Thinking characteristics of the elderly
Thinking is one of the most complicated psychological activities of human beings, and it is a summary and reflection of objective reality through the intermediary of people's existing knowledge and experience. Human beings can understand the essence and internal relations of things through thinking, which is an advanced and rational cognitive process, mainly including the ability of generalization, analogy, reasoning and problem solving.
1. The manifestation of thinking changes of the elderly
Late thinking decline, especially the thinking ability related to one's familiar major, can be maintained in old age. However, due to the decline of perception and memory ability, the old people's concept, logical reasoning and problem-solving ability decline, especially the agility, fluency, flexibility, originality and creativity of thinking are worse than those of young people. Weakening of thinking and obstacles of the elderly are as follows:
1) slow thinking, poor association with certain things, slow response and slow language; Some elderly people are unwilling to study and think, which leads to insufficient vocabulary, easy association and sudden speechless.
2) Thinking is like thinking things quickly in youth, talking aimlessly and gushing.
3) Involuntary accidental meaningless compulsory thinking association, or repeated irregular thinking association.
4) Logical obstacles are mainly manifested in the disorder of reasoning and concepts, the complex and tortuous thinking process, and the lack of logical connection in content.
2. Coping strategies of thinking changes of the elderly
The weakening of people's thinking ability in old age is manifested in different degrees in every elderly person. Some people still have clear thinking and even creative thinking, while others have serious thinking obstacles. Therefore, we should pay attention to the comprehensive physical and mental health care for the elderly, encourage them to treat life with a positive attitude, and cultivate their thinking quality in order to restore and maintain their good thinking ability.
Psychological characteristics of the elderly
A large number of studies show that psychological changes in old age are accompanied by the decline of physiological functions, which leads to the decline and decline of some psychological functions or some aspects, while other psychological functions or some aspects of psychological functions still tend to be stable and even produce new adaptive compensation functions. The psychological change of the elderly refers to the change of psychological ability and psychological characteristics, including sensory perception, intelligence and personality characteristics. The psychological changes of the elderly are mainly manifested in the following aspects.
1. Changes in intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to learn or gain practical experience. It is more difficult for the elderly to speed up their studies in a limited time than for the young. Old people are not as good at learning new things as young people, and their internships are easily disturbed. Human intelligence is closely related to individual factors (such as heredity and physical condition). ) and social and environmental factors (education level, occupation, etc.). ).
2. Changes in memory
With the increase of age, the memory ability of the elderly slows down, with conscious memory as the main memory, supplemented by unconscious memory, good recognition ability and poor memory ability, showing that they can recognize acquaintances but can't say names. The meaning memory of the elderly is intact, but the mechanical memory is not as good as that of the young. In addition, the speed memory of the elderly decreased within a specified time. Memory is related to human physiological factors, health status, mental state, memory training and social environment.
3. Changes in thinking
Thinking is the highest form of human cognitive process and a more complicated psychological process. However, due to the memory decline of the elderly, they are affected in concept formation, problem-solving thinking process, creative thinking and logical reasoning, and there are great differences among individuals.
4. Changes in personality
In old age, people's personality (that is, people's characteristics or personality, including personality, interests, hobbies, tendencies, values, talents and specialties, etc. ) also changes with it, such as anxiety and uneasiness caused by excessive concern and worry about health and economy, conservatism, loneliness, willfulness, nostalgia and complaints caused by uncertainty about the status quo. In recent years, some people think that the main contradiction of old age is the feeling of integrity or despair.
5. Changes in emotion and will
The emotional and will processes of the elderly are quite different due to their social status, living environment and cultural quality. Emotional activities are relatively stable in the process of aging, and even changes are caused by changes in living conditions and social status, not by age itself.
Characteristics of physical and mental development of the elderly
After entering old age (after 60 years old), a series of changes have taken place in physiology and psychology. Compared with middle-aged people and young people, they have many different characteristics, which can be summarized as follows:
(1) gradual decline of physiological function: the decline of physiological function of the elderly is a natural physiological phenomenon of human development. The main manifestations are as follows: ① The decrease of brain cells leads to brain atrophy, which leads to the decline of brain function. It shows that the excitability of nerve center decreases and the inhibition increases; The recovery process of nerve cells is also relatively long, and the regulatory ability of the whole brain is reduced.
