2 Source This product was first published in "Grass under the Hook of Poisonous Grass" in the Outline, and it was named Torch Flower. "The Name of Kunming Begonia" contains a textual research on plant names and facts. The content is as follows: "Kunming Begonia was born in the mountains of Kunming. The tree is more than ten feet high, with leaves as big as bauhinia, thick lines, five small flowers in summer, green heart and yellow pistil, and dense clusters. " Spinning like a windmill, the shape is similar to yam seeds, the color is bright red and lovely, and the villagers fold it up and sell it as a bottle. "According to the above description and attached drawings, this species is undoubtedly true.
3 Pinyin name K ū n mí n ɡ sh ā n h m: I t á n ɡ
4. The nicknames of Kunming Begonia are Sparkling Flower, Lysimachia christinae, Zijin Peel, Zijin Teng, Tripterygium Wilfordii, Carex, Pangguanteng and Ramulus Uncariae Lobatae.
Source: the root of Celastraceae plant Begonia kunmingensis.
Latin animal and plant mineral name: begonia kunming. ) Hatch.
Harvest and storage: dig after autumn, wash, slice and dry.
6. The original form of Begonia kunmingensis is deciduous vine or climbing shrub, with a plant height of 23m. The root is cylindrical, reddish brown. Branchlets angular, reddish-brown, with rounded verrucous processes, sparsely pubescent or subglabrous. Simple leaves alternate; Petiole about lcm；; The leaf blade is ovoid or broadly elliptic, 612cm long and 36cm wide, the tip is tapered, the edge is serrated, the base is nearly round or broadly wedge-shaped, the top is green, and the bottom is pink. Panicle terminal, total pedicel length1015 cm; Flowers small, white, calyx 5; Petals 5; Stamens 5, inserted at the edge of disk; Ovary superior, trigonous. Samara is red and membranous with 3 wings. Flowers bloom in summer.
7 Habitat Distribution Ecological environment: Born in sunny bushes or sparse forests in Shan Ye.
Distribution of resources: Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan.
Character identification: The root is cylindrical, branched, slightly curved, with different thickness and a diameter of 0.43(5)cm. Cork is orange-yellow to brown, with fine longitudinal stripes and transverse cracks, which are easy to peel off. Tough and not easy to break. The skin of the profile is brownish gray or light brownish yellow, and the wood is light brown or yellowish white. Slight breathing, astringency and bitterness.
Microscopic identification of root cross section: cork layer consists of 1535 rows of rectangular cells, containing orange-red substances. The cortex is narrow, and parenchyma cells contain many starch granules and scattered orange-red substances. The phloem is wide with a few scattered stone cells. The cambium consists of 13 layers of cells arranged in a ring. Xylem is composed of vessels, wood fibers, wood parenchyma cells and wood rays. Blood vessels are large, mostly round, often single or 24, and are sparsely arranged. Wood rays 17 rows, some wood parenchyma cells and wood rays have pits, and parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate cubes and prisms.
Powder characteristics: light yellow brown. ① There are many single starch grains, such as spherical, oval, polygonal, navel-shaped and herringbone, with a diameter of 520μm, and compound grains are composed of 23 grains. ② The wood fiber is light yellow, long spindle-shaped, multi-broken, with a diameter of1530μ m. ③ The diameter of calcium oxalate prism and cube is 65438±0050 μm..④ The stone cells are light yellow, round-like, square-like, oval, with pits and layers, with a diameter of 20120μ m. ⑤ The catheter is made of edge holes and wood.
Chemical components include triptolide, triptolide, triptolide, triptolide, Celastraine, Celastraine, Triptolide, Triptolide and Hypolactone. Erythrin, Ruilin, Tripteric Acid) C, A, Erythrinic Acid, Oleanolic Acid, 3β Hydroxy 12 Oleanolic Acid, Oleanolic Acid Acetate, Triptolide and B, Triptolide, Triptolide Methyl Ether, Tripteric Acid, Tripteric Acid, Tripteric Acid B, Tripteric Acid 29 Carboxylic Acid.
