Test point:
1. Understand the development trend of project management.
2. Be familiar with the meaning and characteristics of the project, the stage and cycle of the project, the objectives and main stakeholders of the project management, the basic principles of the project management, and the project management mode.
Section 1 Project Management
I. Projects
(A) the meaning of the project (familiar with)
Engineering projects refer to projects in the field of construction. Generally speaking, it refers to a construction project invested for a specific purpose, including a certain building or building installation project.
(2) Characteristics of the project (familiarity)
① Sex; ② One-off; ③ Integrity; ④ fixity;
⑤ Many factors are uncertain; ⑥ Irreversibility.
For example: 1. The following options belong to the characteristics of the project (ABCE).
A. Sex
B. fixtures
C. integrity
D. reversibility
E. one-off
Second, the project stage and project construction cycle (familiar with)
Usually, we divide the project construction cycle into four stages:
1. Project planning and decision-making stage,
2. The preparation stage of the project,
3. In the implementation stage of the project,
4. Project completion acceptance and summary evaluation stage.
The construction cycle, manpower and cost of most engineering projects are the same, starting slowly, then fast, and then slowing down quickly when the engineering project is nearing the end.
See figure 1- 1 for details.
Example: 2. Workload, manpower and material resources invested during the project construction period.
The stage with the most financial resources is (c).
A. Project planning and decision-making stage
B. Project preparation stage
C. Project implementation phase
D. Project completion acceptance stage
1. Project planning and decision-making stage
The main work at this stage includes: pre-feasibility study, feasibility study, project evaluation and decision-making. In order to ensure the scientific and objective decision-making of engineering projects, the feasibility study and project evaluation should be independently entrusted to high-level consulting companies, and different consulting companies should complete the feasibility study and project evaluation.
2. The main work in the project preparation stage at this stage includes:
(1) Preliminary design and construction drawing design of the project;
(2) Formulation of project plan and preparation of land requisition and construction conditions;
(three) project bidding and contractor selection;
(4) Sign the project contract.
3. The main work in the project planning and decision-making stage is (ACE).
A. Pre-feasibility study of the project
B. Preliminary design and construction drawing design of the project
C. Feasibility study
D. Project bidding and contractor selection
E. Project evaluation and decision-making
4. Completed deliverables (mileage) when the planning and decision-making stage of the project is completed.
Monument) has (Abe).
A. Project concept demonstration
B. Project decision-making
C. the contractor determines that
D. deliver drawings and issue commencement orders.
E. Submission of feasibility report
5. The following statement about the project stage is correct (ABE).
A. The main task of the project implementation stage is to turn the "blueprint" into a project entity and realize the investment decision-making intention.
B. The linkage debugging, trial production and final acceptance of the project shall be completed in the final acceptance stage of the project.
C. The workload in the project implementation phase is small, but it is important.
D. The main tasks in the decision-making stage of project planning include: preliminary design and construction drawing design of the project, and signing the project contract.
Each project phase usually includes more than one predefined work product.
Third, the project management (familiar with)
The goal of project management is to use all kinds of knowledge, skills, means and methods to meet or exceed the requirements and expectations of project stakeholders.
The basic method of project management is to plan, organize, coordinate and control, and use all kinds of knowledge and resources to achieve the construction goal of the project and meet the needs of all parties.
(A) project stakeholders (familiar with)
Stakeholders in engineering projects refer to those individuals and organizations who actively participate in the project or whose interests are affected by the project.
Figure 1-2 lists the main stakeholders of the project.
Example: 6. The owner's requirements and expectations for the project are (c).
A. The loan is safe, paid on the scheduled date, and the project can provide sufficient remuneration to pay off the debt.
B. Put forward service requirements in time to minimize the interference caused by engineering construction.
C low investment, high income, short time and qualified quality.
D. Reasonable remuneration, relaxed work arrangement, timely provision of information, timely decision-making and timely payment of work remuneration.
The basic principles of project management in the second quarter (familiar with)
The basic principles of project management are:
(A) the goal of systematic management
(2) Process control management
(3) Information technology management
One. Systematic management of objectives
The systematic management of objectives is to manage the tasks and objectives of the whole project as a complete system.
1. First, set the overall goal of the project, decompose the overall goal into several sub-goals and executable goals by WBS method, and implement them in all stages and responsible persons of the project construction cycle, and establish a top-down target control system from whole to part;
2. Do a good job in the coordination and balance of various goals (such as schedule goal, cost goal and quality goal) in the whole system, so as to keep the whole system synchronized and orderly, thus ensuring the realization of the overall goal.
(1) Project objectives
1. Definition of project objectives
The goal of the project is the expected result to be achieved in the implementation of the project.
The project objectives must be clear, feasible, specific and measurable, and must be agreed by investors, owners and contractors. Under normal circumstances, it is not allowed to make too many or too big changes to the objectives in the process of project implementation.