(2) The sensory perception ability is decreased, which is manifested by the decrease of vision. In particular, the ability to feel high-frequency light waves drops rapidly. Generally, reading books and articles should wear reading glasses; Hearing loss, especially low anti-interference ability, requires speaking loudly to hear, and speaking slowly to hear clearly; The sense of smell drops and it is easy to get tired; Taste loss, taste buds atrophy, and diet is often tasteless; The sensitivity of touch is reduced, and the response to temperature, cold and pressure is slow, and the action is slow; The motion analyzer is aging, the balance ability is declining, and it is often easy to fall; Operation ability is also reduced, and hands and feet often tremble. (3) Loss of attention, manifested as inattention and difficulty in concentration; Slow attention transfer, even dull, easy to drill? Dead end? , pay attention to the distribution often attend to one thing and lose another.
(4) Memory loss, manifested as poor recent memory, mechanical memory and instantaneous memory, which is forgotten at a glance; Long-term memory is ok, but sometimes it gets stuck. For example, the names of familiar relatives, friends, comrades-in-arms and colleagues were suddenly forgotten, but later they were accidentally remembered. ⑤ The thinking ability is reduced, which is manifested in the intensity, speed and flexibility of thinking, which is not as good as that of young and middle-aged people. In particular, the anti-interference ability and the ability to control ideas are obviously reduced, and the ideas are easily disrupted and it is often difficult to think coherently; After thinking is fixed, it is not easy to turn to thinking, and it is often stubborn. ⑥ The decline in imagination is mainly due to the fact that the appearance of the original things is often unclear, while the ability to accept new things declines, and the storage of information is obviously reduced.
⑦ The decrease of operation ability is mainly due to poor coordination between hands and feet, especially slow movements and poor dexterity, and sometimes loose grip, unstable feet and even tremor may occur. However, the elderly also have their advantages, that is, the decline of intelligence is much later than the decline of physiological function. Especially those who often use their brains, compared with young and middle-aged people, their intelligence has not declined, but has improved. For example, some scientists, artists, writers and politicians who are late bloomers are still at the peak of their intelligence at the age of 60-70. According to statistics, among the 83 Nobel Prize in Literature winners before 1979, 53 were over 60 years old, accounting for 64% of the winners; 25 people aged 70-80, accounting for 31%; Only five people are under 60, accounting for 5%. This is enough to see the advantages of old age intelligence. Therefore, the elderly should not feel inferior because of the decline of physiological function. The elderly are experienced, knowledgeable, experienced, good at theoretical thinking, good at foresight, comprehensive, profound and practical consideration of problems, and can also make the afterheat glow.
(2) Variation of psychological aging: After retirement, with the decrease of interpersonal communication, the life circle of the elderly has shrunk, and loneliness, loneliness and attachment have gradually emerged. Then, with the passage of time, self-activity and self-care ability have decreased, and a sense of dependence, aging and even death has gradually emerged, showing a trend of psychological aging. In cognition, maturity and decline are the unity of opposites. Cognitive maturity is one of the important psychological characteristics of the elderly, as Confucius said. I am determined to learn at fifteen, to stand at thirty, not to be confused at forty, to know my destiny at fifty, to be obedient at sixty and obedient at seventy. ?
The aging of the senses and the decline of brain function will inevitably lead to the decline of cognition, and the ability to accept and remember new things is poor, thus affecting the further development of cognition. In spirit, it shows the positive and negative unity of opposites. Positive mentality is still dominant among the elderly, so-called? Be resolute and resolute, aim at a thousand miles, and don't whip yourself. ? It fully shows the direction of being old but not old. But due to the decline of physiological function and the entanglement of diseases, a kind of? The heart is willing, but the strength is not enough? Psychological experience arises spontaneously.
Psychological characteristics of the elderly
A large number of studies show that psychological changes in old age are accompanied by the decline of physiological functions, which leads to the decline and decline of some psychological functions or some aspects, while other psychological functions or some aspects of psychological functions still tend to be stable and even produce new adaptive compensation functions. The psychological change of the elderly refers to the change of psychological ability and psychological characteristics, including sensory perception, intelligence and personality characteristics. The psychological changes of the elderly are mainly manifested in the following aspects.
