The electromagnetic pulse weapon is known as the "second atomic bomb", and the electromagnetic pulse weapon of the world's military powers has begun to be practical, posing a great threat to electronic information systems, command and control systems and networks. The conventional electromagnetic pulse bomb exploded, and the nuclear electromagnetic pulse bomb-"the second atomic bomb" is approaching human beings.
Popular mechanics, an American magazine, reported that there will be no mushroom cloud when the next world disaster comes. Just a loud noise and a flash of lightning can scorch all the data in the computer. Except for diesel engines, all electrified engines can't be started, and the world will go backwards for 200 years ... This is not sensational. The Pentagon believes that the world will become like this after the explosion of a new generation of electronic bombs.
Electromagnetic Pulse Bomb —— A Human Catastrophe Without Mushroom Cloud
Electromagnetic pulse is a kind of transient electromagnetic phenomena, which can destroy electronic, information, electric power, photoelectric, microwave and other facilities in the form of space radiation propagation, burn the semiconductor insulation layer or integrated circuit of electronic equipment, and even cause equipment failure or permanent damage.
Electromagnetic pulse bomb has the title of "the second atomic bomb"
Few people have seen the atomic bomb explode, but almost everyone has seen the "second atomic bomb" explode. This kind of explosion is the lightning and static phenomena in nature. The electromagnetic radiation produced by lightning and static electricity is different from the electromagnetic radiation of the sun and stars, and the electromagnetic field produced by the earth's magnetic field and the electromagnetic field in the atmosphere. Their principles are the same. In addition, the explosion of the "second atomic bomb" is also a man-made phenomenon, that is, the electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation source is man-made.
With the development of science and technology, the electrical equipment of the whole society has been widely used, such as TV transmitter, radio transmitter, radio station, aviation navigation system, radar system, mobile communication system, high-voltage power transmission and transformation system, high-current power frequency equipment, light rail and trunk electrified railway system. In short, all industrial, scientific, medical and military electromagnetic radiation equipment that uses electromagnetic energy, as well as machines, vehicles, ships, household appliances, office equipment, power tools, etc. Powered by an internal combustion engine ignited by an electric spark, electromagnetic radiation with different frequencies and intensities will be generated. Among them, most of them are electromagnetic pulse radiation.
The electromagnetic environment of the modern battlefield is a compound environment where all kinds of electromagnetic energy work together, including natural electromagnetic interference sources such as lightning and static electricity, as well as powerful man-made interference sources such as radar, radio communication, navigation, computers, electronic warfare equipment against them and new concept electromagnetic weapons. Therefore, the battlefield electromagnetic environment is much more complicated than usual, and the battlefield electromagnetic environment effect under high-tech conditions is mainly composed of various electromagnetic pulse fields.
In this way, without the mushroom cloud, there will be two kinds of human disasters-electromagnetic pulse disaster, natural and man-made peacetime, and various natural and man-made electromagnetic pulse hazards occur from time to time. Accidents such as information system paralysis caused by lightning electromagnetic pulse occur frequently all over the world every year, and satellite communication, navigation, computer network and even household appliances will be seriously threatened by lightning disaster. In Shanghai alone, the loss caused by 1999 lightning exceeded 200 million yuan.
Nuclear electromagnetic pulse is a strong electromagnetic radiation produced by nuclear explosion, which is very destructive. In some countries' nuclear tests, it is not uncommon for nuclear electromagnetic pulse energy to invade electronic and power systems and burn cables and electronic equipment. The electromagnetic pulse generated by high-altitude nuclear explosion is more harmful than ground and underground nuclear explosion, and the intensity of nuclear electromagnetic pulse is large, covering a wide area.
Due to the attenuation of the atmosphere, the heat, shock wave and radiation generated by high-altitude nuclear explosion are not as harmful to ground facilities as electromagnetic pulse effect. When 654.38+00,000 tons of nuclear weapons explode at high altitude, about three-tenths of the total energy is radiated in the form of electromagnetic pulses. With the development of nuclear technology, developed countries have developed nuclear electromagnetic pulse bombs, which enhance the electromagnetic pulse effect, but weaken the shock wave and nuclear radiation effect, and the destructive power of electromagnetic pulse is obviously increased.
Electromagnetic Pulse Bomb-America's "Second Atomic Bomb"
The development of electromagnetic pulse weapons began in the 1970s and entered the practical stage in the 1990s.
During the period of 1985, when the United States formulated the "strategic defense initiative" plan, it listed high-power microwave weapons as the main attack items of its space weapons, focusing on its killing mechanism. From 65438 to 0987, the U.S. Department of Defense put forward the "balanced technology initiative" plan, in which high-power microwave weapons are one of its five key technologies.
