2. The salute method of three-kneeling and nine-knocking ceremony is: when hearing the command of "kneeling", the saluter kneels, and with the three commands of "kowtowing", "kowtowing again" and "knocking three times", puts his hand on the ground and knocks his forehead three times. The saluter stood up when he heard the order. In this way, when the order is given three times, the saluter kowtows nine times, so it is called "the ceremony of three kneeling and nine knocking".
Is to kneel three times and knock on the nine heads. This is the most respectful way to salute.
synonym
Worship and servility
originate from
Qing Zhaolian's Miscellaneous Notes on Customizing the Office of the Interior in Xiao Ting: "The father of Fujin leads his family to thank him, and he worships three times and nine times."
explain
Knock: kowtow. Kneel down three times and knock nine heads. This is the most respectful way to salute.
use
Combined type; As predicate and adverbial; Include praise
example
Liu Shaotang's Xiao He Lou Jian Jiao: "So, three pillars are fragrant, a glass of wine, two feet of red cloth hanging branches, in ~, worship the big willow tree as a foster mother."
brief introduction
According to Zhou Li, there were nine kinds of bow-down rituals in ancient times: one was kowtowing, the other was nodding, the third was emptiness, the fourth was vibration, the fifth was auspicious worship, the sixth was fierce worship, the seventh was strange worship, the eighth was praise worship and the ninth was su worship. Zhu Faman, a Taoist priest in the Tang Dynasty, said that there are four kinds of Taoist worship: "one kowtow, two rituals, three disciplines and four heart rituals". Kowtowing is three kneels and nine knocks. Making a gift is to worship, worship once and worship three times. Obedience means doing it according to the rules of the ceremony. The heart ceremony is that you don't have to act, but you can touch the gods with your thoughts and words. According to the book, a week should be three kneels and nine knocks! Three kneels and nine knocks are aimed at heaven, earth, emperor, teacher and father. Bowing down is a symbol of extreme respect, and kneeling down is sincere obedience. Three kneels and nine knocks are a great gift, which shows great respect and sincerity in the heart and is the greatest courtesy to God. The so-called three kneels and nine knocks means one kneels and three worships, with the head on the ground and three kneels and nine knocks. When worshipping God, the left foot is in front and the back of the hand is up. When you kowtow at a funeral, the real gift is to kneel four times and worship twelve times. When you kowtow, you put out your right foot and palm up.
bright
In the early Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu simplified all kinds of complicated etiquette. When he sent envoys to Fan Guo Annan, the king made five obeisances to the incense table and the imperial edict, knelt in front of the incense table, made three obeisances and bowed down, which was actually a ceremony of five obeisances and three knocks.
clean
After Dingding in the Central Plains in the Qing Dynasty, the ritual of three kneels and nine knocks to worship heaven replaced the ritual of five worships and three knocks in the Ming Dynasty. In addition to the three-kneeling and nine-knocking ceremony for the emperor, Manchu customs should also respect this ceremony in the presence of the tributary state. However, due to the different customs and habits of different countries, when there was a protest against this gift, the Qing Dynasty pretended to be a heavenly country and easily condescended to give up this gift, consciously losing the face of a big country. Therefore, there are sometimes "etiquette disputes".
Kangxi
During the Kangxi Dynasty, a Russian delegation visited China. The ambassador didn't want to kneel to the emperor, so there was an argument. At that time, Manchu men bowed down like this: hold down their left knee with both hands, and the right knee bends to the ground. The left knee will bow down about an inch from the ground, then stop with both hands on the ground, and then stand up and look at the worshipper's chest. The hand is still knocked. It must be noted that the most taboo of Manchu people is not to salute according to the ceremony, and there is no form of kowtow and prostration, which will be considered as "mourning the head" for the dead father at home. Three kneels and nine knocks are the "rites in rites" of the kneeling ceremony. The Russian side believes that the principle of reciprocity prevails in European diplomacy, and the ambassador representing the czar should be treated equally, not a dignified vassal. This dispute immediately embarrassed both sides. It is precisely because Kangxi is very willing to negotiate with Russia to solve the Sino-Russian border issue that there is little dispute between the two countries on the content of diplomatic negotiations, and Russia is unwilling to tear up relations and return in vain. At this time, Mo came up with a compromise, hoping to complete the gift of "three kneeling and nine knocking" by private summons in the "secret room" to save face for both countries. However, the Russian ambassador did not adopt such a proposal. As a last resort, China had to invite missionaries who were preaching in China to intercede. The missionary cleverly pointed out that if one day the Qing Dynasty returned to Russia, he would take off his hat and salute the czar, do as the Romans do and respect the traditional Russian etiquette, based on the tradition that China people always wear hats and only guilty criminals show their heads. Speaking of this, the Russian ambassador took the opportunity to step down and gave a "three kneeling and nine knocking" ceremony, which made everyone happy. The Qing Dynasty called itself "the kingdom of heaven", and the etiquette of "three kneeling and nine knocking" demanded by Emperor China was a "secular ceremony" in the eyes of missionaries and should be respected. However, China did not clearly understand the concept of equality that European and American countries attach importance to, and naturally worshipped it. The conflict between Chinese and western cultures has suddenly intensified. With the decline of China's national strength, she was still dreaming of a great country, and was finally forced to wake up in the gunfire. At this time, he looked around and found himself far behind the world.