1. Changes in intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to learn or gain practical experience. It is more difficult for the elderly to speed up their studies in a limited time than for the young. Old people are not as good at learning new things as young people, and their internships are easily disturbed. Human intelligence is closely related to individual factors (such as heredity and physical condition). ) and social and environmental factors (education level, occupation, etc.). ).
2. Changes in memory
With the increase of age, the memory ability of the elderly slows down, with conscious memory as the main memory, supplemented by unconscious memory, good recognition ability and poor memory ability, showing that they can recognize acquaintances but can't say names. The meaning memory of the elderly is intact, but the mechanical memory is not as good as that of the young. In addition, the speed memory of the elderly decreased within a specified time. Memory is related to human physiological factors, health status, mental state, memory training and social environment.
3. Changes in thinking
Thinking is the highest form of human cognitive process and a more complicated psychological process. However, due to the memory decline of the elderly, they are affected in concept formation, problem-solving thinking process, creative thinking and logical reasoning, and there are great differences among individuals.
4. Changes in personality
In old age, people's personality (that is, people's characteristics or personality, including personality, interests, hobbies, tendencies, values, talents and specialties, etc. ) also changes with it, such as anxiety and uneasiness caused by excessive concern and worry about health and economy, conservatism, loneliness, willfulness, nostalgia and complaints caused by uncertainty about the status quo. In recent years, some people think that the main contradiction of old age is the feeling of integrity or despair.
5. Changes in emotion and will
The emotional and will processes of the elderly are quite different due to their social status, living environment and cultural quality. Emotional activities are relatively stable in the process of aging, and even changes are caused by changes in living conditions and social status, not by age itself.
Physiological and psychological characteristics of the elderly
Abstract: The elderly are a social group. In recent years, with the increasing proportion and total number of elderly people, the problem of population aging has become a prominent social problem. With the growth of age, the human body will have a series of changes. Changes in old age can involve various systems of the human body, including physiological and psychological changes. This paper focuses on the related issues of mental health in old age, so as to arouse people's attention to the elderly and further improve their medical care level.
Keywords: physical, psychological and psychological health of the elderly
Physiological characteristics of the elderly
Aging is a natural law in human life. A person's life experiences childhood, youth, prime of life and old age, and a series of signs of aging will gradually appear at a certain age. It is generally believed that about 50 years old is called pre-senility, and even if you enter old age at 60, you can live long after 90. Therefore, aging is a gradual process of physiological decline.
1 Mechanical movement depends on energy, and all human activities are inseparable from energy. With the increase of age, basal metabolism and oxygen consumption are declining, reaching a low point in old age, so the elderly need less energy than adults. In terms of energy production, the cytoplasm of the elderly is less than that of adults. In terms of energy production, ATP, creatine phosphate and glycogen in the cells of the elderly are also reduced accordingly, which has far exceeded the reduction of energy demand and limited the working ability of the human body to some extent. Therefore, the elderly should replenish energy to the body in time according to their actual situation.
2? Life is the way of protein's existence? Protein metabolism of the elderly is in a negative balance, that is, when catabolism and anabolism occur, the level of essential amino acids in the body decreases. At the same time, the activities of some enzymes in the elderly and their contents in cells have also changed to some extent, and the proportion of protein in some tissues has also changed due to human aging. Some protein molecules become complex, bulky and inactive, and deposit in cells, which affects the normal function of cells and becomes the manifestation of aging.
Three people often say? Money is hard to buy, old and thin? . Indeed, when people get old, subcutaneous fat tends to increase. Due to the accumulation of saturated fatty acids, the esterification ability of liver cholesterol is enhanced in the elderly, which leads to the increase of cholesterol and blood lipid. The binding capacity of lipoprotein and cholesterol in the elderly is increased, and cholesterol is easily deposited on the blood vessel wall, leading to atherosclerosis. At the same time, triglycerides and free fatty acids in the blood of the elderly also increased significantly. So what? Money is hard to buy old and thin? There is some truth in this statement.
