[Diagnosis]: Slow movement, loss of appetite and slow response. Erythema appeared on the abdominal nail, gradually eroded, the mouth, nose and tongue were red, and the neck was congested. There was severe bleeding in his mouth and nose, and he died immediately.
[Treatment]: Injection of kanamycin or gentamicin or streptomycin. Clean the pool, change the water and eliminate it with quicklime.
Turtle pseudomonas disease
[Diagnosis]: Inactivity, prone to crouching on the shore, eating less or even abandoning food, vomiting, diarrhea, and discharging yellow-brown pus-like feces. Hemorrhagic hematemesis occurred in some cases and most of them died.
[Treatment]: Isolation, treatment with antibiotics and sulfanilamide, injection of polymyxin B (or E) and neomycin, and administration of polymyxin and sulfathiazole.
Edwardsiella tortillas
[Diagnosis]: At the early stage of the disease, only mental depression was seen, and a large amount of white transparent liquid flowed out from the nose and mouth, which led to loss of appetite. At the late stage of the disease, yellow viscous liquid flowed out of the nose and mouth, loss of appetite, head and limbs stretched out, and the skin of the anus of the head and limbs was red with congestion and bleeding spots.
[Treatment]: Injection of kanamycin and taking sulfonamides. Take a bath with potassium permanganate solution and salt water.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia
【 Etiology 】 Pseudomonas aeruginosa widely exists in soil and sewage. Mainly digestive tract and traumatic infection. Bacteria are also found in bait and water.
[Diagnosis]: Loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, brown or yellow purulent stool. Anatomy shows hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, needle-like bleeding spots on the surface, high edema and hypertrophy of the stomach wall, suppuration of gastric mucosa ulcer, suppuration of intestinal mucosa ulcer and extensive bleeding of intestinal mucosa. The gastrointestinal tract is full of brown purulent viscous contents of mixed blood.
[Treatment]: Send a doctor immediately, and carefully keep stool samples for detailed examination. Try to keep the cylinder clean on weekdays to avoid getting sick.
Proteus disease of turtle
【 Etiology 】: Tortoise became ill after being infected with Proteus Morgan; Proteus mollis is a saprophytic parasite, which widely exists in soil, water, sewers, sewage and various decaying substances, and is infected through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, trauma and cloaca of turtles.
[Diagnosis]: In the early stage of turtle disease, there was a large amount of white transparent foam mucus in the nostrils and mouth, and yellow viscous liquid flowed out in the later stage. The tortoise's head often sticks out of its body, and it doesn't eat or drink. The tortoise keeps crawling and acting very uneasy.
[Treatment]: Ill turtles should be kept in isolation immediately after being found and sent to the hospital as soon as possible.
Hemorrhagic septicemia
【 Etiology 】: It is caused by Aeromonas hydrophila.
[Diagnosis]: The disease is contagious. Turtle skin has bleeding spots, and in severe cases, the skin is festering and suppurating.
[Treatment]: Send to the veterinarian immediately.
Penile prolapse
【 Etiology 】: Testosterone in soft-shelled turtle is too high.
[Diagnosis]: Normal turtle, sexually mature male penis, when mating in the breeding season, the penis is exposed to mate with the female, and after mating, the penis shrinks into the cloaca. The penis of some male turtles is occasionally exposed and can be retracted immediately. Abnormal male turtles can't retract their penis in time after exposure, and the exposure time is long, and they are bitten by other turtles or bruised by foreign bodies, or the exposure time is too long, which leads to tissue necrosis, infection and other diseases leading to death.
[Treatment]: Regular inspection tour. Deal with sick turtles in time when they are found. Sterilize the exposed penis with iodine and put it back in the cloaca. Serious turtles should be sent to a veterinarian for treatment.
Turtle vitamin a deficiency
[Diagnosis]: Soft shell disease occurs, some of which are dry eye, corneal hypertrophy, dry skin and mucosal degeneration, which often lead to digestive and respiratory disorders and inflexible activities, and in severe cases, the development is delayed and the reproductive capacity is reduced.
