a federal Republic
Northern victory
trait
duplicity
The way of civil war
meaning
Overthrow British colonial rule and realize national independence
Abolish slavery and safeguard national unity
(2) the United States during the first two industrial revolutions:
1, the first industrial revolution: 1807, Fulton built the first steamboat "clermont";
The industrial revolution was completed in the first half of19th century.
2. The second industrial revolution: one of the major countries, ahead of other countries.
Edison: Invented the electric light.
Important inventions:
Brothers Wright: Invented the airplane.
Significance: Great productivity has been created, the capitalist economy in the United States has developed rapidly, the rule of the bourgeoisie has been consolidated, and the transition to monopoly capitalism (imperialism) has begun.
America before and after the first world war.
1, before World War I: 19, at the end of the 20th century: entering the stage of imperialism;
At the beginning of the war: declare neutrality and make a fortune in the war;
2. During World War I, 19 17 entered the war, joined the Allies Group and declared war on Germany;
19 18 won the war.
3. After World War I: Punish the defeated countries and participate in the re-division of the world.
19 19, one of the three major countries of the Paris peace conference,
1921-1922, the Washington conference signed the nine-nation convention to facilitate the expansion of the United States in China.
(4) between the two world wars:
1, in the 1920s, it developed steadily and continuously, and the economy "prospered" for some time.
2. From 1929 to 1933, an economic crisis broke out (the worst in the history of the capitalist world).
3. 1933, Roosevelt was elected president and implemented the new deal.
(The influence of the "New Deal": American economic recovery has created a new model of state intervention in the economy, adjusted, consolidated and developed the capitalist system, and gradually got rid of the influence of the crisis. )
⑤ America before and after World War II:
1, before the war: adopted the appeasement policy of conniving at fascist aggression.
2. During the war:
(1)1941year 65438+February 7, the pearl harbor incident broke out (national shame day).
(2)1941year 65438+February 8, declared war on Japan.
(3) 1942 1 month, signing the United Nations declaration and joining the anti-fascist alliance; (4)1June, 944, Normandy landed (opening up the second battlefield in Europe).
⑤ 1945 In February, he attended the Yalta Conference (decided to establish the United Nations after the war) ⑤ 1945 In early August, he dropped an atomic bomb on Japan, which accelerated the end of World War II.
3. After the war:
(1) foreign policy: cold war policy
The first logo: 1947, Truman Doctrine was introduced.
Economically, the Marshall Plan was implemented;
Politically, Truman Doctrine was promoted.
Militarily, NATO was founded.
(2) Economic development:
1950s and 1960s: postwar prosperity and sustained economic development;
1970s and 1980s: Crisis and Adjustment
90' s, the new economic era (main features: information globalization)
(3) Science and technology: the third scientific and technological revolution (country of origin)
Fourth, Russia.
(1) Tsarist Russia: (1547—1965438+February 2007)
1, 1685, the battle of jaxa, 1686 signed the Nebuchadnezzar Treaty (the first border treaty between China and Russia).
2.1856 ——1860. The Second Opium War occupied a large territory of China (10.5 million square kilometers).
3. 186 1 year, Alexander II carried out reforms, abolished serfdom and embarked on the road of developing capitalism. 4./kloc-at the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, it became an imperialist country.
5, 19 14, participated in World War I, and the allies withdrew from World War I halfway.
6. 19 17 The revolution broke out in March and February and overthrew the autocratic rule of the czar.
(2) Soviet Russia: (1917165438+10/end of 922)
1, 19 17, 1 1 October, when the October Revolution broke out, the proletarian regime was established and became a socialist country.
2. 19 17 made peace with Germany and withdrew from World War I. ..
3, 19 18- 1920, three years of civil war, the wartime production policy, won.
4. 192 1 year, implement new economic policies and promote national economic development.
(3) Soviet Union: (end of 1922-199 1 end)
At the end of 1922, the Soviet Union was founded.
Socialist industrialization in Stalin's period (five-year plan): agricultural collectivization (establishing collective farms)
(1924-1953)1936, Stalin model was formed through the new constitution.