The brain is the central organ of human mental and nervous activities. Studies have shown that the brain weight of the elderly is 6.6- 1 1% lower than that of the young, the brain surface area is 10% lower than that of the young, and the number of brain cells can be reduced by 10-30%. Therefore, the mental work ability of the elderly is reduced, and they are prone to fatigue and insomnia. However, the brain of the elderly also has its advantages, such as the development of adaptive mechanism, which makes its IQ level higher and its ability to understand logical thinking stronger. Therefore, it is best to engage in some work with light load, slow pace and high requirements for intellectual and logical thinking according to your actual situation. Some elderly people may also suffer from cerebral arteriosclerosis, cerebral embolism and other reasons, resulting in softening and necrosis of brain tissue and atrophy of cerebral cortex, which reduces the ability of intelligence and logical thinking.
The heart is the power device of blood circulation and plays an extremely important role in human life. Old people's hearts have their own characteristics. Normal aging heart is prone to heart diseases, such as slow heart rate, myocardial atrophy, smaller volume, and sometimes myocardial contraction function decreases. Figures released by the United States show that one million people die of myocardial infarction or sudden death every year. It is also reported that 36% of elderly patients over 70 years old suffer from coronary heart disease, 44% from myocardial fibrosis and 29% from myocardial degeneration. Hypertension and other heart diseases cause the psychological increase of heart disease, which is common in clinic.
The aging of liver in the elderly is obviously due to the decline of liver cell regeneration function, which tends to be smaller in size and lighter in weight. This change is more obvious after the age of 60. At the age of 90, the weight of the liver is only 50% of that of normal people, so the liver disease of the elderly is often critical, and abnormal proliferation will cause liver cancer.
The kidney function of the elderly is decreased due to the decrease of glomeruli and renal tubules.
The elasticity of lung tissue in the elderly will decrease, alveoli will increase, and the activity of expanding the anterior and posterior diameter of chest cavity will be limited, resulting in the decrease of total lung volume and vital capacity. It has been found that the maximum ventilation at the age of 80 is only 50% of that at the age of 20. The atrophy of respiratory mucosa and the decline of mucociliary function make chronic tracheitis, emphysema and cor pulmonale become common diseases of the elderly.
Gastrointestinal dysfunction in the elderly is mainly characterized by decreased secretion of gastric acid and digestive enzymes. Smooth muscle and mucous membrane atrophy, reducing the ability to digest food and absorb nutrients. Gastrointestinal peristalsis slows down, defecation is delayed, and senile constipation occurs. Some elderly people will also suffer from allergic enteritis due to chronic intestinal dysfunction. Therefore, the elderly should arrange their diet varieties and nutrients according to their gastrointestinal characteristics.
10 in terms of reproductive system, the elderly also showed obvious changes. The number of sperm, mobility and sexual desire of elderly men decreased, which showed a decline in reproductive function. Multiple prostatic hypertrophy often causes acute urinary retention, dysuria and even sudden death in elderly male patients. As we all know, when older women grow up to 45-49 years old, they will have endocrine disorders? Young syndrome? . Cause special changes in physiology, personality and psychology. The internal and external genitalia of elderly women will also shrink and dry with age.
1 1 In terms of bones, the organic colloidal components in the bones of the elderly are reduced, while the inorganic components are increased, which can be increased from 50% in youth to 80%, resulting in brittle bones, reduced toughness and prone to fractures. Osteoporosis will deform after being stressed, such as hunchback. The cartilage of the elderly sometimes changes such as obesity and calcification. The joint surface is rough, uneven and deformed, which makes the old man unstable and inconvenient to move. Bone hyperplasia in some parts often brings great pain to elderly patients.
12 In the aspect of facial skin, the lower eyelid of the elderly is saccular drooping, the corneal transparency is reduced, the conjunctiva is thinner, the subconjunctival hemorrhage is easy, and the lens adjustment function is reduced. Presbyopia? Even lens opacity leads to cataracts. Atrophy of earlobe and hearing loss are also common in the elderly. The old people have decreased olfactory function and dry nasal mucosa. The atrophy of root often causes teeth to fall off. Old people have thin skin, increased wrinkles and decreased skin elasticity. Sebaceous gland dysfunction, dry skin, sweat gland dysfunction, so that heat dissipation is blocked, easy to heatstroke. What changes have taken place in the tissues and organs of the above elderly people? The old branches of this tree withered? There are signs of decline, but if the elderly master their own physiological characteristics, take certain measures according to their actual situation, combine static and dynamic, pay attention to health, they will better play their own residual heat, and even the sunset scenery at that time will be infinitely beautiful.
