In the later period, due to the corruption of official administration, the contradiction between the court and the people reached an irreconcilable position. The people's resistance has always been explosive, and the decline of Datang is basically a blow. Both sides may be waiting, waiting for a suitable opportunity, face to face, and finish. In 873 AD, Tang Yizong died and established Nuolizong. This is another groggy emperor. Coupled with political ills, society can only be darker. According to historical documents, the fiscal deficit at that time reached 3 million yuan per year. And that's it. Instead of doing nothing, the imperial court wanted to make up for this deficit from the people. Corruption remains the same, and decay remains the same. The difference is that the people are getting heavier every day and are already overwhelmed.
This year, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are dry, and the summer wheat harvest in the field is only half. In autumn, the grain harvest has reached a state of no harvest. Farmers have to live on wild vegetables and bark. In this case, the government's corvee and taxes have not been reduced, forcing farmers to live. Desperate people finally had to take up arms to fight, and the peasant uprising broke out at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
Before the uprising in Gan Jie, Huang Chao, in 874 AD, Wang Xianzhi first gathered more than 3,000 people in Changyuan to hold an uprising, claiming to be a general in the sky and the commander-in-chief of various domestic giants, and issued a proclamation calling on the people to rise up and overthrow the Tang Dynasty. The following summer, Huang Chao led thousands of people to respond to Cao Zhou's unjust imprisonment. In this way, once the strength of both sides is integrated, it will also be a relatively large-scale team.
Chao Huang is from Cao Zhou. He is a capable man. In his early years, he made a living by selling salt, read widely and was good at riding and shooting. He was basically a master of both civil and military skills. He organized armed salt gangs and fought against the Tang government for many times to seize private salt. He hated the dark rule of the Tang Dynasty for a long time, and he was determined to overthrow it. According to legend, one of the reasons why Wang Xianzhi persuaded Huang Chao to join the uprising was that before that, Huang Chao was uncomfortable with this situation. He was once hunted down by the government for writing a reactionary article, that is, the famous poem about chrysanthemum before the title. So uprising is not a strange word for Huang Chao. His early opportunities accumulated a lot of experience in struggle and team organization. Perhaps because of these experiences, he saw farther than Wang Xianzhi in his later uprising career, thus making the struggle more firm. What is the specific situation? Please press the table temporarily.
Peter said that since the Huang Chao Uprising, many poor peasants who were as desperate as him have joined the Rebels, and the ranks have rapidly grown to tens of thousands. At this time, Wang Xianzhi, who led the uprising before Huang Chao, led his team to conquer Zhou Pu and Cao Zhou and successfully joined the Huang Chao Uprising Army. The strength of the two teams is getting stronger and stronger, and the momentum is very huge. After the merger, the insurgents not only expanded their momentum, but also expanded their struggle ideas. During this period, they fought tirelessly in Shandong, Henan and Hubei. Because the insurgents came from poor farmers all over the country at that time, their desire for struggle was very strong. At this time, Tang Jun was decadent and was no match for the insurgents. So all the way down, Tang Jun was basically defeated by the insurgents every time.
After being badly hit by the peasant uprising army, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty had to adjust their strategies and adopt a policy of mutual alienation in an attempt to buy off the uprising leaders with high officials and generous salaries and disintegrate the peasant revolutionary ranks. In fact, such a strategy still has certain effects. At that time, faced with the generous treatment given by the imperial court, Wang Xianzhi began to waver, but Huang Chao and the rebel soldier loyal opposition. In this uprising, Huang Chao has always been a firm leader, and this political stance eventually made Huang Chao gradually become the leading core of the uprising. It was Huang Chao's insistence that enabled the insurgents to continue their struggle. Later, it was proved that Wang Xianzhi had two extremely strong vacillations, but after preparing to surrender for the second time, he had no choice but to find that the court's promise was unreliable. Although they all persisted in the uprising in the end, Wang Xianzhi proved the correctness of persisting in the revolution with facts.
By February 878, the situation of the insurgents had gone from bad to worse. In Huangmei World War I, more than 50,000 insurgents died, and Wang Xianzhi was killed by Tang Jun in the middle of the revolution. This time, the fighting insurgents suffered heavy losses, and the number of insurgents suddenly dropped to the previous number. This time, the fiasco made the insurgents a little timid. After all, the team led by Wang Xianzhi finally only led some insurgents to break through and went to Bozhou to go to Huang Chao. Since then, the peasant uprising army began to surround Huang Chao, unanimously elected Huang Chao as commander-in-chief, so-called soaring general, established Wang Ba, appointed officials, and fought hard with the landlord class regime symbolized by heaven. Since February, 878, Huang Chao led the rebel army to sweep the north and south of Huaihe River, crossed the Yangtze River in an imaginary way, and captured imaginary states, Jizhou, Raozhou, Xinzhou and Fuzhou. After Wang Xianzhi's heroic sacrifice, the uprising started smoothly because the leadership was concentrated in Huang Chao's hands. By 10, in June, 879, the peasant rebels conquered Guangzhou, where they took a short rest and replenished their personnel and armed forces in time. The ranks of the insurgents began to become uniform. In order to pursue the 56-point attack, Huang Chao led a great army northward and marched steadily in the direction of Chang 'an, the lair of the Tang Dynasty.
