Precious plants

Adiantaceae. Perennial herbaceous ferns, 5-20 cm tall. Rhizomes are short and erect. Leaves oval, kidney-shaped, 2-6 cm wide. The upper part is dark green and smooth, with 1-3 identical loops. The lower part is sparsely brown villous, and the leaf margin of the long spore leaves is serrated. The leaf margin of the long spore leaves is rolled into pseudoplasma membrane. Sporangium is rectangular or short-line, and it is born on the leaf margin. China endemic species. It is only distributed in Wanxian County, Sichuan Province, and is born on the thin soil, cracks or grassland on the warm and moist rock surface at an altitude of about 205m m. This variety is the most primitive type of Adiantum and was first discovered in the Asian continent. Endangered species under national second-class protection. Spiny. Tree fern, height 1-6cm, trunk height 1-3m, DBH 10-20cm. The leaves are pinnate for three times, and are 1-3m long. They are born at the top of the stem and the young leaves are curly. Mainly distributed in the southeast and southwest, it is born in gullies at an altitude of 400-900m and wet slopes at the sunny side of streams, and sometimes scattered in shrubs at the edge of forests. Southeast Asia and southern Japan are also distributed. Mesoproterozoic used to be widely distributed on the earth, but now the distribution area has shrunk. Protection of endangered species at the national level. Spider vines in Emei belong to Dryopteridaceae. Perennial herbaceous ferns, 25-35 cm tall. Rhizomes are short with sparse scales and petioles. The pinnate leaves are divided into three or four periods, and the last period is only 1 veinlets. Distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, it is born on wet rocks or trunk beside streams at an altitude of 800- 1500m. Deer fern, deer fern. Perennial epiphytic herbs and ferns. Leaf type ⅱ, the basal leaves are attached to the trunk, and the leaves can be irregularly branched into antlers for 3-5 times. Rare plants newly discovered and distributed in China. Yingjiang, which is only distributed in the southwest of Yunnan, is born in the tropical rain forest at an altitude of 2 10-950m-950 m, and is mostly attached to trunks and branches. It is also distributed in Indian zhina Peninsula. Rare species under national second-class protection. Dryopteris belongs to Polypodiaceae. Large perennial epiphytic ferns, usually epiphytic on the trunk of big trees. Rhizomes are short, densely covered with slender narrow reddish-brown scales with cilia at the edges. The leaves are 50-60 cm long or longer, sessile, with deep pinnate cleft in the middle, entire and thickened lobes, fertile at the top, and pinnate scars in the form of beads. In China, only distributed in Taiwan Province province. It is also distributed in the Philippines. Fan fern Polypodiaceae. Perennial herbaceous fern, up to 75 cm. The leaves are fan-shaped, bird-footed, the lobes are lanceolate, the central lobe is 10-30cm long, the two sides are getting shorter, the back of the leaves is sparsely covered with brown scales, and the petiole is 30-45cm long. Unique to China. Distributed in the southwest of China, it is an endangered species under the evergreen broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest or in the ravine at an altitude of 2000-2700 m.. Dryopteris clavata Polypodiaceae. Herbaceous ferns, 20-45 cm tall. Rhizomes are transverse and densely covered with dark brown scales. The leaf blade is broadly ovoid, the base is deeply pinnately cleft twice, and the lobes are long and narrow, with a width of 0.8- 1.5 cm, connected by narrow wings. It is only distributed in Guizhou and Sichuan, and is born in the damp places under valleys and shrubs. Polypodiaceae, Pteris truncatum. Herbs are unique, about 36cm high. Rhizomes are long and transverse, about 2.5 mm thick, with sparse light brown scales. The leaves are ovoid and triangular, more or less downward, entire, with obvious lateral veins, and the mesophyll between the lateral veins is beautiful yellow-green, wide-band. It is distributed in Guizhou, Guangxi and Hunan, and is born in humid places and forests. Respondent: Please help me answer the question-Assistant Level 2 9- 1 20:53 Distribution, quantity and protection of rare animals and plants in China 1. Protecting Wildlife Resources China has a vast territory, complex terrain, diverse climate and abundant wildlife resources. For example, there are over 30,000 kinds of higher plants and over 7,000 kinds of woody plants in China. There are more than 800 species of terrestrial vertebrates/kloc-0, including more than 300 species of reptiles, more