the Revolution of 1911
History has turned a page in the Revolution of 1911. On that day, at the temporary presidential meeting, Sun Yat-sen proposed to cancel the bowing ceremony, taking the ordinary meeting as one bow and the most salute as three bows. All the delegates unanimously adopted the resolution. The ceremony of "three kneeling and nine knocking" with strong slavish color has also been forgotten in history.
First, the basic context of modern folk custom changes. The change of modern folk customs is an important part of the change of modern society, which is always in sync with the transformation of modern society. The changes of modern folk customs involve all corners and levels of society. The following is a summary from eight aspects: etiquette, consumption, clothing, diet, residence, travel, festivals, weddings and funerals, and we can roughly see the basic context of modern folk customs changes. 1. Changes in manners and customs: For a long time after the Opium War, traditional social manners and customs, including appellations and gifts, still dominated the society. When people meet each other, they should bow, hold hands, run to worship and greet each other. Bowing is a gesture of greeting each other, but in feudal times it became a etiquette of respect and obedience to reflect the hierarchy of feudal society. Bowing down is mainly for elders, and the most solemn is three kneeling and nine knocking, which is generally used by peers as a way of bowing and handing over. Correspondingly, there are a set of titles such as "adult", "grandfather", "wife" and "old lady". However, after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), influenced by the western concept of equality, first of all, among the new intellectuals, they gradually adopted the methods of shaking hands and bowing, and replaced the previous titles with "Mr", "Ms", "Miss" and "Comrade". After the founding of the People's Republic of China 19 12, it was clearly stipulated that when offering sacrifices to Confucius, "in addition to the ceremony of running, three bows were changed and the sacrificial clothes were casual clothes." (Note: Worship, [Shanghai] Shenbao1965438+March 5, 2002. ) Soon, the old etiquette such as kowtow, worship, worship and exchange in social activities was explicitly abolished, and it was changed to bow and bow. In August of the same year 17, the government of the Republic of China promulgated the "Ritual System", which established the legal status of new etiquette in the form of law (Note: Oriental Magazine, Volume 9, No.41965438+September 2002. )。 Bowing and bowing, using the title of "Mr" and "Jun", embodies the equal relationship between people in modern society. In a word, new customs and habits, such as taking off your hat, bowing to the target, shaking hands and clapping, have gradually become the usual "civilized ceremony" and "civilized ceremony" in China, reflecting the progressive trend of social customs and habits. In addition, the popularity of ballroom dancing, birthday parties and colleagues' banquets in cities reflects the new changes in modern communication customs. 2. Changes in consumption customs: The invasion of modern western capitalism and the emergence and rapid development of new businesses in China have had a huge impact on traditional consumption customs and directly led to changes in consumption customs. During the Daoguang period after the Opium War, it became fashionable for the upper class to enjoy foreign goods, but at first it was limited to a few areas such as trading ports and wealthy bureaucratic families. By the end of 19, with the number of trading ports increasing to more than 70, foreign goods were consumed in all walks of life. Even in shops in remote traffic areas of Yunnan, you can see many foreign goods, including all kinds of halal, serge, feather yarn, flannel and so on. And its price is "not surprisingly expensive" (Note: Historical Materials of Modern Foreign Trade in China, edited by Gao Yao, [Beijing] Zhonghua Book Company, 1962, p.106-1kloc-0/07). Many "farmers also compete for foreign cloth", and middle-class families even think that going out to spin is not a luxury. "Most young people are like frost" (Noe: Song Yanzhai: Records of the Sages in Puyin Township, quoted from Yan Changhong: History of Modern Social Customs in China, Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1992 edition, p. 82. )。 In addition, horse racing, rowing, tennis, football, western food, beer, western snacks, western drinks, amateur drama clubs, parks, indoor concerts, movies, electric lights, telephones, tap water, postal services, trams and other western lifestyles have all affected the changes in China people's consumption patterns and greatly changed the consumption structure and content of China people. In addition, taking Shanghai as an example, erotic consumption and amusement consumption have also become important contents in the consumption patterns of businessmen and the rich. Advantages and disadvantages of three kneels and nine knocks On the surface, three kneels and nine knocks represent a kind of respect for others. But in fact, it is a symbol of feudalism and a right.