1, psychoanalysis school-representative: Freud
Psychoanalysis school is gradually formed by Freud's summary of human morbid psychology in his lifelong psychiatric practice and years of accumulation. It mainly focuses on psychoanalysis and treatment, and thus puts forward a new and unique explanation of human psychology and personality. Emphasize the influence of people's childhood experiences on people.
2, behaviorism-representative figures: Watson, Skinner
Watson believes that human behavior is acquired, and the environment determines a person's behavior pattern. Normal behavior and pathological behavior are obtained through learning, and can also be changed, increased or eliminated through learning.
Skinner believes that psychology is concerned with observable explicit behavior, not the internal mechanism of behavior.
3. Representative figures of humanism: Maslow and Rogers.
Maslow's self-realization theory: Maslow believes that the psychological driving force of human behavior is not sexual instinct, but human needs. He divided it into two categories and seven levels, like a pyramid. From bottom to top are physiological needs (breathing, water, food, sleep, physiological balance), safety needs (personal safety, health protection, job security, family security), belonging and love needs (divided into friendship and love), respect needs (self-esteem, self-confidence, achievement, respect for others and being respected by others), and cognitive needs (perception, understanding and learning, curiosity, right
Maslow believes that aesthetic needs are similar to instinct, and they are fully expressed in self-actualizers. ), self-realization needs (morality, creativity, consciousness, problem-solving ability, fairness, ability to accept reality). Before meeting higher-level needs, people must at least partially meet lower-level needs.
4. Cognitive Psychology-The representative figures are Nesser and Piaget. Their main theory is information processing theory, so it is also called information processing psychology. Cognitive psychology regards people's psychological activities as an information processing system, which analyzes, stores, transforms and utilizes the information collected by the senses. These activities are called information processing. Generalized cognitive psychology also includes piagetian school. Piagetian school advocated that psychology should study children's cognitive activities and pay attention to exploring the essence, structure and function of wisdom.
In addition, from a professional point of view, there are general psychology, educational psychology, physiological psychology, social psychology, abnormal psychology, developmental psychology, etc., and then there are some finer classifications.
General psychology is a discipline that studies the general laws of psychological process and personality psychological characteristics of normal adults, and it is the most basic and important basic research of psychology.
General psychology studies the most general theories and laws of the occurrence and development of psychological process and the formation of individual psychological characteristics, and establishes the most general methodological principles and specific methods of psychological research.
Educational psychology is to study various psychological phenomena involved in the process of education and reveal the relationship between education and psychological development.
Physiological psychology is a discipline that studies the physiological basis and mechanism of psychology from the aspects of human physiology and neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neurobiochemistry, and is an important part of the basic research of psychology.
Social psychology is a discipline that studies the development and laws of individual psychology, motivation and interpersonal relationships under specific social and group conditions.
Abnormal psychology is a discipline that studies human psychological and behavioral abnormalities, including cognitive activities, emotional activities, motivation and will behavior activities, intelligence and personality characteristics.
Developmental psychology is a discipline that studies the law of individual psychological development. Developmental psychology is an important part of the theoretical system of psychology, and it is also the theoretical basis for cultivating developing people.
In short, with the development of psychology, there may be more and more schools of psychology or fields. However, no matter what school, the ultimate goal is to study and change people's psychology and promote the higher development of human civilization.
Uncle Zuo, the psychology teacher, is happy to answer your questions.
I am a worker engaged in psychology and mental health services, and do mental health education and consultation for college students. To your question, "What are the branches of psychology?" I answer this question from the following aspects.
First of all, first of all, we need to find out what psychology is for. In order to understand its branches.
Psychology is a science that studies the occurrence, development and activities of psychological phenomena, that is, psychology is a discipline that studies psychological processes and behaviors.
Psychology is a subject with a wide range of contents, including memory, stress, psychotherapy, love, persuasion, hypnosis, perception, death, obedience, creativity, learning, personality, aging, intelligence, sexual behavior, emotion and happiness.
Since the birth of 1879 scientific psychology, psychologists have divided psychology into theoretical psychology and applied psychology. Theoretical psychology focuses on the establishment of psychological theoretical system and the discussion of basic laws; Applied psychology applies psychological theory to social practice activities, serving to improve people's quality of life, work efficiency and happiness. At the same time, according to the personal ambition of psychologists, psychology has two development directions: one is to study psychology researchers and engage in psychological theory research; First, psychology has become a profession. Some psychologists use psychological knowledge to solve problems in mental health, education, business, sports, law and medical care.