Psychological characteristics of the elderly
With the great changes in the role of the elderly in society, they have changed from contributing to the country and society to being supported by society? Idle people? . The state has changed, from being busy with various tasks to doing nothing all day. At this time, if the children are separated and the wife is sick or dies, it is easy to have corresponding neuropsychiatric adjustment disorders. At this turning point, it is easy to produce physiological and psychological changes, some are easy to produce anger, depression, anxiety, loneliness and sadness, and at the same time produce negative psychological States such as inferiority, aging and loss, and some are accompanied by various uncomfortable States such as restless sleep, blood pressure fluctuation, loss of appetite and fatigue. If the original coronary heart disease and hypertension will worsen at this time, it is very necessary to make a feasible life plan after retirement and rebuild a new life after retirement.
The elderly are prone to the following kinds of psychology: (1) lost psychology. Modernization needs modern ideas to realize modern scientific knowledge, modern psychological quality and strong physique, but it is precisely in these aspects that ordinary elderly people have shortcomings, and at this time they are most likely to have lost their psychology. (2) Nostalgia. For individuals, the change of living environment and value goals makes the psychological contrast of veteran cadres greater, so the nostalgia is stronger. (3) indifference. I don't deliberately pursue fame and fortune, nor am I pessimistic about the world. Although I live in poverty, I enjoy myself. Although I work hard, I am natural. (4) Inferiority. Its performance is: timid and cautious, afraid to think and take risks, afraid to break the quiet life and balance; It is easy to be lonely, because the contact with others is relatively reduced, and it is easy to feel lonely, the need for attachment and communication is not met, and the mood is depressed; Jealousy and suspicion, compared with comrades in the same post in the same year, show great contrast, so on the one hand, it intensifies the sense of inferiority, on the other hand, it is easy to breed jealousy; Childish psychology. One of its characteristics is dependence, dependence on organization, dependence on family, giving up personal efforts and waiting for care. Second, self-willed, impulsive, angry, prone to bullfighting, leaning on the old and selling the old and posing as a domineering posture. The third is affectionate and easy to manage? Nostalgia? Good teacher. Fourth, stubborn personality, it is difficult to rigidly accommodate things. Sometimes paranoia is unreasonable.
The main ways to realize mental health of the elderly
The elderly should learn self-psychological adjustment and do a good job of self-care.
1 update ideas. First of all, we should have a new understanding of the concept of aging. It's rare to be 70 years old in life, but it's not unusual to be 80 now? . Old people should establish the concepts of self-confidence, self-improvement and self-reliance. Japan advocates the elderly to stand on their own feet economically, physically and spiritually, and to do everything by themselves. This mental state can resist aging. Get rid of it psychologically? Old age consciousness? , keep? Always young? Mentality can delay aging.
We should treat diseases correctly, build up confidence and fight them tenaciously. As the saying goes? Old and sick? Although this statement is not absolute, it is more or less a summary of people's experience. For example, the elderly are prone to osteoporosis and fractures, but they can't stay outdoors all day, or even stay in bed for fear of fractures. It is necessary to increase calcium intake in the diet, drink more milk and exercise more to prevent osteoporosis. In addition, because the elderly have weak resistance, immune function and stress ability, they often suffer from several diseases at the same time and are more prone to chronic diseases. Therefore, we should attach importance to the role of psychological factors in diseases. Some people suffer from cancer, sleepless at night, extremely nervous, depressed or sad. Results Because of their abnormal mental state, their immunity is reduced and their condition is accelerated, and some people are terminally ill, but can they do it? Forget my illness? Cheer up and live, study and work like healthy people, which is conducive to the recovery of the disease and delay the deterioration of the disease.
Life lies in exercise. Proper and reasonable physical exercise can improve the mental state of the elderly and make them full of energy, vigor, vigor and youth. There are many kinds of sports activities suitable for the elderly, such as doing gymnastics, practicing qigong, walking in the morning and evening, jogging, playing badminton, table tennis, cycling and so on. Exercise should vary from person to person, follow the laws of body function, develop stable and regular activity habits, combine static and dynamic, step by step and persevere. Many examples have proved that adhering to various physical exercises can enhance physical fitness, enrich life, delay aging and prolong life.
