What are the counseling skills of psychological counseling?

1. Psychoanalytic therapy is mainly to "recall" the symptoms that the visitors don't know to the conscious range by excavating the subconscious psychological process, so that the visitors can understand the true meaning of the symptoms, thus making the symptoms disappear. By digging the psychological contradictions and conflicts in the subconscious of visitors, we can find the crux of the disease and bring it into the field of consciousness, so that visitors can understand it, correct and eliminate it under the guidance of realistic principles, thus establishing a good and healthy psychological structure and achieving mental health. The basic goal of consultation is to make the subconscious consciousness and subconscious conflict surface, so as to help visitors re-recognize or rebuild their personality and overcome the subconscious conflict. In the process of negotiation, both sides should trust each other and keep a certain distance to avoid some form of resistance from visitors. Psychoanalytic therapy includes the following methods. 1. Free association Free association is the basic method of psychoanalytic therapy. After understanding the basic situation of the visitors, let the visitors lie in a quiet room with proper light or sit on a comfortable sofa, and the consultant will stand or sit in the back instead of in front, and then let the visitors dispel their worries and pour out what they want to say. Counselors should not interrupt visitors at will, do not comment on what he said, encourage him to speak boldly, and give appropriate guidance when necessary. 2. Dredging catharsis Dredging catharsis is to tell the depression and privacy in your heart through a hearty talk, so as to restore psychological balance and prevent physical and mental diseases. It is necessary to effectively guide patients to pour out their depression in order to achieve the purpose of psychological catharsis. 3. The theory of cognitive and comprehension psychoanalysis holds that the root of current mental illness lies in past experiences and can even be traced back to childhood. Past anxiety experiences are suppressed to the subconscious level for various reasons, which makes patients "forget". Through psychoanalysis, visitors will be reminded and associated, and the causes in the subconscious will be "recalled" to the field of consciousness, so that they can realize the causal relationship between these "roots" in their hearts and the current diseases, and truly realize and comprehend them intellectually and emotionally. At this time, the symptoms will lose their meaning and disappear naturally. Of course, this understanding is achieved through the analysis, explanation and treatment of doctors. 4. Suggestive therapy Psychological suggestion refers to the implicit influence on the cognition, emotion, will and behavior of oneself and others through language or action. The psychological change of the implied person is subconscious, and the affected process is unconscious. Hint therapy is often used to treat hysteria, and the effect is very obvious. Suggested content should be targeted at the specific situation of visitors, targeted choice of language and methods, flexible and witty use of suggestive language. In the process of psychological counseling for primary school students, psychoanalysis therapy should be used with caution, because primary school students are still young and immature in psychological development, and they can't make a correct estimate of their psychological problems. The use of psychoanalytic therapy for primary school students depends on the specific situation and cannot be generalized. Second, behavioral therapy Behavioral therapy, also known as behavioral correction, is a psychological counseling method based on behavioral learning theory. Its basic understanding is that abnormal behavior, like normal behavior, is obtained through learning and training, which can naturally change or disappear. Behavioral therapy is one of the most widely used psychological counseling methods, including many classic specific methods. 1. System desensitization plays an important role in behavioral therapy. This method is mainly to induce visitors to slowly expose the situation that leads to neurosis anxiety, and to fight this anxiety through psychological relaxation, so as to achieve the purpose of eliminating neurosis. The basic principle is that the muscle relaxation state and anxiety state of human and animals are a process of confrontation, and the appearance of one state will inhibit the other. System desensitization method generally includes three steps. First, sort out the anxiety scale, that is, find out the events that make visitors feel anxious, and use 0 ~ 100 to express the subjective anxiety degree of each event. Among them,. For calm emotions, 25 is mild anxiety, 50 is moderate anxiety, 75 is high anxiety and 100 is extreme anxiety. Then the marked anxiety events are arranged in the order from weak to strong. The second is to carry out relaxation training, so that the whole body muscles can quickly enter a relaxed state as qualified. Generally, it takes 6 ~ 10 exercises, 30 minutes each time, 12 times a day. The third is to enter the desensitization process