Second, according to the different research fields and applications, psychology has the following branches.
First, basic psychology, also known as general psychology, mainly studies the basic laws and characteristics of normal people's psychological activities and explores the most basic laws of psychological activities.
The second is developmental psychology, which studies the whole process of human growth and development from birth to death, and the laws and characteristics of each development stage.
The third is learning psychology, which mainly explores how people become like this and studies the learning process and reasons of people and animals.
The fifth is cognitive psychology, which mainly studies sensory perception, cognitive process, and the influence of cognition on behavior and emotion.
Sixth, social psychology. Psychologists are also interested in people's social behavior. They mainly study people's attitude, persuasion, conformity, impression, friendship and so on.
The seventh is evolutionary psychology, which studies how various psychological functions of human beings have evolved and the influence of these psychological functions on human behavior.
In fact, there are many branches of psychology, including cultural psychology, gender psychology, physiological psychology, comparative psychology, animal psychology, medical psychology, abnormal psychology, clinical psychology, consulting psychology, educational psychology, measurement psychology, management psychology, engineering psychology, environmental psychology (China ancient Feng Shui), sports psychology, judicial psychology, criminal psychology, and aerospace. They are either the expansion of theoretical psychology or the extension of applied psychology, but they all serve the needs of social and economic activities and people's lives.
I hope my answer can help you.
Thanks again for the invitation!
I am the psychological diary of tomato.
Psychology is a young science with a long history. Because, as early as in ancient Greece, psychology has sprouted, but psychology has been established as an independent science for more than 100 years. Due to the complexity of psychological phenomenon itself, various schools of psychology have appeared in the more than 100 years since independence.
0 1. Constructivism
Scientific psychology was founded at the end of19th century, and 1879 was the year when modern psychology was founded. The founder of psychology is German philosopher and physiologist Feng Te (1823 ~ 1920). As the founder of independent scientific psychology, he established the first school of modern psychology-constructivism, starting with 1920.
Constructivism holds that human psychological consciousness phenomenon is a "psychological complex" composed of simple "psychological elements", and it is devoted to studying the "structure" of psychological consciousness phenomenon; Analyze the "elements" of psychological consciousness and imagine the combination of psychological elements. Therefore, this school is also called "element psychology".
The main representatives of this school are Feng Te and his student Tieqinna (1867 ~ 1927). The main viewpoints of Feng Te and his psychological system: (1) Psychology is a science that studies direct experience; (2) Element analysis and creative synthesis; (3) Experimental introspection. On the one hand, Tieqinna inherited Feng Te's psychological system, on the other hand, it also revised and developed Feng Te's psychological system to some extent. Feng Te believes that introspection can only be used to study simple psychological processes, while Tiechener uses introspection to study advanced psychological processes such as thinking and imagination. Feng Te decomposed the psychological elements into pure feelings and simple emotions, while Tiechener decomposed the conscious experience into three elements: feelings, images and emotions. Feeling is the basic element of perception; Image is the element of concept; Emotion is the element of emotion. In a word, Tiechener analyzes the psychological process as feeling, image and emotion, and thinks that feeling and image have four attributes, namely naturalness, intensity, continuity and clarity. Emotion has the first three attributes and lacks clarity. Elements are mixed in time and space, forming psychological processes such as perception, concept, feeling and emotion.
behaviourism
The second school of modern psychology is behaviorism. Behaviorism appeared in the United States, and natural science developed rapidly in the early 20th century. Some young psychologists are dissatisfied with the Feng Te School. They think that psychology can't study consciousness, and psychology is in the same position as other natural sciences. They should study the tangible things, that is, behavior, just like other natural sciences.
Behaviorism holds that people's psychological consciousness and activities are unpredictable and inaccessible, and psychology should study people's behavior. Behavior is a combination of body responses of organisms to environmental changes, which is nothing more than muscle contraction and gland secretion. Psychological research on behavior is to find out the relationship between stimulus and response, so as to infer response from stimulus and stimulus from response, so as to predict and control human behavior.
