How to estimate the bid price of a project?

As we all know, quota is the product of planned economy system, and it is a weighted average rate calculated according to the average work efficiency in the industry and the conventional construction technology in a specific period. At present, in the bidding practice of most engineering projects in China, the method of multiplying the fixed direct fee by the rate and then adjusting the price is still adopted. In view of the quotation defects and risks caused by the application of quota in bid evaluation and bidding of engineering projects, this paper cannot reflect the construction technical characteristics, construction efficiency and management level of enterprises. When the quota subtitle is inconsistent with the meaning and requirements of engineering projects required in the bidding documents, it is suggested to compile the classification and coding system of engineering projects with reference to international practices. On this basis, through market investigation and the collection, collation and analysis of construction statistical information of engineering projects, the standardization and institutionalization of project evaluation have been strengthened, and the cost information database of this enterprise has been established. According to the direct cost, through market analysis and research, the decision-making layer determines the bidding scheme according to the market operation strategy, and according to the set exchange rate procedures and methods, the amortized expenses are included, and the profit target, unforeseeable risks and other rates are determined, so that the source of the final bidding price components is clear, the calculation method is reasonable and the price is clear. In the practice of bidding, at present, the prices of most of our projects are determined by multiplying the fixed direct fee by the rate and then adding and subtracting. As we all know, quota is the product of planned economy system, and it is a weighted average rate calculated according to the average work efficiency in the industry and the conventional construction technology in a specific period. The bid price obtained in this way cannot reflect the technical characteristics, construction efficiency and construction cost level of the enterprise. Second, this way of bidding eventually evolved into "guessing the bid", which increased or decreased by several percentage points on the basis of fixed price, making the determination of bid price lack of scientific basis. Even if the bidder's pre-tender price is guessed and won the bid by luck, it is difficult for such a tender and such a bid price to become a contract model reflecting the project cost, which lacks scientific guidance for the future development of the project market. In order to improve this bidding mechanism, improve the scientific decision-making level of bidding, and reduce the bidding risk, referring to international practice, it is planned to estimate the project cost according to the local and direct costs of the project, taking into account factors such as "target profit rate" and "risk rate", and finally determine the bidding price, that is, based on the statistical data of completed and executed projects and the cost calculated by market inquiry, taking into account the construction characteristics, professional knowledge and ergonomics of enterprises. Adjust and calculate the direct cost of the project subject to tender. Finally, the decision-making layer formulates the bidding strategy according to the market operation strategy. On the basis of direct cost, the expected profit and various unforeseen expenses in the process of project implementation are increased, so that the source of the final bid price is clear and the calculation method can be followed. 1. Establish a project classification and query system with reference to international practices. The vast majority of unit price contract projects, whether international financial institutions, owners or consulting companies, which are open to tender according to FIDIC contract mode, have a systematic and long-term application of project classification and coding system, which systematically divides and classifies projects in a certain field, and each subproject has a clear definition of work content. Technical specification requirements, measurement methods and standards, etc. When preparing the project tender, the owner and consulting engineer only need to decompose all the work contents of the project item by item according to the classification and coding system, and extract the corresponding sub-items to form a bill of quantities containing all the work contents of the project, which is not only convenient for the owner and consulting engineer to make a fair evaluation of the quotations of different contractors under the same standard, but also convenient for the contractor to calculate the project cost and quote competitive prices according to their own construction characteristics. On the basis of unifying the classification and coding of engineering projects, we can conduct inquiry and negotiation with local contractors, subcontractors and suppliers of equipment and materials, and select subcontractors and suppliers with certain technical level, considerable project execution ability and good cooperation intention. At the same time, the inquiry results can be enriched and adjusted by collecting the bidding documents of other contractors with corresponding strength and influence in the local engineering market, combined with the statistical data of completed projects and projects under implementation in the local market, so that the final data can objectively reflect the actual construction cost of such projects. Through the combination of market inquiry and project statistical data, it is determined that the cost of each sub-project has the following advantages: 1. At the time of inquiry, the project contents and requirements of each sub-project have been given to subcontractors, suppliers and product manufacturers. And the prices returned by them through their own accounting and experience are set according to the contents and requirements of each sub-project, thus avoiding the fact that the sub-projects that often appear in quota setting cannot be consistent with the project meaning and requirements required by the bidding documents, and it is far-fetched to apply quotas. 