The news that the rebels were coming to attack Chang 'an reached the imperial court. The emperor was frightened and quickly mobilized various military forces to intercept. But the emperor didn't realize that Huang Chao's army could go north to Chang 'an so smoothly, which was enough to show that the imperial army was unreliable. In fact, the Huang Chao Uprising Army captured Tongguan in only six days, successfully opened the door of Chang 'an, and the Uprising Army quickly advanced to Chang 'an. By August of 1988 1 year1year, the insurgents began to attack Chang 'an. In desperation, Tang Xizong and his eunuchs fled to Chengdu, Sichuan. That night, the peasant army occupied Chang' an with no effort. /kloc-in 0/6, the peasant uprising army established a new regime in Chang 'an, and Huang Chao proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Daqi and Jintong.
At this point, Huang Chao finally realized his dream of bringing golden flowers to the city and ascended the throne in golden splendor.
After the establishment of the regime, Huang Chao adopted a strict ruling policy towards prisoners. He stipulated that in the Tang Dynasty, all former officials with more than three products were dismissed, and officials with less than four products remained. In fact, in the end, Huang Chao failed to escape the fate that the rebels failed to keep the regime for thousands of years. With the joy of victory and superior living conditions, Huang Chao learned to despise his lazy style and began to lose his original enterprising spirit. After the establishment of the revolutionary regime, Huang Chao did not pursue victory, nor did he destroy the imperial army near Guanzhong, but was intoxicated with victory. His laziness bought Tang Xizong a lot of time to fight back. Tang Xizong, who fled to Sichuan, gained a firm foothold and began to actively prepare for the counterattack. He constantly attracted the former army, assembled the remnants who fled with him, contacted warlords from all over the country, and fought back against the peasant army. Those who surrendered temporarily at the height of the uprising also took the opportunity to revolt. The peasant army had no base area and was soon surrounded by Tang Jun. Under difficult conditions, Zhu Wen, the leader of the rebel army, defected first. In 883, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty colluded with the Shatuo people and the Tangut nobles to attack the peasant army. Being outnumbered, the peasant army withdrew from Chang 'an and persisted in the struggle in Henan. The rebels didn't last long when the imperial army was under siege. By June 884, the peasant army had retreated to Shandong. In the Wolf-Tiger Valley north of Laiwu, most of the peasant troops were killed in World War I, and Huang Chao committed suicide. The peasant uprising failed.
The peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty led by Huang Chao led hundreds of thousands of people and moved to Yu Sheng for more than ten years. This is an unprecedented and magnificent peasant revolutionary war in the history of China, which has written a glorious chapter in the history of peasant war in China. It dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Tang Dynasty and showed the transformation of feudal society by the peasant war. At the same time, the uprising also weakened the separatist forces of the buffer regions and broke the original power balance between the central government and the buffer regions and between the buffer regions. However, the limitations of the peasant uprising army and the tenacious counterattack of the Tang Dynasty finally suppressed this heroic uprising.
Of course, the most objective evaluation of Huang Chao's uprising is to analyze the reasons and sum up experience, without exaggerating his achievements, but without ignoring his shortcomings. What needs to be repeated here is that later generations once commented that Huang Chao was familiar with poetry, but he was extremely cruel. Now there is a two-part allegorical saying, taking Huang Chao as a typical example, which reads: Huang Chao killed eight million people-it was predestined. According to historical records, in his uprising career in recent years, a terrible cannibalism really happened. Of all the sufferings in life, the biggest is cannibalism. And all this happened in the last dynasty's human tragedy, which was the end of the Tang Dynasty. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, all cannibals were inferior to the peasant uprising army headed by Huang Chao. On the eve of his defeat, he surrounded Zhou Chen for nearly a year, squeezing the living by mechanized methods, and supplying his besieged troops with human flesh as rations to ensure the combat effectiveness of his rebels. The scale was unprecedented. The uprising in this history, for the people, is only one dynasty, not another. Perhaps the only difference is the emperor's surname. From this perspective, if the regime established by Huang Chao can be maintained, it may be the beginning of a sad rule. From this perspective, the failure of the Huang Chao regime is not a bad thing.