2. Conditions that the project objectives should meet (8 conditions)
① The objectives should be specific, evaluable and quantifiable, and not vague;
② The goal should be consistent with the goal of the superior organization;
③ If possible, explain the objectives in the form of deliverables, such as evaluation reports and design drawings;
The goal is understandable, that is, you must let others know what you are trying to achieve;
Goals are realistic, that is, what you should do;
6. The goal should be time-sensitive. If there is no time limit, it may never be achieved.
⑦ The goal can be achieved, but it needs efforts and certain risks; Today, goals can be authorized, that is, each goal can be authorized to a specific person.
3. Characteristics of project objectives
(1) Multi-objective. Project objectives can be expressed as time, cost and quality. Is to make full use of existing resources, within the prescribed time and budget, according to a certain quality to complete the project.
(2) priority. The characteristics of multi-objective and conflict between objectives of a project make it necessary for a project organization to give priority to certain objectives when establishing a project objective system and coordinating the relationship between the objectives.
(3) hierarchy. The target system of an engineering project is a hierarchical structure and a hierarchical system. The upper goal is the goal of the lower goal, and the lower goal is the means to achieve the upper goal. The lower the level, the more specific the goal and the easier it is to operate.
(2) Target system
1. The process of establishing the target system
The process of establishing the target system includes: the conception of the project, the identification of the demand, the proposal of the project target and the establishment of the target system. (easy to test)
1) project conception
Project ideas are usually the result of one or more of the following factors:
Market demand: for example, a petrochemical company builds a new refinery to solve the shortage of gasoline market;
Business requirements: For example, an oil company cooperates with other companies to develop new oilfield projects for its own development;
Customer requirements: if the power company approves the establishment of a power distribution project serving the new industrial park at the customer's request;
Technological progress: for example, a company carries out technological transformation projects to improve labor productivity and reduce product costs;
Legal requirements: For example, due to the formulation and implementation of the new environmental protection law, some companies approved the construction of sewage treatment projects;
For example, in order to solve social problems, the government approved the construction of dams to solve the flood problem.
2) Determine the requirements
On the basis of engineering project conception, it is necessary to identify and evaluate the specific needs of engineering project investors, form a rational target concept, and make investors' needs more rational.
3) Put forward the project objectives.
Through the analysis of the project itself and the environment in which the project is located, the demand target that conforms to the actual situation is determined.
4) Establish the target system
The goal system of engineering project is a hierarchical structure, which decomposes the overall goal of engineering project into sub-goals, which are then decomposed into executable three-level goals, and so on, forming a hierarchical goal structure. The goal system includes at least three levels: system goal, sub-goal and executable goal.
System goal, that is, the overall goal of the whole project. System goals can usually be divided into functional goals, technical goals, economic goals, social goals and ecological goals.
Sub-goals are obtained by decomposing system goals. It is only applicable to a certain aspect of the project, which is equivalent to the subsystem goal in the target system.
Executable goals, which should be operable, are also called operational goals, and are used to determine the detailed composition of the project.
2. Establish the basis of the target system
(1) Owner's demand description.
(2) Laws, regulations and detailed rules promulgated by the state and local governments.
(3) Mandatory standards, specifications and operating procedures promulgated by the state and industry.
(4) Other information. Such as historical data similar to this project, latest technical development data related to this project, etc.
3. The establishment method of the project objective system
The work breakdown structure (WBS) method can be used to establish the target system of engineering projects. WBS is a hierarchical tree structure, which divides the project into manageable project units. By controlling the cost, schedule and quality objectives of these units, the whole project can be controlled.
(3) Project objective management
Management by objectives technology is a management method that links the goals at all levels in the target system with the specific plans to achieve these goals. Project management is actually a kind of management by objectives.
The project objective management method requires that every project team member must be clear about the project objectives, and take personal objectives as an important part and guarantee to achieve the overall objectives.
1. Advantages of management by objectives (multiple choice questions are easy to come out)
(1) Systematic management by objectives organically combines the project objectives with those of the enterprise, functional departments in the project organization and all members of the project team, so that each member can know his position clearly and understand his importance in achieving the project objectives, which is conducive to enhancing his sense of responsibility.
(2) It is clear that personal goals not only meet the requirements of project goals, but also meet the needs of realizing personal values. It is an effective incentive mechanism, which can mobilize the enthusiasm of project team members to a certain extent.
(3) Management by objectives emphasizes the final result, regardless of the means to achieve the goal, which can give full play to the subjective initiative of project team members.
2. System control method of target management
Control is an important activity in the process of project management, which usually refers to the management process in which the project manager measures the results according to the plan standards, corrects the deviation and finally realizes the project objectives during the implementation of the plan.
