Feng Te's three-dimensional theory holds that emotions are composed of three dimensions, namely, pleasure-unpleasantness; Excitement-calm; Nervous.-relax. Each specific emotion is distributed in different positions between the two poles of three-dimensional space. His point of view laid the foundation for the dimension theory of emotion. In 1950s, according to the study of facial expressions, Schloberg put forward that the dimension of emotion is pleasure-unpleasantness; Note that the levels of rejection and activation are three dimensions, and a three-dimensional pattern diagram is established. The long axis of the three-dimensional pattern diagram is the happiness dimension, the short axis is the attention dimension, and the axis perpendicular to the ellipse surface is the intensity dimension of the activation level. By integrating three different levels, various emotions can be obtained. In the late 1960s, placzek proposed that emotions have three dimensions: intensity, similarity and polarity, and used an inverted cone to illustrate the relationship among the three dimensions. At the top are the eight strongest basic emotions: sadness, fear, surprise, acceptance, ecstasy, anger, vigilance and hatred. Each category has some similar emotions, such as disgust, boredom, sadness and melancholy. Ezard, an American psychologist, put forward the four-dimensional theory of emotion. It is believed that emotions have four dimensions: pleasure, tension, excitement and certainty. Huang Xiting thinks that if we put aside the specific object of emotion, we can analyze it from four aspects: intensity, tension, * * degree and complexity. According to the speed, intensity and duration of emotions, emotions can be divided into emotions, * * and stress:
(1) mood. Emotion is a weak, diffuse and lasting emotion, that is, the usual emotion. Mental state is often caused by a specific and direct reason. The happiness or unhappiness it brings will last for a long time, and it will bring this emotion into work, study and life, affecting people's perception, thinking and memory. A happy mood makes people energetic, sensitive, positive and tolerant; Unpleasant mood makes people feel depressed, numb and suspicious in perception and thinking, and everything they see and hear is unsatisfactory.
(2) *** 。 * * * is a violent, quick and short-lived emotion, similar to the excitement in peacetime. * * * is an on-site attack caused by events or reasons, with intense emotional expression, but it doesn't last long and involves a wide range. * * * is a kind of catharsis of psychological energy, which is beneficial to the balance of physical and mental health for a long time, but excessive emotions will also make the imbalance at that time possible. Especially when * * * shows panic and rage but can't break out, the whole body is trembling, the hands and feet are cold, the urine is incontinent, and the whole body is paralyzed. You have to be sent to the hospital as soon as possible.
(3) pressure. Stress is a systemic non-specific adaptive response of the body under various internal and external environmental factors and social psychological factors, also known as stress response. These factors are called stressors. Stress is a high-speed, high-tension emotional state caused by unexpected urgency and danger. The most direct manifestation of stress is mental tension. Refers to all kinds of strong bad * * *, and the sum of their physiological and psychological reactions. Stress reaction refers to the sum of all non-specific physiological and psychological reactions that cause losses to biological systems. Stress or stress response refers to the nonspecific systemic response when the body is subjected to various strong factors (stressors).
Biological theory
Early theory
James Langer's Theory: American psychologist James and Danish physiologist Langer respectively put forward an emotional theory with the same content. They emphasize that emotion is the product of autonomic nervous activity. Later, people called it emotional periphery theory. That is to say, emotion * * * causes the physical reaction of the body, and the physical reaction further leads to emotional experience. James put forward that emotion is the perception of physical changes. In his view, it is the organism that precedes the physiological changes of emotions. So sadness is crying, and fear is trembling;
2. Briefly describe the cultivation methods of children's emotions.
(A) to create a good emotional environment, a good and harmonious environment is conducive to the formation of children's more stable emotions, and can bring the effect of "moistening things quietly" to education.
Creating a good emotional environment can start from two aspects: natural environment and social environment. 1, to create a comfortable and safe living environment, we must first create a comfortable and safe living environment.
Kindergartens should provide children with an environment with appropriate temperature and humidity, good lighting, sufficient activity space, no noise interference, full of green plants and beautiful pictures. Secondly, we should create classroom environment and toys according to children's age characteristics.
For example, small class classrooms should have doll houses and simple building areas; The classroom corner of middle and large classes is correspondingly more complicated, such as more creative performance areas and creative galleries. Finally, children can fully express their emotions in the role game designed by the teacher.
For example, when decorating the doll's home, the theme wall can be pasted with the child's family photo or the photo of his room, and the child's handmade works can be pasted. Creating this family-oriented living space will make children feel the family-like atmosphere and produce a sense of security, trust and pleasure.