of the system and carry out joint training of anxiety response and muscle relaxation techniques. System desensitization can be divided into imaginary system desensitization and real system desensitization. The process of desensitization of the imagination system is to let the visitors relax their muscles, which is described orally by the consultant. Let the visitors imagine, starting from the lowest level and imagining for 30 seconds. When they stop imagining, they will report the grade score of subjective anxiety at this time, without feeling nervous and afraid, and then enter the next level, thus gradually passing the last level. Systematic desensitization can treat students' test anxiety and social fear. 2. Submergence therapy Submergence therapy is also called exposure therapy and shock therapy. Similar to the system desensitization method, visitors are encouraged to contact their sensitive objects and realize desensitization in contact; The difference is that visitors are allowed to enter their most fearful or anxious situations from the beginning, giving him a strong impact, and at the same time, they are not allowed to take evasive behaviors such as plugging their ears, closing their eyes and crying. The basic principle is to present the visitor with the stimulus he is afraid of quickly and completely. After the actual experience, he felt less afraid, and his fear would gradually disappear. The excitement should last until tourists get used to it. Submergence therapy should be handled clearly with visitors in advance and can only be carried out after obtaining consent. Submergence therapy is suitable for visitors with anxiety and fear tendency. In the specific application, we should consider the education level of visitors, the degree of being hinted, the causes of psychological problems, physical state and other factors. For tourists with weak constitution, heart disease and poor endurance, this method should be used with caution. 3. Aversion therapy is to connect some unpleasant stimuli with the behavioral symptoms that visitors need to change through direct action or indirect imagination, so that they finally give up this behavior because of disgust. Its basic principle is to combine the bad behavior of visitors with some unpleasant and disgusting stimuli to form a new conditioned reflex to counter the original bad behavior and finally eliminate it. Commonly used nausea stimuli include physical stimuli (such as electric shock, elastic pain of rubber band, etc. ), chemical stimulation (such as emetic, etc. ) and imaginary disgusting stimuli (such as dictating some disgusting situations and then connecting them with imaginary stimuli). In psychological counseling, disgusting stimuli should be strong enough to make visitors feel pain or disgust until the bad behavior disappears. 4.Token method Token method, also known as reward reinforcement method, is a method to form an expected adaptive behavior through reward (that is, reinforcement), that is, when visitors have expected good performance, they will be rewarded immediately to strengthen the behavior. Token is actually a voucher that can be exchanged for goods within a certain range, which can be a small red flag, a small card with scores, etc. Counselors use tokens as rewards to strengthen visitors' expectation behavior, and then visitors can exchange tokens for what they like. Attention should be paid to linking tokens with what visitors are interested in and want, and establishing certain token exchange rules. 5. Relaxation therapy The basic principle of relaxation training is that in a relaxed state, the arousal level of the cerebral cortex decreases, the excitability decreases, the muscles of the whole body relax, and the tension is relieved, thus improving physical and mental health. The basic steps of relaxation training are: (1) Choose a quiet and tidy room with soft light, so that visitors can lie comfortably on the sofa and close their eyes; (2) Experience the feeling of tension and relaxation, and then gradually carry out tension and relaxation exercises for major muscles. The training process of each muscle group is to focus on a muscle tension, maintain a tension, relieve a tension and relax a muscle. Behavioral therapy is often used for psychological counseling of primary school students. Correctly using behavioral therapy to correct pupils' bad behavior habits and help them develop good study and life habits is of great help to children's growth. Third, humanistic therapy There are two main forms of humanistic therapy: one is patient-centered treatment, which is generally used for visitors with psychological conflicts or mental illness; Second, small group therapy is carried out by making friends, mainly to solve communication obstacles and psychological problems in social life. Patient-centered therapy refers to individual talk therapy under the guidance of humanistic therapy theory. In the course of treatment, the non-guiding principle is implemented, the thinking of discussing problems is dominated by visitors, and the central figure in the treatment process is visitors rather than consultants. The basic assumption of patient-centered therapy is that there is great energy to understand oneself, change self-concept and guide one's behavior, which