System control is a management process in which managers make a concrete plan to achieve the project objectives by repeatedly coordinating the relationship between the three basic objectives according to the objective situation of the whole life cycle of the project, and dynamically control the implementation process of the plan to finally achieve the expected objectives of the project.
Example: 7. Regarding the sub-objectives in the project objective system, the following statement is correct (C).
A. operability, also known as operational objectives.
B. Used to determine the detailed composition of the project.
C, obtained by decomposing the system objectives, applicable to a certain aspect of the project.
D can usually be divided into functional goals, technical goals, economic goals, social goals and ecological goals.
8. The process of establishing the project objective system is (D).
A. The project concept puts forward the requirements of project target identification and establishes the target system.
B define the concept of demand engineering project, put forward the objectives of engineering project and establish the objective system.
C, put forward the project target identification requirements, and establish the target system.
D, clear the concept of the project, put forward the project objectives, and establish the target system.
9. Characteristics of project objectives.
A. Multiple objectives
B. High standards
C. hierarchy
D. priority
E. keep pace with the times
10. The condition that the project objective should meet is (ABDE).
A. The goal can be achieved, but it needs hard work and there are certain risks.
B.the goal should be time sensitive.
C. sometimes, the goal can be ideal.
Goals should be specific, assessable and quantifiable.
E. the goal is delegable.
Two. Process control management
(A) the meaning of process management
Whether the overall goal or sub-goal of the project is realized, there is a process from input to output. Based on the principle of process control, the process of achieving the goal and related resources and input process are dynamically managed through workflow (or business process), the process steps, processes, control methods and resource requirements are arranged in advance, and the interfaces of key activities among various departments in the organization are specified, and the results of key activities are measured and counted in time, fed back in time, and continuously improved, so as to use resources more effectively, meet customers' requirements, reduce costs, ensure quality and progress, and benefit relevant parties.
(2) Two types of project processes
One is the process of creating project products; The other is the project management process.
For engineering projects, there are five basic management processes: starting, planning, implementation, control (including inspection and treatment) and ending. Project management process is the management of the process of creating project products.
(C) the basic practices of process management
PDCA (Plan-Execute-Check-Action). ) widely used in project management, that is, "plan-implement-check-deal". PDCA cycle is a rectification process, that is, planning action-implementing plan-checking deviation-correcting deviation. PDCA reflects the three sub-processes of planning, implementation and control in the project process. As a project, there are also two sub-processes: start and end.
(d) process network
The process of engineering project is not a single process, some processes are continuous, and most processes are cross-cutting, so network management is needed.
Three. Information technology management
Using information technology to manage engineering projects has become a symbol of improving project management level.
For example: 1 1. The following statement about process control is correct (ABE).
A the cyclic process of process management is to plan and implement the inspection and treatment plan.
The process of creating products is the foundation of the project and the object of project management.
C. Project management is the foundation of the project and the process object of creating products.
D. The process of product creation is the management of project management process.
E. Project management process is the management of product creation process.
12. The relationship between these two project processes is (BCE).
A these two types of project processes are separated in the project.
B these two types of project processes are inseparable in the project.
The process of creating products is the foundation of the project and the goal of project management.
D. Project management is the foundation of the project and the process object of creating products.
E. Project management process is the management of product creation process.
Section 3 Project Management Mode (Familiar)
One. The construction unit shall set up its own project management organization for management.
By the owner (or construction unit) set up a project management team (such as infrastructure office, preparatory office, headquarters) for management. After the completion of the project, the project management team is dissolved, often with only one class and no secondary experience, which is easy to cause waste and loss. (Design bidding and construction, also known as communication mode)
Two. Entrust a consulting company to assist the owner in project management.
This project management mode is the most common in the world, and it is adopted by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank loan projects and projects with FIDIC contract conditions. This is a traditional project management mode. The advantages of this model are: because this model has been widely used in the world for a long time, the management mode is relatively mature, and all parties are familiar with the relevant procedures; Owners are free to choose consulting designers and control design requirements; Free choice of supervisors to supervise the project; Standard contract texts that are familiar to all parties can be adopted, which is beneficial to contract management, risk management and investment saving.
Three. Design-purchase-build (EPC) turnkey model
EPC is English for engineering-procurement-construction.
The abbreviation of "design-procurement-construction". This mode is to entrust an engineering company with the design-procurement-construction general contract after the project decision, starting from design and bidding. EPC is also called turnkey project mode. In this mode, the contractor provides the owner with a full set of services including financing, design, construction, equipment procurement, installation and commissioning until completion and handover. The contractor must bear most of the risks.
Four. Project management of professional organizations.
The owner entrusts a professional organization (consulting company or project management company) to carry out project management on behalf of the owner. Because professional organizations have rich experience in project management, they can not only greatly reduce the burden on owners, but also achieve better investment results. There are two management methods:
1.PM (project management) mode, agent management (project management service)
2.PMC (project management contractor) mode, project management contracting.