2. Creating a harmonious social environment and meeting children's normal needs is the basis for keeping children in a good mood. In the family, we should consciously maintain a good emotional atmosphere, arrange an environment conducive to emotional relaxation, and avoid clutter and noise; Adults should respect and love each other, and family members should use polite language to avoid violent conflicts.
(2) Use the active and effective education method 1 to establish a reasonable work and rest schedule for children, and make a scientific and reasonable work and rest schedule for children. The content should be rich, and it is necessary to consider the alternation of static and dynamic, so as to form good work and rest rules and behavior habits. Be careful not to break the rules easily.
Behavioral habits can't be achieved overnight, so we should persevere and let children "have rules to follow and laws to follow" when interacting with others. When children develop good behavior habits, their emotions can develop relatively steadily.
2. Cultivate children's good sense of self-service. When children learn to do their own thing, learn to serve themselves. Only when children learn to care and love themselves can they learn to care and love others and understand what others have done for themselves.
Therefore, children should be allowed to participate in all relevant and capable labor activities and cultivate their good self-service ability, consciousness and sense of responsibility. 3, strengthen physical exercise Children's physical exercise not only helps children get rid of excess energy in the body, but more importantly, it stimulates children's extensive interests, thus cultivating their spirit of courage, strength and fear of hardship.
4. The clever use of game method is a leading activity for children, a favorite activity for children, and the best activity form to promote the development of children's emotional intelligence. Children play various roles in the game and experience the emotional state experienced by various roles; To form the quality of empathy, we must always think and look at problems from the perspective of others, understand their emotions and emotions, and gain various perceptual knowledge about emotions.
In addition, children's self-control ability is poor, their emotions are impulsive, and their emotions and emotions are often dominated by external situations. Therefore, children's emotions have the characteristics of variability. In the game, they willingly accept and abide by all kinds of game rules, accept the constraints of game rules, and unconsciously improve their emotional control ability.
Furthermore, children's emotions will be reasonably vented during the game. Games provide a safe way for children to vent their emotions, let them escape from the compulsion and bondage of real life, vent their dangerous impulses that are not accepted in real life, relieve their psychological tension and develop their own strength to cope with the real environment.
Therefore, when organizing children's games, teachers should provide rich game materials for children, inspire children's ideas, create all kinds of necessary conditions for games, including all kinds of game materials and venues, and have enough time. Children's games are inseparable from the correct guidance of teachers, but teachers can't do everything, let alone interrupt children's games at will.
In short, the initiative and creativity of children should be perfectly combined with the guiding role of teachers, and games should not be allowed to damage children's self-esteem and self-confidence, thus affecting the healthy development of children's emotional intelligence. 5. example method parents, teachers and children get along with each other day and night, which is the object of direct imitation by children. Under the long-term subtle influence of parents and teachers, children gradually form their own behavior habits, ideological morality and standards of right and wrong, and thus test and adjust their behavior.
Therefore, the teacher's words and deeds, gestures are examples and hints, and the child's moral character, personality, manners and habits will find clues in parents and teachers, and even extend or expand. Therefore, parents and teachers should be strict with themselves and set an example for their children from their own thoughts, words, styles and emotions.
3. How to cultivate children's good feelings Han Ying
First, infect children with positive and healthy emotions and emotions.
Children's emotions are easily excited, changeable, exposed and unstable. Their emotions are easily influenced by those around them, especially adults. Therefore, kindergarten teachers should use children's positive and healthy emotions and emotions to infect children and cultivate them to form good emotions. In this regard, I think we must start from the following three aspects:
1. Every day begins with greetings. That is, when teachers meet children every day, they should greet them early and warmly, so as to stimulate children's goodwill towards teachers and kindergartens and produce positive and happy emotions.
Soon after my children entered the small class, I tried to educate them to use polite language from many channels, and the effect was very good. They say hello not only to their teachers, good morning and goodbye, but also to teachers in other classes. However, due to the poor emotional stability of the child, after a period of time, the child's response to this problem gradually deteriorated. Some children are a mere formality about greetings, while others are even indifferent to teachers' greetings. In view of this situation, I will take the initiative to influence children and keep them happy all the time. Every day when I see children coming to the garden or entering the classroom, I am very happy and say hello to them seriously. They also rushed to say hello to me, and their expressions and emotions were always similar to those of the teachers. In this way, day after day, every day when children enter the garden, they can be in a happy environment and have a good mood.