199 1 during the gulf war, the us military carried and used electromagnetic pulse weapons on the E-8 Soyuz aircraft. The miniaturized electromagnetic jammer of the United States and Russia can be thrown at the enemy by conventional weapons, which can not only destroy the enemy's command and control system, but also directly affect the operational effectiveness of precision guided weapons and information-based individual soldiers. 1In July, 1992, the General Accounting Office of the United States Congress submitted the report "Risks of External Dependence of National Defense Basic Technology and Military Special Technology" to the Armed Services Committee of the House of Representatives, and put forward six key technologies of advanced weapons in the future, including high-power microwave weapons. The US Army, Navy and Air Force have also made development plans for high-power microwave weapons.
1993, the United States conducted an electromagnetic pulse weapon experiment code-named "harp". The antenna group sends electromagnetic pulses to the ionosphere, blocking communication and destroying incoming missiles. 1996, a national laboratory in the United States developed a suitcase-sized high-energy electromagnetic pulse weapon and an electromagnetic pulse weapon that can be equipped on cruise missiles, with an effective operational radius of 10 km.
1998, Russia invented a small high-current electron accelerator weighing 8 kg, which will emit X-rays and high-power microwaves when it explodes, which can destroy electronic equipment.
1In March 1999, the United States used experimental microwave weapons in its bombing of Yugoslavia, which paralyzed communication facilities in some parts of Yugoslavia for more than three hours. During the Iraq war, on March 26th, 2003, the US military attacked the Iraqi national television station with an electromagnetic pulse bomb, which led to the interruption of its broadcast signal.
In addition to Russia and the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Japan and other countries are also developing high-power microwave weapons. Some international military experts believe that the main reason why Iraq was passively beaten in the Gulf War was that the command and control system and air defense facilities were destroyed and the control of the electromagnetic environment was lost.
A reporter asked why the US military only occasionally uses electromagnetic pulse weapons. A U.S. military spokesman said, we keep more powerful electromagnetic pulse weapons to deal with more powerful enemies.
Some analysts believe that the more powerful enemies of the US military allude to Russia and China. However, it may also refer to all potential rivals, including Russia and China. Just as the United States first developed the atomic bomb, they wanted to deter all their opponents. This is another "killer" for the United States to maintain its monopoly position for a long time in the new century.
Electromagnetic pulse bomb-no electromagnetic protection equals bare chest
The target of electromagnetic pulse bomb is very different from that of traditional atomic bomb. There are three kinds of targets: first, military and civilian electronic communication and financial centers, such as headquarters, warships, communication buildings, government places, etc. The second is the air defense early warning system; The third is various missiles and missile protection systems.
Both the United States and the former Soviet Union attach great importance to the research of electromagnetic environment effect and protection and reinforcement technology of weapons and equipment when developing electromagnetic pulse weapons. 1979, president Carter of the United States issued an order, emphasizing the serious threat of nuclear electromagnetic pulse, and demanding that the electromagnetic pulse protection capability must be considered for every weapon developed. Therefore, the United States has established more than ten electromagnetic pulse field simulators in Cortland, New Mexico and Arizona.
In recent years, the military of Taiwan Province Province has attached great importance to the research of electromagnetic pulse protection while strengthening the attack capability of electronic warfare. According to media reports in Taiwan Province Province, the Ministry of National Defense of Taiwan Province invested NT$ 780 million in planning electronic warfare and information warfare equipment in 20001year, including information security plan and pulse protection plan. The "pulse protection plan" mainly aims at the "hard killing" of electromagnetic pulse weapons to opponents, and protects important military facilities, strategic civilian facilities and "government" key building facilities of the Taiwan military.
According to military authorities in Taiwan Province Province, the "pulse protection plan" in Taiwan Province Province is in full swing at the Hengshan command post. The scheme consists of seven parts, such as anti-pulse effect and electronic anti-protection network, to prevent electromagnetic pulse weapons from attacking, maintain the operation of computer network, and protect the smoothness of computer combat command system and the security of database. The person in charge of the "Sun Yat-sen Institute of Science" in charge of this plan said that after the implementation of the "pulse protection plan", the Taiwan military's operational command system is equivalent to "wearing a protective cap against electromagnetic interference."
Since 1960s, some countries have begun to study the characteristics of nuclear electromagnetic pulse and made some progress. However, the research on electromagnetic protection basically stays in the scope of electromagnetic compatibility, and does not pay attention to electromagnetic pulse protection. Up to now, the vast majority of military and civilian electronic equipment in these countries have not taken electromagnetic pulse protection measures, and some even have no mandatory factory inspection standards and facilities. The overall level is at least 20 years behind that of the United States and Russia.
This means that these countries have opened their chests before the electromagnetic pulse weapons of military powers. Once the government agencies, financial centers, communication networks, radio and television, and other important systems and military facilities related to the national economy and people's livelihood are hit by strong electromagnetic pulses, they will inevitably be paralyzed or damaged on a large scale, making it difficult for the national economy and social order to function normally.