Pharmacological action 10 1. Anti-inflammatory effect: Tripterygium hypoglaucum and its alcohol extract and total alkaloids have obvious anti-inflammatory effect. Animal experiments show that the decoction of peeled wood heart of root can obviously inhibit the increase of capillary permeability of mouse skin caused by xylene, histamine or egg white, and also inhibit the dye (Evans blue or luteolin blue) from oozing from blood vessels to abdominal cavity caused by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid. It also has obvious antagonistic effect on egg white and formaldehyde foot swelling in rats. The effect of 2040g/kg/kg decoction is equivalent to 50 100mg/kg cortisone acetate. In the experiment of croton oil granulation sac in rats, Haitang Kunming can not only significantly reduce the amount of inflammatory exudation caused by croton oil, but also reduce the degree of vascular wall damage caused by croton oil. The total extract of Tripterygium hypoglaucum can obviously inhibit the swelling of rats' feet caused by turpentine and the increase of ear capillary permeability caused by histamine injection. The alcohol extract of Tripterygium hypoglaucum can obviously inhibit the edema of hind limbs and feet caused by egg protein, and the total alkali can also obviously inhibit the ear inflammation and granulation tissue proliferation caused by croton oil in mice. Because this product still has obvious anti-inflammatory activity on bilateral adrenalectomy rats, it can not prolong the survival time of young rats after adrenalectomy, nor can it inhibit the compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral adrenal gland after unilateral adrenalectomy. Generally, it will not cause thymus atrophy in young rats at an effective anti-inflammatory dose, and it will not reduce the content of vitamin C in rat adrenal gland at a high dose, so its anti-inflammatory activity seems to have little to do with the function of pituitary adrenal cortex system.
2. Effect on immune function: The water extract of Malus kunmingensis has a strong immunosuppressive effect. This product was taken orally at 5g/kg/) and 10g/kg/ day for 5 consecutive days, which could inhibit the phagocytosis of carbon particles by reticuloendothelial system in mice and the production of hemolytic antibodies caused by sheep red blood cell immunity. The longer the administration time, the more obvious the effect. Haitang Kunming has a strong inhibitory effect on delayed hypersensitivity induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in mice ears, and it is proportional to the dose. When it is used with cortisone, cyclophosphamide and 6- mercaptopurine, there is no additive or synergistic effect. Kunming begonia also has obvious inhibitory effect on delayed hypersensitivity induced by BCG in guinea pigs. Tripterygium hypoglaucum can also significantly inhibit allograft rejection in rats. For adjuvant arthritis in rats, Tripterygium hypoglaucum can obviously inhibit its primary damage and secondary damage, especially for the latter. However, Tripterygium hypoglaucum has no obvious inhibitory effect on the immediate hypersensitivity induced by egg white in guinea pigs and trichosanthin in mice. The results showed that Begonia kunmingensis had inhibitory effects on mononuclear phagocyte system function, humoral immunity and cellular immunity function, type ⅲ and ⅳ hypersensitivity, especially on cellular immunity. On the other hand, Tripterygium hypoglaucum will not cause the atrophy of immune organs such as thymus and spleen in general effective dose, but it will cause the weight increase of these organs in appropriate dose. It is considered that the immunomodulatory effect of Malus kunmingensis is bidirectional or multi-faceted, and it can promote the natural killer cell activity of healthy people and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus directly or by increasing the release of natural killer cytokines (NKCF). The activation of natural killer cells is dose dependent. The combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Astragalus membranaceus is more effective than the two drugs alone. The index of natural killer cell activity in SLE patients is significantly higher than that in normal people, indicating that its immunomodulatory effect is related to the immune state of the body.
3. Anti-fertility effect: 95 1mg/kg ethanol extract from the roots of Malus kunmingensis was given to rats by gavage. Female rats had a very significant anti-fertility effect on the 5th day or male rats on the 4th day, and its effect was related to the dose. And the effect of male mice can be maintained for 5 weeks and gradually recovered.
3. Effect of1.on male animals: The 50% ethanol extract of this product was given to male rats by gavage at 2.0g/kg, 6 times a week, and all of them lost their fertility after 5 weeks. L- epicatechin isolated from root bark was given to male mice by tube feeding. With the increase of dose and time, the pregnancy rate of female mice after mating decreased obviously until they were completely infertile. HE stained sections of testis and epididymis were observed under light microscope. Rat seminiferous tubules occasionally shed, mainly * * * cells, and seminiferous epithelium also shed. The * * * in the lumen of epididymis decreased obviously or even disappeared completely, and most of them were decapitated and curled. DNA was stained by Feulgen method and methyl green pyronin. RNA analysis showed that the color reaction of DNA and RNA of spermatogonia and spermatocyte in the treatment group had no obvious change, but the RNA of * * * cells and residues in seminiferous tubules agglutinated, and the DNA of * * * cells in epididymal duct fell off to the nuclear membrane, indicating that this product had obvious effects on * * * cells and * * * metamorphosis. TH4 and TH5, two components separated from the ethanol extract of this product, were given to adult male rats at the dosage of 58 mg/kg and 1 16 mg/kg respectively for 5 weeks, which mainly reduced the density and activity of * * * in the tail of epididymis, increased the number of spermatoepithelial cells in epididymal cavity and thinned the spermatoepithelial cells in testicular seminiferous tubules. Male rats were infertile after long-term (22 weeks) administration of low-dose begonia kunmingensis. After 5 weeks of drug withdrawal, the fertility and epididymis recovered completely. There was no significant difference in body weight, accessory gonad weight, histology, blood routine and lymphocyte transformation test of testis, epididymis and main organs compared with the control group. The results show that the infertility caused by this product is completely reversible and has no obvious toxic and side effects.