[Treatment]: Take cod liver oil or vitamin A.
vitamin A
Yellow oily liquid, soluble in fat. Carotene can be converted into vitamin A, which can lead to night blindness or dry eye when lacking.
Animal liver and cod liver oil are rich.
Vitamin B 1
Colorless needle-like crystal, easily soluble in water, has the functions of stimulating appetite, helping digestion, promoting growth and maintaining reproductive function. When lacking, it will cause beriberi, loss of appetite and indigestion. It is the most abundant in bran, bran, spinach and liver.
vitamin B2
Yellow crystal, slightly bitter. Lack can cause angular stomatitis, dermatitis, eye disease, anemia and so on. Yeast, liver, dairy products and coarse grains are more abundant.
Vitamin B 1 1
Yellow crystal, easily soluble in water, is of great significance to the synthesis of nucleic acid in vivo, and is effective in treating pernicious anemia when combined with B 12. It is rich in fresh green leafy vegetables, liver and kidney. Also known as folic acid.
Vitamin B 12
Dark red solid, soluble in water and alcohol. It can stimulate hematopoietic function of bone marrow and treat pernicious anemia. It is abundant in liver and kidney. Also known as cobalamin.
vitamin C
Colorless crystal, soluble in water and alcohol, easily destroyed by heat. It can enhance resistance, protect microvessels, prevent scurvy and promote wound healing. Deficiency can lead to gingival bleeding, subcutaneous bleeding and scurvy. It is the most abundant in fresh vegetables and fruits. Also known as ascorbic acid.
cypridopathy
Colorless and odorless crystal, soluble in oil. Primary promotion of calcium and phosphorus absorption in the body is very important for bone development. When lacking, young turtles and young turtles will cause rickets. Adult turtles can cause osteomalacia. Cod liver oil, liver, egg yolk and milk fat are more. Cholesterol in animals can be converted into vitamin D under the action of sunlight, so it can increase vitamin D for turtles to get more sunshine.
tocopherol
Pale yellow oily liquid, soluble in grease and other solvents. Can promote reproductive capacity. When it is lacking, it will reduce the reproductive capacity and even make it impossible to have children. Vegetables, livers, coarse grains and seeds are abundant in germ.
Vitamin k
Yellow oily liquid or solid, soluble in grease. It can promote blood coagulation when bleeding, and can be used to prevent bleeding. Green vegetables and fish are abundant.
citrin
Yellow crystal, soluble in alcohol. When lacking, the fragile surface of microvessels is easy to bleed. It is rich in lemon, citrus, buckwheat and vegetables. Also known as citric acid.
nicotinamide
White crystal, soluble in water and alcohol, has the function of promoting metabolism. Lack of rough skin, peeling, dermatitis, glossitis and so on. , also known as furuncle. Milk, eggs and fresh vegetables are abundant. Also known as nicotinic acid or calcium pantothenate.
Turtle gout
【 Etiology 】 The accumulation of urate in organs may be related to dehydration, severe catabolic state (starvation), protein's metabolic disorder, high protein in food and kidney diseases. Environmental and psychological stress reactions may also play a role in the occurrence of diseases.
【 Symptoms 】 Turtles get gout, which is reported to have visceral type and joint type. It is common for renal tubules to be blocked by urate at autopsy. Anorexia turtles are often accompanied by dehydration. Radiological examination often finds tophi in the affected organs and joints.
[Prevention] Allopurinol (15mg/kg) is effective if it can be diagnosed early.
Turtle neck canker
【 Etiology 】: It is an infectious disease caused by virus and water mold.
[Diagnosis]: There is a cotton wadding mass in the turtle neck, which makes the neck movement inconvenient and leads to loss of appetite. Some sick turtles can't eat or move. If they are not treated in time, they will die in a few days.
[Treatment]: Soak the sick turtle in 15% salt solution 1 hour; Antibiotic ointment such as oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline was applied to the affected part of the sick turtle.