196110,310, the Soviet union conducted an air-exploded nuclear test 35 kilometers above the new island. Unexpectedly, the hydrogen bomb not only destroyed everything near the explosion center, but also impacted the electronic system within several meters of Qian Qian, and the Soviet ground air defense radar was burnt out, making it impossible to detect air flying targets. Qian Qian meters long communication was interrupted and the troops were out of command for more than 1 hour. Coincidentally, on July 9, 1963, 1963, Honolulu, which is 40km above Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean, fell into chaos. The burglar alarm keeps ringing, the street lights go out, and the relays on the power equipment are burned out one by one. ...
At that time, people couldn't solve the mystery. Later, after several years of research, it was found that this was the evil result of electromagnetic pulse produced by hydrogen bomb explosion. The atomic bomb explosion will produce four effects: shock wave, light radiation, early nuclear radiation and radioactive pollution, while the hydrogen bomb explosion will add another effect, namely electromagnetic pulse.
When a hydrogen bomb explodes, α -rays in the early nuclear radiation will interact with molecules and atoms in the surrounding medium to excite and generate high-speed electrons (Compton effect), and a large number of high-speed electrons will form a powerful electric field. The electric field intensity within several kilometers of the explosion center can reach several thousand volts to tens of thousands of volts per meter, and it spreads around at the speed of light. Its range of action expands with the increase of detonation height. A hydrogen bomb with the equivalent of 1000 tons can affect the whole of Europe if it explodes at an altitude of 40 kilometers.
Seeing the military value of this instantaneous electromagnetic pulse produced by nuclear explosion, American military experts began to spare no effort to study how to enhance the electromagnetic pulse effect produced by nuclear explosion and suppress other effects. They call this kind of weapon which can produce powerful electromagnetic pulse an electromagnetic pulse bomb.
Electromagnetic pulse bomb enhances the electromagnetic pulse effect and reduces the other four effects. It is a "clean" nuclear weapon and belongs to the third generation of nuclear weapons. Compared with radar or lightning electromagnetic pulse, nuclear electromagnetic pulse has the characteristics of wide range of action, high electric field intensity, wide frequency range and short action time. Electromagnetic pulse bomb does not harm and destroy people and non-electronic weapons and equipment, but only destroys and interferes with electronic equipment, circuits and electronic components, so it is a non-lethal weapon that destroys things and does not hurt people. The powerful pulse it generates can enter electronic equipment through antennas, power lines, telecommunication lines and metal pipes, which will temporarily disable or completely damage unprotected electronic components, make the memory in the computer lose its memory ability, and make the whole network unable to continue working, thus paralyzing the whole combat system and dealing a fatal blow to the enemy. Nuclear electromagnetic pulse occupies a very wide frequency range, from low frequency to ultra-high frequency, which can cover all working frequency bands used by modern electronic equipment, interrupt communication, or cause work disorder and control failure. This kind of electromagnetic pulse bomb, which specially destroys computer network and electronic warfare equipment, will be devastating to computer network, communication command system and radar system.
It is reported that Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico has successfully developed a suitcase-sized device that can generate powerful electromagnetic pulses. The U.S. military imagined that commandos would sneak into enemy countries, put this device in a building, detonate it remotely, destroy all electronic equipment, and cause chaos. It can also be used as a weapon to shoot at enemy countries, destroy their electronic warfare systems, destroy communication facilities and affect the launch of precision guided weapons.
The application of information technology in the military field is triggering a profound military revolution. Computer networks and other electronic equipment have injected great vitality into modern military machines, but at the same time, they have also become important targets. In the future information war, the competition between controlling electromagnetic rights and network rights will be extremely fierce, and the protection of computer networks and electronic equipment will become one of the focuses of military confrontation in the 2 1 century. As a simple and effective "hard" killing weapon, EMP will become a sharp weapon in future information warfare.
Shock wave bomb: It is a small hydrogen bomb, which adopts the technology of slowing down neutron absorption, reducing neutron activation effect and weakening radiation. After it exploded, the troops could quickly enter the explosion area to fight. Shock wave bomb is a special hydrogen bomb with shock wave effect as the main damage factor, also known as weak residual radiation bomb. Contrary to neutron bomb, shock wave bomb enhances its shock wave effect and weakens nuclear radiation effect during nuclear explosion. Brief introduction of shock wave bomb weapon
Special performance hydrogen bomb with shock wave effect as the main damage factor. Compared with the three-phase bomb, its remarkable feature is that it reduces the generation of residual radioactive settlement. Its exact name should be reducing residual radioactive bombs or RRR bombs for short.