3.2. Effect on female animals: The anti-implantation effect (65,438+0,750 mg/kg) and anti-early pregnancy effect (3500mg/kg) of Malus kunmingensis extract are very significant or remarkable, and the anti-early pregnancy scheme optimized by orthogonal L4(23) experiment has a very significant effect on rats, with good dose-effect correlation; Only the oral dose of119115 is weak, and the effect of intrauterine injection is also significant. Histocytomorphological observation confirmed that the development or necrosis of 1 day morula was inhibited after administration. On the sixth day of pregnancy, the necrotic and disintegrated embryo or part of it has been absorbed, and the decidualization around the disintegrated embryo is poor, but there is no abnormality in corpus luteum. The extract has no estrogen, anti-estrogen, progesterone and anti-progesterone activities, and the initiation mechanism of abortion does not depend on prostaglandin and does not interfere with maternal endocrine.
3.3. Effect on reproductive system of men and women: During the clinical treatment, it was found that after taking Tripterygium hypoglaucum 13 months to treat rheumatoid arthritis, the number and vitality of patients decreased significantly, and the deformity rate increased, showing oligospermia, asthenospermia or azoospermia during the whole treatment period. After half a year of drug withdrawal, the patient's * * * count and vitality can basically return to the normal fertility level, with the * * * count above 40× 106/ml and the deformity rate below 10%. Kunming begonia can also affect women's ovarian function. The extract preparation is 65,438 224 g (crude drug)/day, and the continuous administration time is 65,438 0.8 months, of which 83.8% suffer from irregular menstruation and amenorrhea. It can be seen from the body temperature curve that ovulation function is stimulated first and then inhibited during medication, and estrogen level decreases obviously after amenorrhea. Serum sex hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were significantly increased, while prolactin (PRL) remained unchanged. Estradiol (E2) decreased obviously, progesterone was zero, and testosterone also decreased, similar to natural menopause, and it could recover naturally after stopping taking medicine for several months. Therefore, Malus kunmingensis has a reversible inhibitory effect on ovarian ovulation and hormone secretion.
4. Anti-cancer effect: The inhibitory rate of alcohol extract of Tripterygium hypoglaucum on mouse cervical cancer U 14 is 40%, and the inhibitory rate of crude product of this product on mouse sarcoma S 180 and S37 is 33% 52%. Experiments show that triptolide, the effective component of this product, has significant therapeutic effect on L6 15 leukemia at 0.25mg/kg and 0.2mg/kg, and the survival rates are above 159.8% and 87.8% respectively, and some animals can survive for a long time.
5. Other effects: 40g/kg water decoction of Tripterygium hypoglaucum can inhibit the writhing reaction induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice. The total alkaloids and alcohol extracts of this product can also be injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously to relieve pain in mice, reduce body temperature in rats and relieve fever in rabbits. The water extract or alcohol extract (5g/kg daily) of this product has certain inhibitory effect on malaria in mice, and the inhibitory rate of total alkaloids (15mg/kg daily) is 77%. Taking Kunming Haitang tablet has a good effect on acute nephritis, hypertensive nephropathy, chronic nephritis, purpura and lupus nephritis. Because this product has the effects of improving microcirculation, hormone-like action without hormone side effects, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppression, it can increase renal blood flow, reduce glomerular capillary permeability and improve blood supply of damaged tissues, thus reducing protein leakage of glomerular basement membrane, increasing renal tubular reabsorption and achieving the clinical effect of eliminating urinary protein.