4. Carry out activities beneficial to physical and mental health and enrich the life of the elderly. Psychological research shows that everyone's psychological activities largely depend on their environment. Many psychological discomforts of the elderly can be traced back to the lack of active, healthy and colorful life contents in life. In view of the inertia of the elderly themselves, efforts should be made to create conditions to help them find leisure ways suitable for their own characteristics, such as knowledge-based leisure, tourism-based leisure and collection-based leisure. At the same time, each of us, especially our closest relatives, must not mistake the psychological problems of the elderly for mental illness and avoid medical treatment. At an appropriate time, you should get active treatment from a psychologist, and the effect will be very good.
Learn to get along with others. People who live in society must be interdependent and interact with each other. Old people have difficulty reading because of poor memory, inattention; Blurred vision brings inconvenience to going out; Hearing loss leads to communication difficulties. The negative psychological reaction caused by the difficulties of life caused by physical aging is a psychological problem that the elderly often encounter and are difficult to solve. Loneliness is the most common mental illness of the elderly. Therefore, the elderly should learn to get along with others, keep in touch with friends, always give love and warmth to others, and get love and warmth from others. Psychologists have found that contact with friends can relieve pain and tension, promote the treatment of diseases and promote health. Old people should also learn to make some young friends. On the one hand, you can make yourself young, on the other hand, you can learn a lot from young people, strengthen the exchange of ideas with young people and reduce the generation gap. Therefore, the elderly should try to keep in touch with the society and do something for others, especially young people, so that they can be in a young and lively atmosphere and feel young psychologically.
6 have spiritual and emotional sustenance. Old people should avoid violent mood swings and adopt an optimistic attitude in everything. If it's time to retire, it's a good thing to retire happily and enjoy your old age. However, some old people often leave their jobs and have less social interaction. They don't do what they are used to doing every day, and the people they contact every day are gone or very few. As a result, they often lose their sense of rhythm and responsibility at work, but feel empty in life, lost in spirit, and have a sense of loneliness, depression and moral corruption. This psychological change will bring harm to health. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly understand that retirement and old age are the laws of natural development, and everything should be open. We should continue to cheer up, be optimistic and positive, rearrange our reasonable plans for life, study and work, give full play to our residual heat, do something beneficial to the people, make our old age more fulfilling and meaningful, and eliminate loneliness, loneliness, anxiety and depression.
Reference: Journal of Luoyang University, Volume 65438, on the psychology and health of the elderly. 1.
"Psychological Crisis of the Elderly and Health Education Countermeasures" Ren Zhankui China Health Education 1998 14 No.9
Analysis of physiological characteristics of the elderly Li Shixin Journal of Yan 'an University (Natural Science Edition) 17 No.2.
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Mental health of the elderly Zhu China school doctor 1994.03
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Thinking characteristics of the elderly
Thinking is one of the most complicated psychological activities of human beings, and it is a summary and reflection of objective reality through the intermediary of people's existing knowledge and experience. Human beings can understand the essence and internal relations of things through thinking, which is an advanced and rational cognitive process, mainly including the ability of generalization, analogy, reasoning and problem solving.
1. The manifestation of thinking changes of the elderly
Late thinking decline, especially the thinking ability related to one's familiar major, can be maintained in old age. However, due to the decline of perception and memory ability, the old people's concept, logical reasoning and problem-solving ability decline, especially the agility, fluency, flexibility, originality and creativity of thinking are worse than those of young people. Weakening of thinking and obstacles of the elderly are as follows:
1) slow thinking, poor association with certain things, slow response and slow language; Some elderly people are unwilling to study and think, which leads to insufficient vocabulary, easy association and sudden speechless.
2) Thinking is like thinking things quickly in youth, talking aimlessly and gushing.
3) Involuntary accidental meaningless compulsory thinking association, or repeated irregular thinking association.
4) Logical obstacles are mainly manifested in the disorder of reasoning and concepts, the complex and tortuous thinking process, and the lack of logical connection in content.
2. Coping strategies of thinking changes of the elderly
The weakening of people's thinking ability in old age is manifested in different degrees in every elderly person. Some people still have clear thinking and even creative thinking, while others have serious thinking obstacles. Therefore, we should pay attention to the comprehensive physical and mental health care for the elderly, encourage them to treat life with a positive attitude, and cultivate their thinking quality in order to restore and maintain their good thinking ability.