1956, the United States conducted a hydrogen bomb test aimed at reducing radioactive fallout. 1980 announced the successful development of the shock wave bomb. It is said that the radioactive settlement of this nuclear bomb is more than one order of magnitude lower than that of a pure fission weapon with the same power, and the destructive effect of light radiation effect is also obviously reduced. Shock wave bomb belongs to tactical nuclear weapons, and its killing and destruction effect is similar to that of conventional weapons. It can destroy the enemy's solid military targets with nuclear explosions on or near the ground, and it produces less radioactive fallout. Soon after the explosion, our own troops can enter the explosion area. So it is suitable for use in the battlefield.
Shock wave bomb explosion effect
Shock wave 40%-60%
Thermal radiation 30%-50%
Primary particle radiation 4.9%
Nuclear electromagnetic pulse 0. 1%
Residual radioactivity (radioactive dust) 5%- 10%
The form of energy release depends on the design of weapon and the environment when it explodes. The energy release of radioactive dust is continuous, while the other three are instantaneous and short-lived explosions.
The energy released by the first three mechanisms varies according to the size of the bomb. The thermal radiation mechanism is the slowest relative to the distance attenuation, so the greater the equivalent of a nuclear bomb, the more important this mechanism is. Particle radiation is strongly absorbed by the atmosphere, so it only shows its importance in small-scale explosions. The attenuation of shock wave effect is between the above two. At the moment of explosion, the nuclear charge reaches the equilibrium temperature within one microsecond. At this moment, about 75% of the energy exists in the form of thermal radiation, especially in the form of soft X-rays, while other residual energy is expressed as kinetic energy of weapon fragments. Next, how these soft X-rays and fragments interact with the surrounding medium becomes a decisive factor in how shock waves, light and particles share energy. Generally speaking, if there is dense material around the explosion center, it will absorb energy very effectively and the strength of shock wave will be strengthened.
When the explosion goes on in the atmosphere near sea level, most soft X-rays will be absorbed within a few feet. Some energy is converted into ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation, but more is used to heat the air and form fireballs. In high-altitude explosion, soft X-rays tend to travel longer distances due to the decrease of air density. After they are finally absorbed, only a small part of the energy is used to push the shock wave (50% or less of the sea level), and the rest is converted into other forms of thermal radiation.
Equivalent: The effect caused by the main mechanism of nuclear weapon explosion (shock wave and radiation) can be compared with that of traditional explosives. The main difference is that the energy of nuclear weapons is released faster and stronger. So people often use the quality of TNT (TNT /TNT) with the same explosive force to measure it.
Shock wave bomb-lethality
The inner core (trigger) of the shock wave bomb is an atomic bomb with a small equivalent, and the shell is made of boron or hydrogen-containing material as a reflection damping layer, so that neutrons released by the fission reaction of the atomic bomb are absorbed by boron or hydrogen at a reduced speed and converted into shock waves and optical radiation, and shock waves (overpressure) become the main killing and damaging factors. Its equivalent is generally below thousand tons of TNT. 1980, the United States announced that it had successfully developed a shock wave bomb, with the equivalent as small as 10 ton and as large as 1000 ton. A certain number of shock wave bombs have been equipped in the US nuclear arsenal.
The damage effect of shock wave bomb is similar to that of conventional weapons. It can destroy the enemy's relatively solid military targets with a nuclear explosion on the ground or near the ground, resulting in less radioactive settlement, so troops can enter the nuclear explosion zone after nuclear explosion, which is very convenient to use in combat. It is a campaign tactical nuclear weapon, which can be used to attack important targets in campaign and tactical depth, such as armored vehicles on the ground, assembled troops, airstrips, ports, transportation hubs and electronic facilities, and can also be blown into large craters or destroy important mountain passes to stop the enemy from advancing.
Taking murder as an example, the shock wave effect is mainly caused by the extrusion of overpressure and the impact of dynamic pressure, which can hurt people's internal organs or cause trauma, fracture and concussion. 1000t equivalent nuclear warhead explodes at low altitude (60 ~120m), and the range of death and serious injury immediately loses combat effectiveness is 260m and 340m respectively.
Neutron Bomb Neutron Bomb is a kind of low-equivalent small hydrogen bomb with high-energy neutron radiation as its main lethality. Only killing enemy personnel, causing little damage to buildings and facilities and not causing long-term radioactive pollution. Although it has never been used in actual combat, military experts still call it the "God of War" on the battlefield-a tactical weapon with the power of nuclear weapons and available. The general hydrogen bomb (three-phase bomb) has a shell of depleted uranium (uranium -238), and the neutrons produced during hydrogen fusion are absorbed by this shell in large quantities, resulting in many radioactive pollutants. After the shell of the bullet is removed, a large number of neutrons produced by nuclear fusion may be radiated unimpeded, and at the same time, factors such as light radiation, shock wave and radioactive pollution are reduced.