1 1 Toxicity The LD50 of this product to mice were 6468g/kg, 40.9g/kg and 94.8g/kg respectively, and the 70% ethanol extract was 7.0 14.9g/kg. In addition, it was reported that the median lethal dose (LD) of four batches of Malus kunmingensis extracts to mice were 3976 392 mg/kg, 66 12 889 mg/kg, 4808 976 mg/kg (semi-finished product) and 62 13 892 mg/kg (finished product) respectively. The subacute toxicity test showed that the water decoction and alcohol precipitation tablet of Malus kunmingensis root heart were given to rats by gavage for 30 days, and there was no obvious toxic reaction, while the 70% alcohol extract tablet was given 40 g/kg daily for 5 days, which could cause liver and kidney damage. The dosage of this product extract is 1325mg/kg, once a day 1 time, administered for *** 12 days, and observed for 16 days after drug withdrawal. The experimental results show that there are no abnormal changes in hemogram, electrocardiogram, liver and kidney function and course of disease under microscope. Special toxicity experiment; Micronucleus test confirmed that the extract of begonia kunming had no obvious damage to the chromosome of mouse somatic polychromatic erythrocytes. The results of dominant lethal mutation experiment showed that the extract of this product had no obvious effect on chromosome damage of mouse germ cells. Reproductive toxicity test-teratogenic test (and reproductive test) confirmed that the extract of this product had no effect on the weight and placenta of mother rats, and had no teratogenic effect on the appearance, organs and bones of offspring rats. Reproduction experiments show that the next two generations are normal.
12 Physical and chemical identification Take 3g of root bark coarse powder, moisten it with 5ml of ammonia test solution, add 50ml of diethyl ether for several hours, filter, take the filtrate to volatilize diethyl ether, dissolve the residue with dilute hydrochloric acid, and filter. The filtrate was used in the following tests: ① Take 65438±0ml filtrate, add 65438 0 drops of potassium iodide mercury test solution, and white precipitate appears. (Check alkaloids) ② Take 1ml filtrate and add 1 drop of picric acid test solution to produce yellow precipitate. (check alkaloids)
13 tastes bitter; Xin; Slight temperature; Have a big poison
14 meridians enter the liver; Spleen; Kidney meridian
15 function is mainly used for expelling wind and removing dampness; Activating blood circulation to stop bleeding; Relaxing tendons and setting bones; Detoxify and kill insects. Treating rheumatism and arthralgia; Hemiplegia; Hernia pain; Dysmenorrhea; Menstruation; Postpartum abdominal pain; Bleeding; Acute infectious hepatitis; Chronic nephritis; Lupus erythematosus; Cancer; Fall and fracture; Osteomyelitis; Bone tuberculosis; Tuberculosis of accessory testis; Sore poison; Psoriasis; Neurodermatitis
16 oral administration and dosage: decocted, 6 15g, decocted first; Or soak in wine. External use: appropriate amount, ground and applied; Or decoct and coating; Or freshly mashed.
17 note that pregnant women are prohibited. Use with caution for children and women of childbearing age. Should not be taken too much or for a long time. A few patients taking this product for a long time can cause amenorrhea, decrease or disappearance, stomachache and so on. Excessive use can lead to poisoning. Poisoning symptoms can appear within hours or 35 days. Symptoms of nervous system include headache, dizziness, numbness of limbs, fatigue, restlessness, hyperactivity, hallucinations, and paroxysmal tonic convulsions in severe cases. Symptoms of digestive system include scattered bleeding, erosion and necrosis of mucosa such as lips, esophagus and stomach, nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal pain and diarrhea, blood and necrotic tissue in stool, burning sensation in stomach and hepatomegaly in the later stage; Symptoms of cardiovascular system include weak and slow pulse, arrhythmia, premature beats, decreased blood pressure in the early stage of poisoning, temporary increase in the later stage, abnormal phenomena such as T wave inversion, S wave transfer and myocardial strain in ECG, and severe cases of mixed circulatory failure and death; Respiratory symptoms include shortness of breath, moist rales in the lower lung, acute pulmonary edema, and severe cases die of respiratory arrest. In addition, urinary incontinence, hemoglobinuria, elevated body temperature, hair loss and skin debris may occur.
1. Yunnan Chinese Herbal Medicine: "This product is highly toxic, so don't take it too much. Avoid acid, cold, fishy smell and beans. Decocting tea with water can save poisoning. " 2. "China Ethnic Medicine": "Avoid eating cattle, mutton and eggs."
Attachment 18 Compendium: "Because of its addition, it is in full swing." Hence the name Torch Flower. It is famous for its strong toxicity.
19 from Chinese materia medica
Chinese patent medicine Kunming Haitang tablet adopts Chinese medicine Kunming Haitang.