Toxic in water
【 Etiology 】: The water in the breeding pond is not changed for a long time, or the remaining food and feces are not removed in time after daily feeding, which causes water pollution, food and feces ferment, deteriorate and rot, and produce toxic substances such as ammonia, which leads to turtle poisoning and disease.
[Diagnosis]: The skin on the legs of the sick turtle is red and swollen to varying degrees, with loss of appetite or even stopping eating.
[treatment]:
1, if you find a sick turtle, immediately change the water and disinfect it with bleach or quicklime.
2. Isolate the sick turtle. Take oxytetracycline or sulfanilamide anti-inflammatory drugs for 5-7 days in light cases, and generally cannot be cured in severe cases.
3, the disease is mainly prevention, daily environmental sanitation and water quality management, regular disinfection of feeding tanks, frequent replacement of disinfection drugs, in order to achieve the effect of eliminating all kinds of germs.
Turtle water mold disease
【 Etiology 】: Turtles live in water or dark and humid places for a long time, which is not suitable for water quality. Fungi can infect the skin of turtles.
[Diagnosis]: There was no abnormality at the initial stage of infection, and then there was loss of appetite, weakness, or hibernation death. With the development of the disease, gray spots appear on the body surface, head, limbs and tail, commonly known as "roughness", and then the epidermis forms swelling, ulceration, necrosis or shedding, and dies soon.
[Prevention]: In the daily feeding and management of turtles, turtles should be exposed to the sun frequently to inhibit the growth of water mold.
[treatment]:
Prepare 4% salt solution to soak the sick turtle 10 minute, and soak the sterilized feeding container with potassium permanganate solution. At the same time, proper amount of antibiotics were mixed in the food to improve the resistance of soft-shelled turtle. Soft-shelled turtle can also be cultured in 1% Chidamycin solution for a period of time, and it also has a good therapeutic effect.
Treatment and nursing of tortoise fracture
Fractures caused by trauma are found in all kinds of turtles, and long bone fractures can be repaired with splints or internal fixation devices. When the bone displacement is not obvious, radiological examination should be carried out to make a definite diagnosis.
Nursing care of turtle contusion
Tortoise contusion can lead to fracture of abdominal nail, dorsal nail or both. It may take more than one year to clean the local wound and repair the tortoise shell under mild anesthesia. The defect was repaired with epoxy resin, but the healing was slow.
Molting disorder
[Etiology]:
Of scales falling off completely or inappropriately. The factors of molting disorder are: low humidity and various stress reactions, including hypothyroidism, ectoparasites, nutritional deficiency, infectious diseases and lack of suitable rough surface. Eye patches and/or rings on the tail and toes are often left behind.
[treatment]:
Soak animals in water at 25 ~ 28℃ for several hours, and then gently wipe them with gauze and metal cotton. Soak the soft skin with softening solution such as glycerin, then take off the eye mask with tweezers, grab the edge of the retained part and gently tear it off from the lower tissue.
Molting is a process of hormone regulation. In order to adapt to growth and skin changing, turtles shed their outer keratinized skin. During molting, turtles dawdle on big rocks or other cultural relics, which can accelerate normal molting. Molting begins around the mouth, and when molting, the old skin turns outwards.
Turtle disorder syndrome
【 Cause 】 That is, the turtle itself cannot adapt to the artificial feeding environment.
Symptoms: lethargy, anorexia, cachexia and death.
【 Prevention 】 Controlling abnormal changes in turtle environment and providing its favorite food may make the disease recover better.
But it often ends in death. Spraying the turtle house before feeding can induce the turtle to eat. Similarly, increasing the ambient temperature can also stimulate appetite, and irradiation with full-spectrum light can also increase appetite. It is reported that injecting vitamin B 12 can increase appetite and improve eating behavior.
Individual turtles refuse to eat for a long time at a suitable temperature, so they must be forced to feed and sometimes start eating by themselves.