2. Cultivate in caring and caressing. Teachers' care and love for each child is an important factor for children to have good emotions and feelings.
As we all know, if children's physiological needs are not met or their lives are not well taken care of, and they are uncomfortable, they will cause negative emotions; If the psychological needs are not met, such as feeling that the teacher doesn't love him, the child scolds him and someone steals his toys, it will also cause negative emotions. Therefore, teachers should always care for and care for every child and try to avoid children from having bad emotions. In daily life, we should always care about the children's cold and warm, keep abreast of their situation at home, and tell them when they are unhappy: "The teacher is your friend. If you have something to tell the teacher, the teacher will help you ...". When a child is attacked by a peer, he should be comforted in time. Those who beat the child should apologize to the person who was beaten and eliminate the bad mood of the child being bullied.
3. Infected in a subtle way. Practice has proved that teachers' good attitudes and feelings towards the people around them can exert a subtle influence on children.
If teachers greet their parents or other guests who come to visit and study in the park in a friendly way, they can arouse children's respect and love for teachers. Whenever a new teacher comes to the garden, I will introduce each new teacher to the children and ask them to say a few words to them. The children also introduce their names to the new teacher. After such friendly and polite communication, it is strange to say that children always remember each teacher's last name. This is because children remember the fastest when they are in high spirits and love their new teachers very much, which is also the best education for them.
Second, create a pleasant and friendly environment for children.
Emotion itself is situational, and the cultivation of children's emotions is dominated by external situations. Therefore, we should strive to create a soft and hard environment that can trigger children to have happy and friendly emotions, and cultivate children's positive and healthy emotions and emotions.
4. What are the characteristics of primary school children's emotional and emotional development?
How can the growth of emotions and emotions be described as development? If children's shoes know that you are studying their homework, do you want to double it? Hehe, when the classroom becomes a playground. I know you're talking about my nerves and nonsense, right? Ok, get down to business and read it carefully. Oh, I dare not say the answer directly. It's hard to describe. The words are very long, and typos are inevitable, so I'll just have a look.
About primary school students, they all refer to the first to sixth grades of "nine-year compulsory education". Children of this age are all stupid. This idea is generally only available to teachers who have collapsed. I think the idea of children's shoes for primary school students is incredible.
Will people who see this at this time ask why?
Because of their psychological world outlook, they just want to get money. They just want to catch loach with their eldest brother and fold paper planes with Timi Zhuo. No, what's so terrible about it? It was a small idea in the seventies and eighties, and I didn't even dare to have a small mood of skipping classes. Most of my feelings stay in the sentence of signing up a first-grade mother. (For example, my mother said that day: Don't bully girls' shoes. Me: Hmm. As a result, my ears are still ringing: listen to mom and don't let her get hurt. Until today, I haven't bullied a girl for more than twenty years. I was a single aristocrat that year, and this year I became single dog)
I was defeated by young people in Bi Er, wasn't I? That's Bi Er's Teenager. Now all the handsome boys in grade three are ready to break up with me. My uncles and aunts' homework is all kinds of 500-word and 600-word compositions. They put a zero reward directly on Baidu, and asked questions heartily. The words written by Xie were omitted by the little gods. Mobile phone loves crazy six, banana seven, hammer eight ... ! Students ... ",
The emotional area expert asked by Baidu is estimated to have been played with thousands of words by the various loves of the little lovelorn sister paper. The questioner is refreshed, and the answer is more difficult than the child can't see NA, so there is no responsibility.
The most detailed and falling answer is that children's shoes are no longer children's shoes, but Adis and friction skateboards! Their feelings are not developing, but difficult to develop. The teacher must have forgotten to educate children's shoes about their feelings. No wonder there is always a question in the fourth grade, "The fifth boyfriend, they don't love me, and then asking questions is not asking questions, but talking is not unsightly."
At that time, young people of our age were playing video games and making piles of wood. That year, a children's shoe gave a piece of dry wood to honor the teacher every week. The teacher was busy correcting homework and didn't have time to go up the mountain to cut wood. Just like your question, alas, I can't analyze it anymore, and I will be excited.