194 1 year, the Soviet-German war broke out.
In June, the battle of Moscow was won.
Foreign countries: World War II 1942, joined the international anti-fascist alliance.
1February, 943, the battle of Stalingrad was won.
1February, 945, attended the Yalta conference.
1945 In April, the Battle of Berlin defeated Germany.
Internally: Khrushchev's reform (ineffective).
(1953-1964) Exterior: Hegemony with the United States, and the United States attacked the Soviet Union (Cuban Missile Crisis).
Internally in Brezhnev period: the military industry was developed and the system was more rigid.
(In the 1960s,
1970s) Foreign countries: The Soviet Union attacked the United States (1979, sending troops to occupy Afghanistan).
Economy: difficulties
Gorbachev's domestic reform.
(1985— 199 1) Politics: one-party system → multi-party system.
External: global mitigation strategy
V Germany:
(a) In modern times:
1, ahead of other countries in the second industrial revolution.
(Representative: karl benz invented the automobile and founded Ben Ci Automobile Company. )
From the end of 2.65438 to the beginning of the 20th century, it entered the stage of imperialism.
After the second industrial revolution, the industrial level caught up with and surpassed that of Britain. With the rapid growth of economic strength, it is required to re-divide the world. In order to compete for colonies, the contradiction with Britain was sharp and became the main contradiction between imperialist countries.
4. Form an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy, form triple alliance, and frantically expand troops to prepare for war.
5. 19 14. Support Austria-Hungary to choose war under the pretext of "Sarajevo incident": war.
19 16 years, the battle of Verdun suffered heavy losses and changed from strategic attack to strategic defense.
19 18, surrender to the allied forces.
6, 19 19, Paris Peace Conference, signing the Treaty of Versailles, was seriously weakened.
② Modern:
1,1929-1933 was hit hard by the economic crisis.
2. 1933, Hitler came to power, became the head of state, established the fascist regime, and the European source of world war was formed.
In the second half of 1930s, it formed the Axis Group with Japan and Italy.
4. 1938 In September, Munich Conference was held to annex the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia.
5. provoke world war ii:
In September 1939, 1, Poland was suddenly attacked and World War II broke out in an all-round way.
1in April, 940, it attacked western Europe on a large scale and occupied many countries in western Europe and northern Europe, including France.
1941June, a war of aggression was launched against the Soviet Union, and the Soviet-German war broke out.
1945 in may, the battle of Berlin was defeated and the Germans surrendered.
1On May 8, 945, Germany officially signed the surrender, which was the conclusion of the European War in World War II.
6. After World War II, Germany was divided into the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany.
7. In 1950s and 1970s, the economy of the Federal Republic of Germany developed rapidly.
In the 1960 s, the "European Unity" organization was established with France and other countries.
9. 1989, after the drastic changes in eastern Europe, the Democratic Republic of Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany merged to achieve reunification.
10 and 1993. After the establishment of the EU, it became an important member of the EU.
The intransitive verb Italy
(a) in ancient times:
1, Rome was founded in the 8th century BC.
2, * * and period:
(1) in 509 BC, the Roman Republic was founded.
(2) From the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century BC, there were three Punic wars with Carthage.
(3) the 2nd century BC, dominate the Mediterranean, become the overlord of the Mediterranean.
(4) In BC 1 century, the social crisis was serious and it was impossible to maintain the * * * peace system.
3, the imperial period:
In 27 BC, Octavian monopolized the power and established the Roman Empire.
② Internally: the situation is stable and the economy is prosperous.
Trade with China through the Silk Road is frequent.
Peaceful exchanges in the early 200 years of the empire;
166, to the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Invasion and expansion: it reached its largest scale in the 2nd century, spreading Roman culture.
(3) Empire split: in 395, it was split into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.
(4) The Empire perished: In 476, the Western Roman Empire was annihilated by the Germans;
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/5th century, the Eastern Roman Empire was destroyed by Ottoman Turkey.
