(2) Reason: After the industrial revolution, it is urgent to open the China market. Economically: China is a natural economy with a closed nature; Politically: big country psychology, beware of external interference.
(3) Politically, autocratic monarchy was strengthened and feudal rule was decadent; Economically, the natural economy is dominant, and the embryonic development of capitalism is slow; Culturally, cultural autocratic policies and Confucianism dominate; Diplomatic closed-door policy.