5. On the ternary theory of intelligence. 2. Discuss the differences and connections between emotions and emotions.
Robert Jeffrey Sternberg, a psychologist at Yale University in the United States, put forward the triple theory of intelligence, namely, the sub-theory of intelligence components, the sub-theory of intelligence situation and the sub-theory of intelligence experience. The sub-theory of intelligent component includes three components: meta-component, operation component and knowledge acquisition component; Sub-component of intellectual situation: In daily life, intelligence is manifested as the ability to adapt to the environment, shape the environment and choose the environment purposefully. Analysis of intellectual experience: including: first, the ability to deal with new environment and new tasks; Second, the automation of information processing.
The difference between emotion and emotion
First, emotions appear earlier and are mostly related to people's physiological needs; Emotions appear later, mostly related to people's social needs. Secondly, emotions are situational and temporary; Emotion is deep and stable. Emotion is often caused by things around us, and it often changes with the change of occasions, people and things. Finally, emotional impulse has obvious external manifestations; Emotions are more subtle.
Second, the relationship between emotion and emotion
Emotion and emotion are not the same, but they are inseparable. Generally speaking, emotions are formed on the basis of many emotional experiences and expressed through emotions; Conversely, the expression and change of emotions are restricted by the formed emotions.
6. Illustrate the application of emotion in teaching with examples.
A teacher just broke up with his girlfriend of four years. Today is the first class after breaking up with his classmates. With the sound of "Ding", he walked into the classroom with heavy steps. After teachers and students exchanged pleasantries, he shouted angrily at the sullen female monitor, "Yu Lina, who let you sit in a position with Qian Xiaotao without authorization? You boys and girls are not allowed to sit together in the future, otherwise you will be punished according to puppy love! " The students are puzzled. What happened to the teacher today? Apparently, he arranged for boys and girls to sit in a row. At that time, he went over and said,' Boys and girls can better supervise each other and learn from each other by sitting in one position. Because boys prefer science and girls prefer liberal arts. I hope everyone will learn from each other and help each other in the future!' After a class, the students were frightened and the teacher didn't talk about the key content!
Students were afraid to ask him questions a few days before the exam. Later, his class was pulled from the first place in the whole grade to the sixth place. The content of the exam is the most basic knowledge points in the text and some extracurricular extensions. As a teacher, he brought the pain of lovelorn love to work, which led to students not learning what they should learn in class. That is a kind of dereliction of duty, which makes students feel afraid of difficulties, leading to great psychological pressure on students and fear of being punished by teachers! Depressed teaching courses not only make students feel uneasy, but also make students' teaching level decline.
When the headmaster talked to him and encouraged him not to affect his work attitude because of private affairs, the teacher was obviously excited and asked the headmaster, "If your wife who is in love with you eloped with someone else, are you still in the mood for work?" Would you? Would you? "The headmaster is a little angry, thinking, how can this person be so unreasonable, because a little thing is so exciting, how can students be managed by such people? How can such an extreme person continue to be employed? After the headmaster figured this out, he said to him, "Mr. Hu, the school can give you a month off." You can use this month to find a job that belongs to you, and then come to the school to settle your salary one month later! "
The headmaster didn't say that he would continue teaching after he calmed down, obviously because the emotional leader was disappointed in him. It's a pity to lose your hard-won teacher job because of your own emotions! Because my bad mood has brought a shadow to the student's heart, it is only possible to dissipate when he leaves!
Therefore, as a qualified teacher, we should not only keep a good mood to teach students, but also render this good mood to other teachers, and most importantly, to students! I remember my head teacher was like this. Every day in class, we are all laughing, and the students are very comfortable. Learning is natural!
I don't know if what you want deviates from the theme you need, but my personal understanding is different!
I hope it helps you!
7. How to implement emotional education in primary and secondary schools?
How to carry out emotional education and quality education in teaching practice to improve students' comprehensive ability in an all-round way. However, for today's students, they all have psychological characteristics such as changeable emotions, fragile emotions and strong self-esteem. Therefore, in the actual education and teaching, attaching importance to emotional education plays a very important role in developing their intellectual factors, driving their enthusiasm for learning and achieving the expected educational and teaching results.
Then, how to carry out emotional education for students in education and teaching practice? First, get to know and be familiar with students. As teachers, we must understand the moral, intellectual, physical, artistic and other aspects of each student in the class, such as their advantages and disadvantages, what they like and dislike, what are their personality characteristics, and what are the external reasons for forming their personality, so as to build a spiritual bridge between teachers and students, establish a close relationship between teachers and students, and highlight the pertinence and effectiveness of emotional education.
Knowing and being familiar with students is the basis of implementing emotional education. Second, understand and respect students.