The main representatives of this school are Watson (1878 ~ 1958) and skinner (1904 ~). Watson's main points: (1) mechanical materialism determinism; (2) It is considered that psychology is a natural science and a department that studies human activities and behaviors. It requires psychology to give up all relations with consciousness and puts forward two requirements: first, the difference between psychology and other natural sciences is only a division of labor; Second, we must give up those concepts in psychology that cannot be explained in scientific terms, such as consciousness, mental state, psychology, will, image and so on; (3) We strongly demand that the objective method of behaviorism be used to oppose and replace the method of introspection, and think that there are four kinds of objective methods: one is natural observation without instruments and the other is experimental observation with instruments; Second, the oral report method; Third, the conditioned reflex method; Fourth, test methods. Skinner belongs to the new school of behavioral psychology. He only studied observable behavior and tried to establish a functional relationship between stimulus and response. He believes that the event between stimulus and reaction is not an objective thing and should be ruled out. Skinner believes that the problem of consciousness can be explained without giving up the behaviorist position.
functionalism
Functionalism is a school opposite to Constructivism, which is closely connected with pragmatism philosophy, and came into being in the United States at the end of 19.
Functionalists believe that consciousness is a tool for the body to adapt to the environment and achieve the purpose of survival; The task of psychology is to describe and explain the adaptive function of consciousness. It holds that the state of consciousness is a continuous whole, which is called "the stream of thought, the stream of consciousness or the stream of subjective life"; The psychological activities of human beings and animals are the function of "instinctive" impulses.
The main representatives of this school are James (1842 ~ 19 10), Dewey (1859 ~ 1952) and Angel (1869 ~/kloc-). James's main point: He thinks that the object of psychological research is consciousness, psychology is the description and explanation of the state of consciousness, and consciousness is a continuous state, a stream of thought, consciousness and subjective life. He opposes the practice of decomposing consciousness into basic elements, believing that it is easy to destroy the whole psychology. James's views on consciousness are as follows: (1) Every consciousness is a part of personal consciousness; (2) Consciousness is constantly changing; (3) Everyone's consciousness can feel continuity, and everyone's state of consciousness is a part of the stream of consciousness; (4) the selectivity of consciousness. Angel's main point: He thinks that psychological methods include introspection (subjective observation) and objective observation, especially introspection, which is regarded as the basic method of psychology. Actively advocate that the research field of psychology should include all psychological processes, their physiological basis and external behaviors, and attach importance to the applied research of psychology, such as educational psychology, industrial psychology and medical psychology.
04. Gestalt theory
Gestalt is a German school that appeared in the early 20th century and opposed Feng Te's structuralism. Born in 19 12, "Gestalt" is a transliteration of German "Gestalt", which means "form" and "shape". In psychology, this word is used to mean any separated whole. Gestalt has also been translated into Gestalt Psychology.
Gestalt believes that people's psychological consciousness activity is a transcendental gestalt, that is, "a complete course with internal laws", which exists before people's experience and is the premise of people's experience. The external things and movements that people perceive are gestalt. The intelligent behavior of human and animals is a sudden appearance of a new gestalt, called "epiphany".
The main representatives of this school are Vitmo (1880 ~ 1934), Kohler (1887 ~ 1967) and Kaufka (1886 ~194). Wetmore's main point: experimental study on visual perception of motion phenomena. He believes that the movement phenomenon is a gestalt, in which the whole is not equal to the sum of its parts, and the nature of the whole does not exist in its parts, but in the whole. Kaufka's main point is that the task of psychology is to study the causal relationship between behavior and psychophysical field. The so-called psychophysical field contains the polarity of self and environment, and each part of this polarity has its own structure. He divided the environment into geographical environment, that is, the external actual environment; The environment of behavior is also the environment in one's mind. Behavior comes from the environment of behavior.
05. Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis, also known as Freudianism, came into being at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, and was founded by Austrian psychiatrist Freud. In the field of psychology, this theory refers to psychoanalysis and unconscious psychology system, also known as psychiatry and advanced psychology. Divided into classical and neo-Freudianism.
What is psychoanalysis? According to Freud himself, psychoanalysis is his method of "studying and treating" hysteria (neurosis). Freudian psychology contains two inseparable contents: the first part is the treatment method and theory of mental illness; The second part is about the understanding of people's psychological process. Freud believes that the psychological field of human beings is an unfathomable and huge world, and its deepest layer contains magical things that people can't understand, which is a fascinating field.