If the temperature is lowered to 15- 18℃, and then slowly raised to the appropriate temperature of the turtle, it is sometimes beneficial to restore the appetite of the turtle.
However, this method can not be used for cachexia turtles with serious physical exertion.
Small animal bites
【 Cause 】 It is often injured by insects or small animals that have not been eaten by turtles. It often causes traumatic injury, and secondary infection leads to abscess.
【 Symptoms 】 Abscess, swelling and soft or hard tumor often appear in untreated soft-shelled turtle wounds.
【 Prevention 】 Try to feed turtles with frozen, thawed or fresh dead insects or small animals to prevent damage to turtles. (Note: When feeding turtles, animal carcasses should be thrown away after 24 hours). If the turtle has been damaged, it should be washed with povidone iodine (diluted with 1: 4) and then the newly bitten wound should be sutured. According to the situation, appropriate injection of antibiotics. If it has suppurated, the abscess should be surgically removed, the cellulose capsule should be cut off, the defect should be sutured, the break or leakage of the abscess should be scraped off, washed with povidone iodine solution, and then antibiotics should be injected. Antibiotic ointment containing proteolytic enzyme is also effective.
Before starting to treat sick turtles, there are some things to mention.
1. Body weight (BW):
When calculating the drug dosage, some breeders may use 30-60% of their body weight as the base to offset the weight of crustaceans. But bone is also a metabolically active tissue. It seems more reasonable and practical to calculate the dosage according to the total weight.
Two. Antibiotic therapy:
1. Mainly for Gram-negative bacteria and mycoplasma.
2. Injection cycle: It is best to inject once every 24-48 hours for 5-7 days.
3. Prevention of dehydration: If the soft-shelled turtle doesn't drink water during the treatment, inject 1-2% of its body weight subcutaneously (SC) or intracavity (IC).
Turtles usually have a bladder to store and absorb water. Therefore, the metabolites of antibiotics will delay excretion, and in the case of dehydration, it will greatly aggravate the damage to the kidney.
4. Injection site: forelimbs, especially when injecting drugs harmful to the kidneys.
5. Other methods:
1) nasal spray: once a day. Oxytetracycline, tylosin and enrofloxacin are the most commonly used.
2) Spraying: 1/2ml of antibiotics and 5ml of normal saline, four times a day.
6. Re-establishment of intestinal flora: After long-term antibacterial treatment, there will always be aseptic intestinal syndrome with severe diarrhea, which is caused by the destruction of beneficial flora in the intestine. After a course of antibiotic treatment, it is appropriate and perfect to feed sick turtles with natural yogurt or filtered feces of similar healthy turtles. (You can also use "probiotics" for turtles, which are made in France and are not cheap. )
3. Use drugs with caution:
Ivermectin: It has been proved to be fatal to all turtles. Do not try to use any preparation containing ivermectin to repel insects.
Piperazine (also known as piperazine, piperazine, hexahydropyrazine, triamcinolone acetonide) and levamisole should be used with caution for soft-shelled turtles.
4. The basic care of sick turtles:
1. Isolation: Avoid cross-infection among turtles.
2. Higher room temperature: at least 28-30 C. It can accelerate the distribution and metabolism of drugs and increase the body's resistance.
3. rehydration: rehydration by oral administration or injection to prevent dehydration.
4. Provide dry, moisture-free accommodation.
Classification and name (dosage/route of administration/times of administration)
I. Anti-virus
Acyclovir (Acyclovir, Sulweiliao): 80mg/kg, oral.
Two. antibacterial activity
1. Gram-positive bacteria
Ampicillin: 3-6mg/kg, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, daily 1 time.
Amoxicillin (amoxicillin): 20mg/kg orally, or 10mg/kg intramuscular injection, once a day 1 time.
Cefalexin (Cephalosporin IV): 20mg/kg, taken orally, twice a day.
Cefothiophene (cephalosporin I): 20mg/kg, intramuscular injection, used when necessary.
Cefazolin (cephalosporin V): 20mg/kg, intramuscular injection, daily 1 time.
2. Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
Cefuroxime (Cefuroxime, Hirschlein): 100mg/kg, intramuscular injection once a day, X 10 day.
3. Gram negative bacteria
Cefotaxime (Fudaxin, Kaifuding): 20mg/kg, intramuscular injection once every three days, X 1 week.
Cefotaxime (Kefulong) 30mg/kg, intramuscular injection, daily 1 time, X 10 day.
Cefotiofur: 2-4 mg/kg, intramuscular injection, daily/kloc-0 times, lasting for X2 weeks.
4. Aerobic bacteria
Streptomycin: 10mg/kg, intramuscular injection, daily 1 time.
Tobramycin: 10mg/kg, intramuscular injection, once every two days.
Gentamicin: 10mg/kg, intramuscular injection every two days.
Kanamycin: 10mg/kg, intramuscular injection, daily 1 time.
Amikacin: 2.5mg/kg, intramuscular injection, 5 days 1 time.
5. Anaerobic bacteria
Metronidazole (metronidazole): 50mg/kg, once a day, X 1 week, or 7- 15mg/kg, once a day.
Chloramphenicol: 10-20mg/kg, intramuscular injection every 24 hours.
Three. Anti-mycoplasma, Chlamydia and Rickettsia
Doxycycline (doxycycline, doxycycline): 10mg/kg, once a day, X 10-30 days.
Oxytetracycline: 5- 10mg/kg, intramuscular injection or oral administration, 1 time per day, X 1 week.
Tetracycline: 10mg/kg, oral, once a day.
ENR(Baytril):5- 15mg/kg, intramuscular injection, 1 time per day, X 10 day.
Tylosin: 5mg/kg, intramuscular injection, daily 1 time.
Four. antifungal
Ketoconazole: 15-30mg/kg, oral, once a day, X2-4 weeks.
Amphotericin B: 1 mg/kg, diluted with normal saline, injected into body cavity every day 1 time for X2-4 weeks.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) anti-parasite
1. internal parasites
1) nematodes
Mebendazole (mebendazole, Anle): 100mg/kg, orally, once every two weeks, X II.
Panacure: 50-100 mg/kg, oral, once every two weeks, X II.
Albendazole (albendazole, albendazole, enterotoxin): 50mg/kg, once orally.
Thibendazole: 50- 100mg/kg, oral, once every two weeks, X II.
Levamisole phosphate: 10-20mg/kg, intramuscular injection, body cavity injection, once every two weeks, X II.
2) Protozoa
Metronidazole (metronidazole): 100mg/kg, oral, once every two weeks, X III.
3) tapeworms and trematodes
Praziquantel: 5-8mg/kg, oral, oral, intramuscular injection, once every two weeks, X III.
2. ectoparasites (ticks, mites, ...)
O, O- dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloro-1- hydroxyethyl phosphate: diluted 100 times, bathed, sprayed locally and disinfected.
Intransitive verb dystocia (egg retention)
Oxytocin: 5-30 IU/kg, intramuscular injection or intraperitoneal injection (zoo dose); 50-60 IU/kg, intramuscular injection or intraperitoneal injection (recommended by turtle breeders)
Seven. gout
Allopurinol: 10mg/kg, once a day.
Eight. wound
Povidone iodine solution: local spraying
Antibiotic ointment: local application
Nine. anaesthetize
Ketamine
Sedative effect: 20-40mg/kg, intramuscular injection.
Anesthesia: 50-80mg/kg, intramuscular injection.
(Maintenance dose: 10mg/kg once every 30 minutes)
Recovery: 24-96 hours
Complications: respiratory depression and bradycardia, if the dose exceeds 1 10 mg/kg. ...
X corticosteroid hormone
Dexamethasone: 0.03-0. 1.5 mg/kg, intramuscular injection.
XI。 Liquid replenishment
Ringer's lactate solution, etc. : 10-20ml/kg, subcutaneously once a day (1-2% body weight, subcutaneously once a day, or 5% body weight, orally once a day).