than 400 species of birds100 and mammals, accounting for 10% of terrestrial vertebrates in the world. There are nearly 600 species of freshwater fish and more than 500 species of marine fish/kloc-0, accounting for about 10% of the world's fish species. In addition, there are many rare animals and plants unique to the world, such as giant panda, golden monkey, Chinese alligator and baiji, and ginkgo, Metasequoia and Davidia involucrata in plants. Due to our lack of understanding of the rational utilization of wildlife resources in the past, our precious resources in this area have been seriously damaged. There are nearly 10 species of birds and animals that are basically extinct because of indiscriminate catching and killing, such as wild horses, high-nosed antelopes, white-rumped langurs, white cranes, yellow-bellied pheasants and so on. Gibbons, deer, tigers, baiji, dugong, crocodiles and elephants are also endangered. The sources of many precious medicinal materials have also dried up due to unplanned collection. The extinction of wild animals is also a common international problem. According to the statistics recorded in the past two thousand years, more than one species of mammals 1 10 and more than one species of birds 130 have disappeared from the earth. At present, there are more than 2,500 species of plants and 1000 species of vertebrates on the verge of extinction in the world. 2. Introduction of some rare animals in China (1) Giant panda: also known as panda. Mammals. Fat, bear-shaped, about 1.5 meters long and about 66 cm high at the shoulder. Eyes, ears, front and rear limbs and shoulders are black, and the rest are white. Living in a bamboo forest at an altitude of 2000-4000 meters, I like to eat bamboo and sometimes eat small animals. Good at climbing trees, sexually lonely and unsociable. Only produced in a few places in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu. It is a rare animal unique to China, and it is a national first-class protected animal. (2) Zhu: birds. The male is nearly 80 cm long and the female is slightly smaller. Feathers are mostly white, some are pink, and there are some long drooping willow feathers on the neck. The forehead, eyes, the top of the head, the bottom of the mouth, tarsal bones and bare calves are red. Living near swamps and mountain streams, perching on tall trees, eating crabs, frogs, small fish, snails and beetles. A class of protected animals in China. (3) Golden monkey: also known as snub-nosed monkey. Mammals. The body length is about 70 cm and the tail length is equal to or longer than the body length. There is shiny long hair on the back, and the hair on both sides of the face, chest and hind legs is red. Living in the alpine forest at an altitude of 2500-3000 meters, living in groups and feeding on wild fruits, buds and bamboo shoots. Distributed in Sichuan, Gansu and southwestern Shaanxi. A class of protected animals in China. (4) White-headed langur: mammal. It is about 50 cm long, with a small head, a long tail and slender limbs. The head is white with a crown, and the hair on the back of the body is longer and denser than the hair on the abdomen. Living in tropical and subtropical broad-leaved forests, living in social trees, rarely going to the ground, eating wild fruits, leaves and flowers. Produced in Yunnan, southwestern Guangxi and northern Vietnam. A class of protected animals in China. (There are also langurs, which are also a kind of animal protection. ) (5) takin: also known as pronghorn. Mammals. Length 1.7m ~ 2.2m, shoulder height 1m ~ 1.3m, and the maximum weight is 350kg. The tail is short and both sexes have short horns. The whole body is brown or dark brown and the eyes are black. They usually live at an altitude of 3,000-4,000 meters, and go out for food at night, eating grass, branches and bamboo shoots. Distributed in China, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu and other places. A class of protected animals in China. (6) baiji: also known as baiji. Mammals. Body length 1.5m ~ 2.5m, round head and long mouth, about 30cm. The back is light blue-gray, the abdomen is white, and the fins are white. Living in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, Dongting Lake and Qiantang River. China endemic animals, national first-class protected animals. (7) Black-necked crane: birds. Large wading bird, about1.4m long. The head, neck and flight feathers are all black, the tail feathers are also black, the body feathers are gray, and the appearance is black and white, which is easy to identify. They mainly inhabit swamps with high aquatic plants, feed on fish, frogs, snails