The main representatives of this school are Freud (1856 ~ 1939), Adler (1870 ~ 1937) and jung (1875 ~19/kloc). Freud's main points: (1) According to the theory of unconsciousness, Freud called his own psychology deep psychology, and the psychological process he constructed consisted of three parts: the first level is the subconscious system, which is the root of all conflicts such as people's power impulse and instinct, and the repository of people's biological instinct and desire, which is not regulated by objective reality and constitutes the deep foundation of people's psychology; The second level is the pre-conscious system (subconscious), which is the marginal part between the conscious system and the subconscious system. It plays the role of "inspector" in people's psychological activities, and its purpose is to ensure the principle of adapting to instinct and obeying reality. The third level is the consciousness system, which is the outermost part of human psychology and the "parents" in the "family" composed of human psychological factors. It rules the whole spiritual family and makes it coordinated. (2) According to the theory of dream interpretation and psychoanalysis, Freud divided the meaning expressed by the content of dreams into two levels: one is the superficial meaning, that is, the "obvious meaning" of dreams, which refers to the dream situation and its significance that the dreamer can recall; One is the deep meaning, which is the "hidden meaning" of dreams. It means that the dreamer can know the hidden meaning behind the obvious meaning through association.
06. Geneva School
The psychology of Geneva School is closely related to the name of jean piaget (1896 ~ 198 1), a Swiss psychologist, professor of psychology at Geneva University and president of Rousseau College. The psychological research of Geneva School focuses on the cognitive activities of children's intellectual development. Piaget influenced the contemporary psychological circle with his creative research. Starting from children's psychological development, he further studied the occurrence and change of human cognition and founded genetic epistemology.
Geneva School believes that psychological research can not be separated from biology and logic. Piaget used symbolic logic to study the development of children's intelligence, introduced the concept of mathematical logic into his cognitive psychology, and used symbolic logic from Boolean algebra as a tool.
Piaget is the main representative of this school. His main points are: (1) cognitive structure and its dynamic process, Piaget's basic concepts: schema (referring to a psychological functional structure of human beings), assimilation (referring to a process of biological adaptation to the environment, which mainly shows that the development of human intelligence is also adaptation to biological beings), adaptation (when the original schema can not adapt to the object, a new schema can be established by adjusting the original schema, thus generating cognitive schema. (2) Based on the research of children's psychological development, four elements of psychological development are put forward: a, maturity of organisms; B, the role of practice and experience when individuals act on objects; C. social environment; D, the balance process that plays a decisive role in psychology (the balance process refers to the process in which mature internal organizations constantly adjust their cognitive results in the interaction with the external physical and social environment, that is, the process of psychological development). Piaget divides the development of children's cognition into four stages: the first stage is the stage of perceptual movement (0 ~ 2 years old); The second stage is preoperative stage (2 ~ 7 years old); The third stage is the specific operation stage (7 ~ 1 1, 12 years old); The fourth stage is the formal operation stage (1 1, 12 ~ 15, 16 years old).
07. Humanitarian
Humanism rose in the United States in 1950s and 1960s, and developed rapidly in 1970s and 1980s. We not only oppose behaviorism to equate people with animals, but also study people's behavior and don't understand the inner nature of people. He also criticized Freud for only studying neurosis and mental patients, but not the psychology of normal people, so he was called the third movement of psychology.
Humanism emphasizes human dignity, value, creativity and self-realization, and it is an instinctive nature to attribute the self-realization of human nature to the exertion of potential. The greatest contribution of humanism is to see the consistency between human psychology and human nature, and advocates that psychology must study human psychology from human nature.
The main representatives of this school are Maslow (1908 ~ 1970) and Rogers (1902 ~). Maslow's main points are: to study and classify people's basic needs, which is different from animal instinct and puts forward that people's needs are developed at different levels; He arranged people's needs from low to high into a hierarchical sequence system according to the pursuit of goals and the satisfaction of different objects. The lowest demand is physiological demand, which people think should be given priority. Rogers' main point: He developed the "self-theory" of personality in the practice of psychotherapy and the research of psychological theory, and advocated the "patient-centered treatment" psychotherapy method. Human beings have a natural motivation of "self-realization", that is, a person's tendency to develop, expand and mature, which is a person's tendency to maximize his potential.
The discipline system of psychology includes theoretical psychology and applied psychology.
1. Theoretical Psychology studies psychological theories, such as general psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, biological psychology, measurement psychology, social psychology, abnormal psychology, etc.
We know that there are many schools of psychology, such as Gestalt School, psychoanalysis, behavioral psychology, humanistic psychology, etc. These are just the development branches of theoretical psychology.
Second, applied psychology is a discipline that studies psychological practice and operation, such as educational psychology, clinical psychology, criminal psychology, business psychology, sports psychology, management psychology, engineering psychology, marketing psychology, etc. , covering almost all human social activities. It should be said that applied psychology is everywhere and runs through every corner of life.