(2) Modern:
1 and14th century, the Renaissance began in Italy. (Pioneer: Dante; Master of Art: Da Vinci)
2. Before the war: triple alliance was formed with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
During World War I: Watch the wind and steer, and join the allied forces to fight.
After the war: economic recession, political chaos, and the rise of the workers and peasants movement.
③ Modern:
1 and 1922, the fascist party marched into Rome, marking the establishment of fascist dictatorship.
2. In the second half of 1930s, it formed the Axis Group with Germany and Japan, threatening world peace.
3. 1942, defeated in the Battle of El Alamein.
4,65438+September 0943, unconditional surrender.
Seven. Japan
(1) two reforms: promoting Japanese social progress has become two major turning points in Japanese history.
name
Dahua gexin
Meiji reform
time
Mid-7th century
65438+1960s, 09
content
Book 9, page 25
Book 9, page 1 19
Learning object
China in Sui and Tang Dynasties
Modern European and American countries
nature
Feudal reform
Bourgeois reform
meaning
Make Japan move from slave society to
The transformation of feudal society.
From a closed feudal country,
Become a capitalist country.
limit
————
Retain the remnants of feudalism and embark on the invasion and expansion of Zhang Zhilu.
The path of militarism.
(2) Japan after Meiji Restoration:
1, domestic: developing capitalist economy-the intersection of two industrial revolutions.
1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, it became an imperialist country.
2. External: aggression and expansion
Annexation of Korea
express
Provoke the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and force China to sign the treaty of shimonoseki.
(3) Japan before and after World War I:
1, 19 14 declared war on Germany, joined the allied forces, and quickly occupied Germany's sphere of influence in Shandong.
2, 19 18, a total victory in the first world war.
3. 19 19 participated in the Paris Peace Conference, signed the Treaty of Versailles, and inherited all the rights and interests of Germany in Shandong.
4.1921-1922, attended the Washington conference, and signed the four-nation treaty, five-nation treaty and nine-nation convention. Through this meeting, the United States curbed the expansion of Japanese forces in East Asia and the Pacific.
(1) The Nine Nations Convention broke the Japanese monopoly of China;
(2) The disintegration of the "Four Kingdoms Treaty" is conducive to Japanese expansion of anglo-japanese alliance in East Asia.
(3) The Five-Nation Naval Treaty stipulates that the total tonnage of Japan's capital ships and aircraft carriers is limited.
(4) Japan before and after the Second World War
1, before the war: fascist forces were rampant.
① Cause: Be hit hard by the economic crisis 1929- 1933 Get rid of the serious economic and political crisis.
② Process:
193 1, the September 18th Incident started.
1936, the cabinet controlled by the military department came to power, marking the establishment of the Japanese fascist regime and the formation of the Asian source of the world war.
1937 July 7th Incident, launching a full-scale war of aggression against China.
In the late 20th century, it formed the Axis Group with Germany and Italy.
2. During the war:
194 1 65438+February, attacked Pearl Harbor and launched the Pacific War.
1June, 942, the naval battle of midway and the fiasco of Japan became the turning point of the Pacific battlefield.
1August 945 15, the Japanese emperor declared unconditional surrender;
1September 2, 945, Japan officially signed the surrender book, and World War II ended.
3. Rise after the war:
Performance: In the past two decades since the mid-1950s, the economy has developed continuously and rapidly, becoming the second largest capitalist economy country in the world after the United States.
Reasons: ① Japan implemented a demilitarization policy under the occupation of the US military;
(2) After the victory of the China Revolution, the United States began to support the Japanese;
(3) After the Korean War, American military orders stimulated Japan's economic development.
The Japanese government formulated appropriate economic policies, introduced the latest scientific and technological achievements, and developed education and science and technology, which promoted the rapid development of Japan's economy.
Impact: The rapid rise of Japan directly impacts the hegemonic position of the United States, making the world form a tripartite confrontation among the United States, Western Europe and Japan. At the same time, with the rise of the economy, Japan's desire to seek a political power has also begun to expand, and its military spending has been increasing, causing anxiety among its Asian neighbors.
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