Twelve. make up calcium deficiency
10% calcium gluconate: 50- 100mg/kg, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, four times a day if necessary.
Thirteen. Vitamin supplement
Vitamin A: 1000-5000 IU/kg, intramuscular injection once a week; 10000-20000 IU/kg, intramuscular injection once.
Vitamin C: 10-20 mg/kg, intramuscular injection, if necessary.
Vitamin d 3: 50 iu/kg, oral, once a day; 100 IU/kg, intramuscular injection, weekly 1 time, X II.
Shell rot
【 Etiology 】: The scab skin ulcerated due to the abrasion or extrusion of scab skin and the invasion of bacteria.
[Diagnosis]: The tortoise's carapace or carapace appears white spots at first, and gradually forms red spots. When you press it hard, the blood will seep out and smell rancid. Severe crustacean surface will fester into holes, and armpit and buttock fossa will swell. Sick turtles stop eating, reduce their activities and shrink their heads.
[prevention]:
The method recommended by Zhang Lin, director of Longtouge Amphibians and Reptiles Research Institute in Haining City, Zhejiang Province, who has 20 years of turtle breeding experience, should be based on prevention.
1, maintain water quality
2. Disinfect the turtle pond regularly
3. Disinfect the turtle's body surface. Soak soft-shelled turtle 15~20 minutes with 25% salt solution regularly, or soak soft-shelled turtle with 15~20PPM potassium permanganate solution for 20~30 minutes. Put the steam back when it dries.
[treatment]:
1, puncture the shield, squeeze out the blood, remove the focus, scrub the affected area with hydrogen peroxide, and then directly apply potassium permanganate crystal powder or iodine.
2. Take vitamin E, 60~90 mg per kilogram of turtle body every day, orally 10- 15 days.
3. intramuscular injection of kanamycin, 240,000 international units per kilogram of soft-shelled turtle, 200,000 international units per day. This method also has obvious curative effect on rotten skin and red neck disease.
Red neck disease
【 Etiology 】 This disease is a kind of infectious disease, which mostly occurs in rainy season. Soft-shelled turtle is sick due to bacterial invasion.
【 Symptoms 】 The diseased turtle has swollen throat and neck, muscle edema, slow response, slow action and loss of appetite.
[prevention]
(1) The disease is highly contagious and has a high mortality rate. Once the soft-shelled turtle is found to be sick, it should be treated in isolation immediately, and the breeding pond and environment should be disinfected.
(2) Antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline can be used to treat sick turtles.
(3) intramuscular injection of chloramphenicol, with the dosage of 500g soft-shelled turtle 100000 iu.
Rot and rot
【 Etiology 】: It is caused by bacterial infection. In the intensive feeding environment, turtles bite each other, and after the invasion of bacteria, the skin tissue of the injured part is necrotic. In addition, water pollution can easily cause turtles to get sick.
[Diagnosis]: Visually, the affected part of the diseased turtle festers and the epidermis turns pale.
[Treatment]: First clear the focus of the affected area and apply it with chlortetracycline ointment, 1 time, once a day. Or adding chlortetracycline powder into food; If the tortoise has stopped eating, it can be coated with chlortetracycline and then fed in isolation. Don't feed in water, so as not to aggravate the condition, and then return to the pond to feed after the tortoise recovers.
General trauma
【 Etiology 】 In the process of catching and feeding, the shell, skin, limbs and mouth of soft-shelled turtle are prone to scratches, injuries and crush injuries.
[Diagnosis]: Local swelling, tissue necrosis and pus discharge.
【 Treatment 】: For the new wound, stop bleeding first, wrap it with gauze, then clean the wound surface, and then scrub it with disinfectant (93% hydrogen peroxide and 0.5% potassium permanganate) to prevent infection. Coat the turtle with iodine for 30 minutes, then put it back into the water and treat it once in the morning and once in the evening. In severe cases, apply Yunnan Baiyao.