According to the two development directions, it can also be understood that theoretical psychology belongs to the category of science, applied psychology belongs to the category of engineering, and theoretical psychology is mainly academic, undergraduate, master and doctor. And applied psychology is the qualification certificate of psychological counselors and psychologists.
Among them, the most fundamental subject foundation of all psychology is general psychology, also known as basic psychology, which must be studied by both science and engineering systems.
Different classification methods will have different results.
According to whether it is normal or not, it can be divided into normal psychology and abnormal psychology;
It can be divided into general psychology and applied psychology according to the foundation.
It can also be divided into schools, such as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, gestalt psychology, constructivism, cognitive psychology and so on.
Anyway, it's complicated. Such as social psychology, experimental psychology, psychological counseling, group psychological counseling, psychological stress and coping, behavior, advertising psychology, personality psychology, health psychology, tourism psychology, consumer psychology and so on.
Where people live, there is psychology.
There are too many schools, the mainstream: psychoanalysis, humanism, behavioral cognition, image psychology (unique to China), and many others, such as structuralism, functionalism, gestalt and neuropsychology? There are many classifications, such as children's psychology, abnormal psychology, criminal psychology, painting psychology, etc ... There are so many, there is no fixed method, and what is effective is good psychology.
How many stars are there in the sky?
There are as many branches of psychology as there are stars.
Every time we find a star, we will find another branch of psychology.
With the deepening of our exploration of the universe, psychology has also moved towards the universe.
(1) general psychology: in psychology, it is in the position of a basic discipline. General psychology studies the most general laws of the emergence and development of psychological phenomena and the most general theories of psychology. The content of general psychology is to summarize the research results of each branch and provide theoretical basis for each branch. Within the scope of general psychology, it also includes sensory psychology, memory psychology, thinking psychology, speech psychology, motivation psychology, psychology of emotion, will psychology, personality psychology and so on. General psychology provides a theoretical basis for all branches of psychology. Therefore, general psychology is an introductory subject of learning psychology.
(2) Physiological psychology: the science of studying the physiological mechanism of psychology. This paper mainly studies the mechanism of various sensory systems, the neural mechanism of various psychological phenomena such as learning and memory, motivation and emotion, and the regulation mechanism of endocrine glands on behavior. These studies are of great significance for revealing the relationship between psychological phenomena and their substance-nerve processes, scientifically explaining various psychological phenomena, and then guiding clinical practice.
(3) Developmental Psychology: Studying the development history of psychology and the individual development of human psychology. Psychology that studies the history of psychology is called comparative psychology. It compares animal psychology with human psychology, and determines the differences between them from the comparison. Comparative psychology also studies various concrete forms of animal psychology and behavior.
(4) Educational Psychology: Studying various psychological problems in the process of education and teaching, revealing the relationship between education and psychological development, and serving the education and training of students. Educational psychology includes moral psychology, teaching psychology, subject psychology and teacher psychology.
(5) Medical Psychology: To study the psychological problems in the diagnosis, treatment, nursing and prevention of diseases, so as to serve people's health care. Including pathological psychology, clinical psychology, pharmacological psychology, nursing psychology, mental health consultation, psychotherapy and other sub-disciplines.
(6) Engineering psychology: study the configuration and functional coordination between human and machine, realize the best matching of human, machine and environment system, and make people work under safe and effective conditions. This kind of research is conducive to improving workers' working conditions, ensuring safe production, giving full play to people's positive role in the production process and improving the quantity and quality of products. The combination of engineering psychology and management psychology is collectively called industrial psychology.
(7) Social Psychology: A science that studies the basic process of social psychology and the conditions and laws of its change and development. Specifically, it is to study the characteristics of social psychological phenomena such as social cognition, social motivation, social attitude, social feelings and group psychology (such as national psychology, class psychology, interpersonal psychology of small groups, etc.). ) and the conditions and laws of its change and development.
After checking the information, there are the following disciplines;
Criminal psychology, educational psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, decision psychology, social psychology, experimental psychology, personality psychology, counseling and therapy, love psychology, human resource management psychology, gender psychology, management psychology, military psychology, behavioral psychology, abnormal psychology, medical psychology, business psychology, system psychology and positive color psychology. Psychology Interpersonal Psychology Tourism Psychology Statistical Psychology General Psychology Clinical Psychology Applied Psychology sales psychology Humanistic Psychology Legal Psychology.
For your reference.