and shrimps, breed in alpine swamps with an altitude of 3,500 m to 5,000 m in Qinghai and western Sichuan, and migrate to Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan for the winter. The only alpine species among cranes is a class of protected animals in China. (8) Chinese alligator: reptile. It is more than 2 meters long and has 6 rows of horny scales on its back. The back is dark brown with yellow spots and yellow stripes; The ventral surface is gray with yellow spots and stripes; There is a gray-black ring on the tail. Five fingers on the forelimb, no webbed; The hind limbs have four fingers and webbed. They dig holes in ponds and swamps, feed on fish, frogs, birds and mice, and live in caves in winter. Distributed in Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi. Endemic to China, a kind of protected animals. 3. Some rare plants in China (1) argyrophylla: evergreen trees, 20 meters high. Branches are parallel and branchlets are hairy. Two kinds of leaves, the leaves on the long branches are scattered radially, 4 cm ~ 5 cm long; Impeller on the short branch, 2.5 cm long, linear, with white pores at the lower part. Cones are produced in Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Guizhou and other places. Found in 1956, it is a precious tree species unique to China. (2) Metasequoia glyptostroboides: deciduous trees, with a height of 35 meters and a DBH of 2.5 meters. The lateral branches are opposite and pinnate. The leaves are strip-shaped, flat, and 1.3 mm ~ 20 mm long, alternately paired to form two rows, which are pinnate. The cone is drooping, nearly quadrangular spherical or short cylindrical, about 18 mm ~ 25 mm long. Produced in Sichuan, Hubei and Hunan. Found in 194 1 year, it is a rare tree species unique to China. (3) Davidia involucrata: also known as water pear. Deciduous trees, 15m ~ 20m high. The leaves are broadly ovate, the apex is acuminate, the base is heart-shaped, and the edges are serrated. Spherical head with two ivory bracts at the base, oblong or oval, about 7 cm long and 3 cm ~ 5 cm wide. Endemic to China, distributed in Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. When flowering, white bracts cover the treetops, just like a flock of pigeons, so it is also called "China pigeon tree". World famous ornamental plants. (4) Ginseng: a perennial herb. 30 cm to 60 cm high. Spindle-shaped or cylindrical fleshy roots, short stems, palmately compound leaves, three to six rounds. Flowers are small, yellow-green, umbels. Fruit oblate, red. Produced in northeast China, Korea and other places, with excellent medicinal value. It is one of the "Three Treasures of Kanto". In order to protect nature and natural resources, especially rare animal and plant resources, protect the natural environment and represent the ecosystems of different natural regions, the state has designated certain protected areas, which are called nature reserves. China has designated more than 400 nature reserves, of which 10 is mainly for the protection of giant pandas. 1After May 1983, bamboos in Laishan, Minshan and Qinling successively bloomed and died, which seriously threatened the survival of giant pandas. The State Council has allocated special funds to rescue giant pandas and instructed relevant provinces to do a good job in protection. The Ministry of Forestry and Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces have successively set up leading groups to rescue giant pandas and organized 52 patrol observation groups. The state has also established some giant panda farms to house and raise the affected giant pandas. The establishment of nature reserves not only protects and develops precious animal and plant resources, but also studies the ecological and biological characteristics of rare animals and plants by using nature reserves, providing scientific basis for introduction and domestication, and providing provenances for mass propagation and cultivation of new varieties. Because the nature reserve preserves the complete natural environment and ecosystem, it is of great value for people to study natural resources, natural history, natural conditions, the relationship between living and non-living things and environmental protection monitoring activities. It is an important base for people to further explore and deeply understand the laws of nature. Since 1995, the wildlife resources and wetland resources have been investigated respectively; There are plans to protect more than 60 kinds of endangered and rare wild animals, such as giant panda, golden monkey, Zhu Huan, Chinese alligator, South China tiger, wild horse, snow leopard, wild