Years of teaching practice have proved that students should never be judged by their temporary performance or the level of a teaching quality test. We should not indulge gifted students, ignore students with learning difficulties and adopt a discriminatory attitude towards them. Instead, we should understand students with a comprehensive, developing and divided vision and give different teachers' love to different students.
Teachers' love is teachers' understanding and respect for students, and it is a noble sentiment condensed from teachers' sense of reason, beauty and morality. Teacher's love is not only a positive emotion, but also the strength and means of education and teaching, and it is also the common demand and desire of students.
Teachers who use fierce language, or teachers with expectant eyes and knowing smiles, will create a relaxed and active atmosphere. They will use tolerant, understanding and guiding language to promote students' introspection and build self-confidence, thus creating a sense of * * * among students. This is an emotional experience between teachers and students, which will enhance students' confidence in overcoming difficulties. If, in Chinese teaching, the teacher lets the students practice after finishing a key point, but the students still fail to make many efforts, and the teacher is indifferent or impatient to reprimand, the students' emotional temperature will drop to freezing point, and the courage and confidence to overcome difficulties will be exhausted, then how can the teaching effect be discussed?
Understanding and respecting students is the key to implementing emotional education. Third, care and help students.
Students' family factors, social environment, disputes between classmates and other contradictions all affect and restrict students' enthusiasm for learning. Therefore, as a teacher, we should not only preach, teach and dispel doubts, but also carefully observe and understand students' mentality at all times, worry about students, think about students' thoughts and solve their ideological worries.
Only in this way can we achieve the goal of emotional integration between teachers and students. Caring for and helping students can be divided into * * *, mood, enthusiasm and so on. Enthusiasm is a relatively strong and stable deep and lasting emotional state, in which people can be promoted to study hard and fight for it.
Therefore, teachers who play a leading role in students must understand the reasons for students' enthusiasm and grasp them carefully. We know that.
Students' love for the knowledge and skills they have learned depends on their understanding and mastery of these knowledge and skills. At the same time, students cultivate various social emotions in the process of Chinese teaching.
In school, the relationship between teachers and students has a great influence on the healthy development of students' social emotions. When students are cared for and helped by teachers, they will get a good emotional experience, learn to correctly handle all kinds of emotions in life, and gradually know how to treat others with noble moral feelings.
Caring for and helping students is an important part of implementing emotional education. Fourth, infect students with exquisite teaching art.
An excellent educator's love for students is not only reflected in his understanding, respect, care and help to students in his study and life, but more importantly, his profound knowledge and exquisite teaching art, so as to fully mobilize students' interest and pursuit of knowledge, make students achieve something, gain their heartfelt admiration and respect, and make me change from learning to improving teaching level. In Chinese teaching, teachers should flexibly determine and use emotional factors according to the specific time, environment, conditions and students' characteristics, so as to achieve the expected goal.
The more students understand the profound truth, the deeper their feelings will be. It is an effective way to cultivate and stimulate students' emotions to let students know relevant knowledge and truth.
However, when reasoning, teachers should use vivid examples, use peaceful language and a harmonious environment to induce, that is, strengthen emotional communication with students in teaching practice, gradually get familiar with students, trust students, care about students, be persuasive, let students consciously know the sincerity of teachers, let students like your subject, and naturally produce the effect of "loving their teachers and believing in their ways", thus achieving the purpose of improving education and teaching. Therefore, in Chinese teaching, reason should be combined with reason.
Teachers should strive to create opportunities and encourage students to participate in activities and discovery. For example, in the teaching of Ximen Bao, first, let students ask questions after reading the text for the first time, exchange reports in groups, and cooperate in groups for the first time.
After the group discussion, put forward the same difficult questions as the group; Then report to each group in the class and communicate with each group to dispel doubts; Finally, the remaining problem is the difficulty in teaching, that is, how to understand that Ximen Bao not only punished the cremation leaders and witches, but also got rid of superstition, so as to achieve the purpose of educating the people. In view of the difficulty of the text, the group conducted a second cooperative study. Around this problem, the group members inspire each other and solve the teaching difficulties of this course.
Through two group discussions, the students carry out activities purposefully. In this way, relying on activities to stimulate students to participate in deeper activities will receive good teaching results.
Use a variety of intuitive teaching methods to reproduce the scene in order to mobilize students' emotions. For example, in the rich Xisha Islands class, I drew some beautiful Xisha landscape paintings and recorded them for reading.
Let the students watch the scenery of Xisha and listen to music recitation. Under the joint action of sound, music and pictures, students seem to be there and love their motherland.