2. Inquiry can fully mobilize the competition between subcontractors and suppliers, select the best among the best, and transform the competitive advantages of subcontractors and suppliers into the competitive advantages of enterprises. 3. Through the inquiry, we can know the cost and price level of local contractors and suppliers, which is helpful to master the construction management level and efficiency of enterprises. At the same time, the price obtained by inquiry is the current price reflecting the relationship between market supply and demand, including the change of construction cost under different conditions and enterprises, which overcomes the defect that the fixed price is difficult to reflect the influence of market fluctuation on quotation. 4. Inquiry combined with the statistical information of the project can further reflect the actual situation of the enterprise and make the cost price more truly reflect the actual construction efficiency and cost level of the enterprise. Second, the combination of bidding and project evaluation, the pilot implementation of management system reform with asset contracting as the main body, has solved the old problems that have long plagued overseas engineering contracting enterprises in market research and development, bidding quotation and project implementation. The overseas management department (branch) takes asset management as the core, pursues the best return of asset management, formulates the policy of market development and management, coordinates the bidding strategy and implementation of each specific project, and does not stick to local interests, which provides the basis and conditions for the direct cost method to estimate the project cost bidding. In the past, our bidding quotation was often compiled by the technical department, and the budget department calculated the quotation according to the quota, which was suitable for the requirements of the bidding technical specification. The economic and reasonable construction scheme is difficult to be reflected in the tender price, and the technical department is easy to blindly pursue technology first. In the past, the construction technical scheme was often compiled by the technical department, and the quotation was calculated by the budget department according to the quota, which was suitable for the requirements of the bidding technical specification. Economic and reasonable construction scheme is difficult to be reflected in the bid price, and technical departments are easy to blindly pursue technology. As an asset contracting business, the main work of overseas management department (branch) is to explore the market and contract engineering projects. Therefore, the bidding team organized by it should integrate market, technology and bid evaluation, and the personnel should be responsible for a certain aspect of bidding technical scheme, inquiry and cost analysis according to different majors. At the same time, actively participate in the organization, implementation and management of projects under construction, and regularly organize evaluation and consultation of projects under construction. Summarize the management measures that are successful and need to be improved in actual production activities, compare the influence of different technical schemes and construction techniques on the implementation progress, quality and cost of the project, and standardize and institutionalize the evaluation of this project. In this way, bidders can objectively judge the technical level of subcontractors and suppliers in the process of inquiry, and can have in-depth discussions with subcontractors and suppliers from the technical point of view, which will have a positive impact on price negotiations and improve the quality of inquiry. By participating in the bidding defense, the bidding team can also give the owner and consulting engineer a complete and convincing solution system from the aspects of technology, quotation and implementation, so as to establish a good image of the contractor and obtain technical points and impression points that are beyond the price tag and are crucial to successful bidding. Three. Strengthening construction statistics and establishing cost information database In order to improve the quality and efficiency of estimating project cost by direct cost method, it is particularly important to dynamically process and correct cost data in addition to constantly improving the classification and coding system of engineering projects and the market inquiry system. Real and detailed construction data is the basic data to determine the actual material consumption and cost level of the enterprise, and it is also the basis for auditing the subcontractor's quotation and evaluating the subcontractor's construction ability and management level. First of all, the collection and arrangement of construction data should be included in the organizational structure and management regulations of project management, and the responsibilities should be implemented