(1) characterization. Whether the problem can be properly described is an important factor affecting the problem solving. If a problem can be properly characterized, it will be easier to solve, otherwise, it will be difficult or impossible to solve.
(2) set the trend. If one thing is done often, it will become a habit over time, and it will be handled in the same way without thinking in the future. This habitual tendency is called stereotype.
(3) Functional fixation. Functional fixation refers to the tendency to consider the purpose of an object in a limited or rigid way when solving problems. In general, the most difficult thing is that the required conditions are insufficient, the existing tools or materials may not be put into use, and the urgently needed tools or materials cannot be found. Therefore, the key to solve the problem is to use the existing materials flexibly.
(4) Cognitive structure. Facing the same problem situation, different people will have different ways of thinking and reasoning, mainly because of their different cognitive structures. Cognitive structure is an individual's existing experience and organization, which determines a basic view of things. When in a problem situation, the individual will first explore with his own cognitive structure.
Solve the problem:
Problem solving is a process that is triggered by a certain situation, applies various cognitive activities and skills according to a certain goal, and solves problems through a series of thinking operations. For example, proving geometry problems is a typical problem-solving process. The known conditions and verification results in geometric problems constitute the solution situation, and to prove the results, a series of cognitive operations must be carried out by using the known conditions. The operation was successful and the problem was solved.
In the 1940s, K Dunkel, a German psychologist, conducted experiments on college students to observe how they solved the problem of "treating stomach tumors with radiation". According to the experimental results, he thinks that the general trend of the problem-solving process is to first determine the scope of the problem, point out the possible solution direction, then gradually narrow the scope, put forward the general method and specific special method of solving the problem, and gradually infer the approximate solution of the problem.