2. The core content of psychological counseling: establishing a good counseling relationship.
3. The first impression is the key factor in establishing the consulting relationship.
Agree with the goal of psychological counseling 1, fully grasp the relevant information of the help seekers, and list all the problems of the help seekers.
2. Judge the types and severity of psychological problems of visitors.
3, choose the priority order to solve the problem
4. Explain the basic elements of effective consulting objectives to customers.
5, the integration of short-term goals and long-term goals
Making individual psychological counseling plan 1, and diagnosis stage: The content of this stage includes a series of steps such as establishing counseling relationship, collecting relevant information, conducting psychological diagnosis, adjusting the motivation for seeking help, establishing counseling goals, and making implementation plans.
2. Counseling stage: This is the core and most important substantive stage of psychological counseling. The main task of consultants is to help visitors analyze and solve problems and change their inappropriate cognition, mood or behavior.
3. Consolidation stage: This stage is the summary and improvement stage of consultation. There are two kinds of end here, one is the end of a consultation, and the other is the end of the whole consultation.
When carrying out the consultation plan 1, the consultant must make it clear that in the consultation, we should focus on promoting the growth of the help-seekers, explore and solve our own problems by ourselves, so as to gain psychological growth and finally have a healthy and happy life.
2. With the support and encouragement of the consultant, the helper has the confidence and courage to overcome difficulties, dare to face and solve difficulties, and overcome various unfavorable factors that hinder the smooth progress of the consultation, so that the consultation can be carried out smoothly.
Evaluation of psychological counseling effect The evaluation of psychological counseling effect does not have to be final. In the process of counseling, we should constantly sum up the effect and adjust it in time. However, the evaluation before the end is an evaluation of the effectiveness of the whole negotiation process, which is more comprehensive and important.
The evaluation content of the consulting effect should focus on the consulting goal, and only when the consulting goal is achieved can the consulting effect be directly reflected.
What psychoanalytic therapies are there in psychological counseling? Psychoanalytic therapy is mainly to "recall" the symptoms that the visitors don't know to the scope of consciousness by excavating the subconscious psychological process, so that the visitors can understand the true meaning of the symptoms and make them disappear. By digging the psychological contradictions and conflicts in the subconscious of visitors, we can find the crux of the disease and bring it into the field of consciousness, so that visitors can understand it, correct and eliminate it under the guidance of realistic principles, thus establishing a good and healthy psychological structure and achieving mental health. The basic goal of consultation is to make the subconscious consciousness and subconscious conflict surface, so as to help visitors re-recognize or rebuild their personality and overcome the subconscious conflict. In the process of negotiation, both sides should trust each other and keep a certain distance to avoid some form of resistance from visitors. Psychoanalytic therapy includes the following methods.
1, free association is the basic method of psychoanalytic therapy, which is to let the visitor lie in a quiet room with proper light or sit on a comfortable sofa after understanding the basic situation of the visitor, and then let the visitor dispel his worries and pour out what he wants to say. Counselors should not interrupt visitors at will, do not comment on what he said, encourage him to speak boldly, and give appropriate guidance when necessary.
2. Dredging catharsis Dredging catharsis is to tell the depression and privacy in your heart through a hearty talk, so as to restore psychological balance and prevent physical and mental diseases. It is necessary to effectively guide patients to talk about their depression in order to achieve the purpose of psychological catharsis.
3. The theory of cognitive and comprehension psychoanalysis holds that the root of current mental illness lies in past experiences and can even be traced back to childhood. Past anxiety experiences are suppressed to the subconscious level for various reasons, which makes patients "forget". Through psychoanalysis, visitors will be reminded and associated, and the causes in the subconscious will be "recalled" to the field of consciousness, so that they can realize the causal relationship between these "roots" in their hearts and the current diseases, and truly realize and comprehend them intellectually and emotionally. At this time, the symptoms will lose their meaning and disappear naturally. Of course, this understanding is achieved through the analysis, explanation and treatment of doctors.
4. Suggestive therapy Psychological suggestion refers to the subtle influence on the cognition, emotion, will and behavior of oneself and others through language or action. The psychological change of the implied person is subconscious, and the affected process is unconscious. Hint therapy is often used to treat hysteria, and the effect is very obvious. Suggested content should be targeted at the specific situation of visitors, targeted choice of language and methods, flexible and witty use of suggestive language. In the process of psychological counseling for primary school students, psychoanalysis therapy should be used with caution, because primary school students are still young and immature in psychological development, and they can't make a correct estimate of their psychological problems. The use of psychoanalytic therapy for primary school students depends on the specific situation and cannot be generalized.
Behavioral therapy Behavioral therapy, also called behavioral correction, is a psychological counseling method based on behavioral learning theory. Its basic understanding is that abnormal behavior, like normal behavior, is obtained through learning and training, which can naturally change or disappear. Behavioral therapy is one of the most widely used psychological counseling methods, including many classic specific methods.