is of no guiding significance; All these energy sources can be developed as long as they provide a suitable ambient atmosphere. There are three main factors in this suitable atmosphere: sincere and unconditional concern and empathy. In the process of consultation, the consultant is required to create such a suitable environment atmosphere, so that visitors can realize their dominant position, actively talk about their psychological problems and seek solutions under the guidance of the consultant. Members of a circle of friends are composed of people with similar backgrounds or problems, such as people who are not good at interacting with others, people who have certain social fears, or people who are not used to interacting with the opposite sex. The number of participants is about ten. Although the participants have certain psychological barriers, the condition is not too serious. He can sit down and take part in the group conversation, without affecting the group action because of delusion or strange behavior. Friends groups are generally chaired by consultants. The role of the host is to promote the constructive relationship between group members, establish a harmonious and unrestrained atmosphere, and make people who participate in group activities gradually eliminate their psychological precautions, thus revealing their true feelings to each other and establishing a deeper emotional relationship. Through the activities of making friends groups, psychological barriers can be eliminated and mental health level can be improved. Humanistic therapy emphasizes the subjective initiative of visitors, takes a positive and optimistic view of people, pays attention to the intrinsic value and subjective experience of individuals, emphasizes the importance of consulting relationship and emphasizes the attitude of consultants as the center. These views strongly impact the theory and methods of psychological counseling, and have certain positive value, but they are not suitable for visitors who need to give some guidance strategies in crisis, nor for visitors who can't express themselves orally. Cognitive therapy Cognitive therapy is based on the theoretical assumption that people's cognitive process will affect their emotions and behaviors, and change their bad cognition through cognitive and behavioral techniques, thus alleviating or eliminating their emotional problems and maladaptive behaviors. The main focus of cognitive therapy is the cognitive problems of visitors, trying to change their psychological problems by changing their views and attitudes towards themselves, others or things. Pay attention to the change of abnormal behavior, as well as the change of cognition and attitude of visitors, so as to promote profound changes in their personality. There are many specific techniques in cognitive therapy, such as three-column technique, arguing with unreasonable beliefs, reasonable emotional imagination technique, self-directed training and so on. The core of the technology of arguing with unreasonable beliefs is to help students challenge and question their unreasonable beliefs and let them give negative answers such as "no" and "no". Through challenging and asking questions step by step, students' unreasonable beliefs are finally shaken. When using the technology of arguing with unreasonable beliefs, we must first find students' unreasonable beliefs. We can first find the induced event A from the ABC model, that is, from a typical event; Ask each other how they feel about this matter, how they react to A, and find out C; Ask the other person why they experience bad emotions, that is, find out their potential views and beliefs from inappropriate emotional and behavioral reactions; Analyze students' reasonable beliefs and unreasonable beliefs about event A, and classify unreasonable beliefs as B. For an event, students may have various explanations, judgments and inferences. Behind these ideas, students hide some unreasonable beliefs, which are often manifested as absolute demands on themselves, others and the world around them. This is what we are looking for. Secondly, through debate, students are encouraged to think positively by asking questions. There are two ways to ask questions, questioning and exaggeration. Questioning is the teacher's direct questioning of students' unreasonable beliefs; Exaggerating and questioning is the teacher's unreasonable belief in students. They deliberately ask exaggerated questions, magnifying them to make students realize that their beliefs are unreasonable and unrealistic. The technology of reasonable emotional imagination was developed by Maultsby in the early 1970s. Sometimes, when looking for unreasonable beliefs, students are troubled by emotions. Afterwards, they describe some unpleasant experiences, often only emphasizing the anger at that time, and can't accurately tell the state of mind at that time. Therefore, it is possible to find out unreasonable beliefs by helping students imagine the scene at that time, re-entering the bad emotional experience and further exploring the students' thoughts at that time. At the same time, students can truly feel the relationship between beliefs and emotional reactions, thus realizing the importance of changing unreasonable beliefs.