Note: Document No.30 of the Ministry of Construction supports the general contracting mode, which is often referred to as CM mode.
Five. Construction and operation transfer
BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) is a model of build-operate-transfer. In this mode, the host government opens its own infrastructure construction and operation market, absorbs foreign capital, and grants the project company a concession. The project company is responsible for financing and organizing the construction, operating and repaying the loan after completion, and handing over the project to the host government when the concession expires.
Note: Financing methods, such as Guangxi Laibin Power Plant.
For example: 13. The project management mode for the engineering company to complete the main design of the project is (C).
A entrusts a consulting company to assist the owner in project management.
B. Agency management
C. Design-Procurement-Construction-Turnkey Mode
D. Engineering headquarters model
14. The project management mode widely used in the world for a long time is (a).
A. entrust a consulting company to assist the owner in management.
B. Agency management
C. Project management contracting
D. Design-Procurement-Construction-Turnkey Mode
15. The following statement about the design-procurement-construction-turnkey project mode is correct (AC).
A. The engineering company is responsible for managing and controlling the progress, cost, quality and safety of the project.
The consulting engineer is responsible for managing and controlling the progress, cost, quality and safety of the project.
C. the contractor must bear most of the risks.
D. the owner should bear most of the risks.
E the general contractor is not allowed to subcontract the local design.
Section IV Development Trend of Project Management (Understanding)
With the gradual improvement of engineering project management theory and knowledge system, its development speed is accelerating day by day, and there are many new development trends.
A, project LifecycleManagement (life cycle management)
Project life cycle management refers to the construction of an economically feasible project that meets the functional requirements, and the planning, coordination and control of the whole process from the early planning of the project to the demolition of the project, so that the project can successfully complete the construction tasks within the planned investment scope within the scheduled construction period, reach the specified project quality standards, and meet the needs of investors, project operators and end users. During the operation of the project, financial management, space management, user management and operation and maintenance management of the property will be carried out, so that the project can create tangible and intangible benefits as much as possible.
Second, the integration of project management
The so-called project management integration is the process of systematically integrating the related resources of the project by using the systematic methods, models and tools of project management to achieve the specific goals set by the project and the investment efficiency.
Third, the emergence of the concept of project collaboration.
In traditional construction contracts, owners and contractors often regard each other as rivals, which leads to lower efficiency and higher cost. Therefore, the owner tries to find a new mode to deal with the working relationship with the contractor. As a result, collaboration began to be valued and adopted by people. If we choose the cooperative project management mode, we should abandon the traditional antagonistic relationship between the two parties and strive to achieve a win-win situation. Therefore, interpersonal relationship, the balance of rights and the satisfaction of shareholders' interests are all problems that need to be dealt with in cooperation.
Fourth, the emergence of the concept of project control.
The general control of engineering project refers to the comprehensive coordination of engineering project implementation activities in an independent and fair way, and the comprehensive and systematic planning around the cost, schedule and quality of engineering project objectives to form a reliable and safe control mechanism for engineering project implementation objectives.
The overall control of the project includes cost control, schedule control, quality control, contract time control and resource control. Contract control is the core of general control of engineering projects, and all control tasks can be carried out around contract control, on the basis of which control reports can be put forward. Control reports are divided into regular and irregular, covering all aspects of project master control, which can be further subdivided according to the differences among master control, process control and interface control, and are the result of project master control.
The main features of the project master control are as follows: ① The project master control is an organization independent of the project implementation team, a senior staff member of the headquarters, and an organization second only to the owner's representative; ② Project control is a high-level project management consulting activity, which requires high knowledge; (3) A very important task in the project control mode is to process a large amount of information; ④ The personnel of the project control team should be high-level consultants, and their work products should be valuable information.
Application of computer technology, information technology and network technology in project management
With the development of information technology and network technology, its application in project management is more and more extensive, and the following four new trends have emerged:
① Project Management Information System (PMIS) software;
② Project management based on LAN;
③ Internet-based project management;
④ Virtual construction.
For example: 16. The core of project management is (b).
A. Project management
B. Contract control
C. Resource control
D. Quality management
17. The characteristic of the project master control is (AD).
A the personnel of the project control team should be high-level consultants, and their work products should be valuable information.
B. it directly faces the engineering project design and material supply units.
C. the overall control of the project does not require much knowledge.
D. A very important task in the control mode of engineering project is to process a large amount of information.
E. General control of engineering project is to predict the risks that affect the objectives of engineering project, and put forward rectification control suggestions for possible deviations.
18. The development trend of project management is (ABCD).
A. project management integration
B. the emergence of the concept of project collaboration
Application of computer technology, information technology and network technology in project management
D. the emergence of the concept of general control of engineering projects
E. The competition between the owner and the contractor in project management has intensified.