1 Systematic desensitization plays an important role in behavioral therapy. This method is mainly to induce visitors to slowly expose the situation that leads to neurosis anxiety, and to fight this anxiety through psychological relaxation, so as to achieve the purpose of eliminating neurosis. The basic principle is that the muscle relaxation state and anxiety state of human and animals are a process of confrontation, and the appearance of one state will inhibit the other. System desensitization method generally includes three steps. First, sort out the anxiety scale, that is, find out the events that make visitors feel anxious, and use 0 ~ 100 to express the subjective anxiety degree of each event. Among them,. For calm emotions, 25 is mild anxiety, 50 is moderate anxiety, 75 is high anxiety and 100 is extreme anxiety. Then the marked anxiety events are arranged in the order from weak to strong. The second is to carry out relaxation training, so that the whole body muscles can quickly enter a relaxed state as qualified. Generally, it takes 6 ~ 10 exercises, 30 minutes each time, 12 times a day. The third is to enter the desensitization process of the system and carry out joint training of anxiety response and muscle relaxation techniques. System desensitization can be divided into imaginary system desensitization and real system desensitization. The process of desensitization of the imagination system is to let the visitors relax their muscles, which is described orally by the consultant. Let the visitors imagine, starting from the lowest level and imagining for 30 seconds. When they stop imagining, they will report the grade score of subjective anxiety at this time, without feeling nervous and afraid, and then enter the next level, thus gradually passing the last level. Systematic desensitization can treat students' test anxiety and social fear.
2. Submergence therapy Submergence therapy is also called exposure therapy and shock therapy. Similar to the system desensitization method, visitors are encouraged to contact their sensitive objects and realize desensitization in contact; The difference is that visitors are allowed to enter their most fearful or anxious situations from the beginning, giving him a strong impact, and at the same time, they are not allowed to take evasive behaviors such as plugging their ears, closing their eyes and crying. The basic principle is to present the visitor with the stimulus he is afraid of quickly and completely. After the actual experience, he felt less afraid, and his fear would gradually disappear. The excitement should last until tourists get used to it. Submergence therapy should be handled clearly with visitors in advance and can only be carried out after obtaining consent. Submergence therapy is suitable for visitors with anxiety and fear tendency. In the specific application, we should consider the education level of visitors, the degree of being hinted, the causes of psychological problems, physical state and other factors. This method should be used with caution for tourists with weak constitution, heart disease and poor endurance.
3. Aversion therapy Aversion therapy is to connect some unpleasant stimuli with the behavioral symptoms that visitors need to change through direct action or indirect imagination, so that they will eventually give up this behavior because of disgust. Its basic principle is to combine the bad behavior of visitors with some unpleasant and disgusting stimuli to form a new conditioned reflex to counter the original bad behavior and finally eliminate it. Commonly used nausea stimuli include physical stimuli (such as electric shock, elastic pain of rubber band, etc. ), chemical stimulation (such as emetic, etc. ) and imaginary disgusting stimuli (such as dictating some disgusting situations and then connecting them with imaginary stimuli). In psychological counseling, disgusting stimuli should be strong enough to make visitors feel pain or disgust until the bad behavior disappears.
4. Reward reinforcement method This is a method to form an expected adaptive behavior through reward (that is, reinforcement), that is, when visitors have expected good performance, they will be rewarded immediately to strengthen the behavior. Token is actually a voucher that can be exchanged for goods within a certain range, which can be a small red flag, a small card with scores, etc. Counselors use tokens as rewards to strengthen visitors' expectation behavior, and then visitors can exchange tokens for what they like. Attention should be paid to linking tokens with what visitors are interested in and want, and establishing certain token exchange rules.
5. Relaxation therapy The basic principle of relaxation training is that in a relaxed state, the arousal level of the cerebral cortex decreases, the excitability decreases, the muscles of the whole body relax, and the tension is relieved, thus improving physical and mental health. The basic steps of relaxation training are:
(1) Choose a quiet and tidy room with soft light, so that visitors can lie comfortably on the sofa and close their eyes;
(2) Experience the feeling of tension and relaxation, and then gradually carry out tension and relaxation exercises for major muscles. The training process of each muscle group is to focus on a muscle tension, maintain a tension, relieve a tension and relax a muscle. Behavioral therapy is often used for psychological counseling of primary school students. Correctly using behavioral therapy to correct pupils' bad behavior habits and help them develop good study and life habits is of great help to children's growth.
There are two main forms of humanistic therapy: one is patient-centered therapy, which is generally used for visitors with psychological conflicts or mental illness; Second, small group therapy is carried out by making friends, mainly to solve communication obstacles and psychological problems in social life.