step by step. Every day, a special person is responsible for filling in and recording the quantity, working hours and working conditions of construction machinery and equipment, the physical workload and the material consumption of the day, and summarizing the report data into the computer day by day, which not only facilitates the project managers to grasp the daily work progress of the project in time through the computer, but also forms various sub-items of the project through the accumulation of time. These data, which record and reflect the construction situation and real cost of the project, are the basic basis for evaluating and summarizing the project, the valuable information for enterprises to undertake the follow-up projects in this field, and the "secret" for enterprises to win in the project contracting market competition. Four, grasp the bidding strategy, determine the final bid price, and estimate the project cost by direct cost method to determine the bid price. Generally, it can be divided into two steps: First, through the detailed study of the contract terms (COC), technical specifications (sp) and bill of quantities (BOQ) of the bidding documents, investigate and understand the environment and conditions of the construction site, conduct a comprehensive inquiry and in-depth analysis of the preliminary construction data, and calculate the direct cost of each project based on the cost database. Second, through market analysis and research, under the medium and long-term market management policy, determine the specific bidding strategy and make the bidding price. To determine the bid price on the basis of direct cost price, a set of fixed calculation methods can be designed according to the bidding habits of enterprises, listing project information such as project name, owner, source of funds, construction period and shelf life, and the three direct costs (material cost, machinery cost and labor cost) obtained by classification and summary constitute the direct cost of the project. On this basis, formulate the rates of taxes, insurance premiums, management fees, profit targets, risk fees, public relations fees and other expenses. The total bid price (g) can be expressed as a function of the direct cost (a) of the project and its coefficients X, Y, Z, α, β, etc. Respectively taken from the proportion of all expenses listed in the table to the total bid price. Taxes and insurance premiums depend on the relevant policies and regulations of the project location, and generally there is not much room for adjustment. However, in some countries and regions, some tax avoidance and insurance policies can be adopted to achieve the purpose of saving taxes and insurance premiums. Management fees generally refer to the management fees that should be amortized into this project and the project itself, travel expenses related to the bidding of this project, guarantee fees and other expenses incurred by the corporate headquarters and regional branch management institutions during the project implementation. The profit target depends on the marketing policies and strategies of the enterprise. In general, it should be a reasonable positive number, and it can also be zero or negative in special circumstances. When an enterprise wants to open up a new market in a potential field, and the bidding project is very important for the enterprise to enter this market field, and it is determined to win, it can bid with "zero profit" or "negative profit" on this project, in exchange for the long-term development benefit of the market at the expense of local interests, to dilute the care about the gains and losses of one city and one pool, and to pursue the overall benefit of the market. When an enterprise has no intention to compete for a project, it is just to "explore the road", or to confuse competitors, or to cope with the invitation of the owners, it can often set an unusually high target profit rate, and it will succeed if it fails. In case of winning the bid, it is better to get a "fat standard" by accident. Overseas project contracting, due to the long construction period, many influencing factors and high risks, many unexpected situations cannot be fully foreseen in bidding. Therefore, in general, it is necessary to refer to the implementation of previous projects and our company's business experience in this area to determine a certain proportion of unforeseen expenses, mainly including exchange rate risk, inflation risk, risks that cannot be compensated by price adjustment terms, unforeseen accident losses and other expenses. Various expenses that must be considered but not clearly listed in the above expenses are included in other expenses, such as public relations expenses, hospitality expenses, gift expenses, sponsorship fees for social welfare activities, etc. Sometimes, it also includes mobilization expenses in the early stage (such as the project cost is not included in the project quotation), withdrawal expenses after completion, etc. Based on the direct cost, the target price of exchange rate can be obtained, and under the requirements of the overall price level, various technical treatments and adjustments can be made conveniently and flexibly, such as the adjustment of the proportion of the three direct costs of materials, machinery and labor, the application of unbalanced quotation skills, the reporting of daily labor rates, the selection of currency composition, and the paving of claims. Once the project wins the bid, it creates conditions for the smooth implementation of the project and the realization of the established goals. In this way, the composition of the whole bidding fee is clear, the basis is sufficient and the adjustment is convenient.