donkey, white-lipped deer, elk, Hainan Polu, Danxiang crane, black-necked crane, yellow-bellied pheasant, high-nosed antelope and so on, as well as silver fir, yew, Panzhihua, cycad, camellia and Zan. The migration law of migratory birds was studied. The investigation of ecological diversity, the evolution trend of ecosystems and the restoration of damaged ecosystems in the main forest climate zones in China were carried out, and the 1 1 forest ecosystem long-term positioning research station was established. Popularize technologies such as artificial breeding of giant pandas, artificial incubation of red-crowned cranes, artificial breeding of Chinese alligators, birds' rings and integrated prevention and control of forest diseases and insect pests, and formulate and popularize the overall design standards of nature reserve projects, the protection standards of forest germplasm resources and the management model of nature reserve management files. The State Forestry Administration has also held many training courses and workshops on nature reserve management, waterfowl wetland protection management, wildlife protection management, wildlife import and export management, wildlife resource survey, wildlife domestication and breeding, characteristic tourism in nature reserves, and information system management in nature reserves, so as to improve the management level of on-the-job personnel in protecting biodiversity. The information system of nature reserves has also been initially established. Nature reserves refer to the land, land water bodies or sea areas where representative natural ecosystems, rare and endangered wild animals and plants, natural relics with special significance and other protected objects are located, and certain areas are demarcated according to law for special protection and management. The construction of nature reserves is of great strategic significance for protecting natural resources and biodiversity, maintaining ecological balance and promoting the sustainable development of national economy. The construction of nature reserves in China began in 1950s. After nearly 50 years' efforts, by the end of 2003, the number of nature reserves in China had grown to 1999, with an area of14.398 million hectares, accounting for about 14.37% of the national territory, and a network of nature reserves with complete types and basically reasonable layout was initially formed nationwide. Among the established 1999 nature reserves, there are 226 national nature reserves with an area of 887 12900 hectares, 655 provincial nature reserves with an area of 39977200 hectares, 339 municipal nature reserves with an area of 4269 1000 hectares, and county nature reserves. There are 0/4 nature reserves/kloc-4 in Changbai Mountain, Dinghushan Mountain, Wolong Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain, Fan Jing, Xilin Gol, Bogda Peak, Shennongjia, Yancheng, Xishuangbanna, Tianmu Mountain, Maolan, Jiuzhaigou and LAM Raymond, which are listed in the "International Network of Man and Biosphere Reserves" by UNESCO. Six nature reserves, including Zhalong, Xianghai, the source of Poyang Lake, East Dongting Lake, Dongzhai Port and Qinghai Lake, have been included in the list of internationally important wetlands. With the establishment of these nature reserves, 70% of terrestrial ecosystem species, 80% of wild animals and 60% of higher plants in China, especially the rare and endangered wild animals and plants under special state protection, have been well protected in nature reserves. At the same time, these nature reserves also play an important role in water conservation, soil and water conservation, wind and sand fixation, and regional microclimate stability. 1. Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve is located in Baitoushan area at the junction of Antu, Fusong and Changbai counties in Jilin Province. 1980 was included in the world biosphere reserve network by the United Nations at the beginning of 1980. Covering an area of more than 200,000 hectares, this nature reserve is a comprehensive nature reserve of temperate forest ecosystem in China. There are four natural landscape belts with obvious vertical structure from bottom to top. Mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest belt, dark coniferous forest belt, birch forest belt and alpine ice sheet belt are in turn. There are more than 400 species of plants/kloc-0 in Changbai Mountain, which is called "gene bank of temperate biological resources" and more than 400 species of wild animals. The main rare animals and plants are Siberian tiger, sika deer, sable, leopard, Korean pine and Larix olgensis.