Patient-centered therapy refers to individual talk therapy under the guidance of humanistic therapy theory. In the course of treatment, the non-guiding principle is implemented, the thinking of discussing problems is dominated by visitors, and the central figure in the treatment process is visitors rather than consultants. The basic assumption of patient-centered therapy is that there is great energy to understand oneself, change self-concept and guide one's behavior, which is of no guiding significance; All these energy sources can be developed as long as they provide a suitable ambient atmosphere. There are three main factors in this suitable atmosphere: sincere and unconditional concern and empathy. In the process of consultation, the consultant is required to create such a suitable environment atmosphere, so that visitors can realize their dominant position, actively talk about their psychological problems and seek solutions under the guidance of the consultant. Members of a circle of friends are composed of people with similar backgrounds or problems, such as people who are not good at interacting with others, people who have certain social fears, or people who are not used to interacting with the opposite sex. The number of participants is about ten. Although the participants have certain psychological barriers, the condition is not too serious. He can sit down and take part in the group conversation, without affecting the group action because of delusion or strange behavior. Friends groups are generally chaired by consultants. The role of the host is to promote the constructive relationship between group members, establish a harmonious and unrestrained atmosphere, and make people who participate in group activities gradually eliminate their psychological precautions, thus revealing their true feelings to each other and establishing a deeper emotional relationship. Through the activities of making friends groups, psychological barriers can be eliminated and mental health level can be improved.
Humanistic therapy emphasizes the subjective initiative of visitors, takes a positive and optimistic view of people, pays attention to the intrinsic value and subjective experience of individuals, emphasizes the importance of consulting relationship and emphasizes the attitude of consultants as the center. These views strongly impact the theory and methods of psychological counseling, and have certain positive value, but they are not suitable for visitors who need to give some guidance strategies in crisis, nor for visitors who can't express themselves orally.
The cognitive theory of cognitive therapy holds that people's emotions come from people's beliefs, evaluations, explanations or philosophical views on things they encounter, not from things themselves. Emotion and behavior are subject to cognition, which is the decisive factor of people's psychological activities. Cognitive therapy is to correct my unsuitable mood or behavior by changing people's cognitive process and the ideas generated by this process. The goal of treatment is not only to deal with the external manifestations of behavior and emotion, but also to analyze the patients' thinking activities and coping strategies, find out the wrong cognition and correct it.
1. Biofeedback therapy is a therapeutic technique developed on the basis of behavioral therapy. Experiments show that there is a certain correlation between psychological (emotional) reaction and physiological (visceral) activity. Psychosocial factors affect emotional response through consciousness, leading to abnormal changes in visceral activities that are not dominated by consciousness, leading to the occurrence of diseases. Biofeedback therapy puts normal and unconscious physiological activities under conscious control, establishes new behavior patterns through biofeedback training, and realizes conscious control of visceral activities and gland secretion. Indications: Essential hypertension, bronchial asthma, tension headache, vascular headache and Raynaud's disease can relieve tension, anxiety and depression and treat insomnia.
2. Family therapy and couple therapy Family therapy is a family-oriented therapy, which coordinates interpersonal relationships among family members, improves family psychological function and promotes family members' mental health through communication, role-playing, alliance building and recognition. Couple therapy (also called marriage therapy) is a special mode of family therapy. Indications: family therapy: family crisis, children's learning difficulties, children's behavioral disorders. Couple therapy: marriage smoke crisis, couples' adjustment difficulties, sexual psychological disorders, sexual perversion.
3. Morita therapy people with neurotic tendencies have a strong desire for survival, strong introspection and pay attention to their own life safety. When attention is too focused on some endogenous discomfort, these discomforts will become more and more intense, forming a vicious circle. Morita therapy is to break this spiritual interaction, coordinate the antagonistic relationship between desire and depression, and advocate conforming to nature and doing whatever you want. Indications: Neuroticism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, hypochondria, anxiety and depressive neurosis.
4. Hypnotherapy induces people to enter a special state of consciousness through hypnosis, and integrates the doctor's words or actions into the patient's thinking and emotions, thus producing therapeutic effects. Indications: hysteria, hypochondria, phobia, psychosomatic diseases.
5. Medication According to the different mental states of patients with mental illness, using a small amount of short-term medication can significantly improve the quality of life of patients and stabilize their emotions. Some drugs that nourish the heart and strengthen the brain can provide memory, improve mood and eliminate emotional depression, anxiety, compulsion and neurasthenia. Indications for drug treatment: neurosis such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobia, anxiety, depression, neurasthenia, psychosomatic diseases and disorders such as chronic non-organic pain, migraine, anorexia nervosa, stomach cramps, nervous vomiting, insomnia, stuttering, depression, fear, sexual dysfunction and other symptoms.