First, wash your nose with cold water.
It is recommended to wash your nose with cold water all year round, especially when washing your face in the morning. It can improve nasal mucosa and blood circulation, enhance the adaptability of nose to the weather, and prevent respiratory diseases such as colds.
Second, intranasal massage
Place your thumb and forefinger in the left and right nasal cavities, and gently pull down the middle nasal cartilage several times. This method can not only increase the disease resistance of nasal mucosa, prevent colds and rhinitis, but also moisturize nasal cavity and keep the humidity of mucosa normal. Stretching the cartilage of nasal septum is also beneficial to the prevention and treatment of atrophic rhinitis.
Third, external massage.
Use the thumb and forefinger of your left or right hand to hold both sides of the nasal root and pull it up and down 12 times. Pulling the nose in this way can promote the circulation of nasal mucosa and is conducive to the secretion of normal nasal mucosa fluid. This method can also promote the cilia swing of mucosal epithelial cells and expel dust and bacteria mixed in nasal secretions from the throat.
Fourth, steam fumigation
You can put hot water in the cup and inhale steam to improve the humidity and blood supply of the nasal cavity and strengthen the function of the nasal cavity. Foreign countries believe that this method can also cure influenza, and it is called "nasal heater", which can kill influenza virus twice a day for half an hour at an interval of 2 hours.
Five, traditional Chinese medicine nasal congestion
Take wild chrysanthemum and steam it with honey. Steam, grind into fine powder, add honey and mix well. When in use, apply a little to the nasal cavity three times a day. Wild chrysanthemum tastes bitter and cold, and has the effect of clearing away heat and toxic materials. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that it has inhibitory effect on influenza virus hemolytic streptococcus and staphylococcus aureus.
Sixth, avoid picking your nose.
If the nostrils are itchy or unclean, you can wash the nasal cavity with a cotton swab dipped in warm water instead of digging with your fingers to avoid damaging the nasal mucosa and causing inflammation. Besides, you shouldn't cut your nose hair.
Nasal nose is the initial part of respiratory tract, which can purify inhaled air and adjust its temperature and humidity. It is the most important olfactory organ and can also assist pronunciation.
Nose includes external nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. The bones of the nose are composed of cartilage on the upper and lateral sides. It is surrounded by four pairs of left and right paranasal sinuses above, behind and on both sides of the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity and sinus are located between the anterior cranial fossa, the middle cranial fossa, the oral cavity and the orbit, separated by only a thin bone plate. Therefore, severe nasal trauma can be accompanied by trauma to its surrounding structures, and nasal diseases can also spread to neighboring organs.
The first is the external nose.
The external nose refers to the part protruding from the face, which is composed of bones and cartilage [Figure: external nasal cartilage] as a scaffold and covers the skin. The external nose is shaped like a triangular pyramid, protruding from the center of the face and vulnerable to trauma.
The upper end is narrow, and the uppermost part is located between the eyes, which is called nasal root.
The protruding part at the lower end is called the tip of the nose.
The central bulge is called the bridge of the nose, and the sides of the bridge of the nose are the back of the nose.
The protruding parts on both sides of the tip of the nose are called the alar.
The skin at the tip of nose and alar is thick, rich in sebaceous glands and sweat glands, closely connected with deep subcutaneous tissue and perichondrium, and prone to furuncle. Therefore, when inflammation occurs, local swelling compresses nerve endings, which can cause severe pain.
Nasal bone: paired left and right, connected with the midline, connected with the nose end of the frontal bone to form a nasal frontal suture, the outer edge connected with the frontal process of the left and right maxilla, the nasal bone crest connected with the middle plate of the ethmoid bone behind, and the lower edge connected with the lateral nasal cartilage with soft tissue. The upper part is narrow and the lower part is thick, and the lower part is wide and thin, which is easy to fracture due to trauma and saddle nose. Because of the rich blood vessels, the fracture is easy to heal after reduction.
Blood vessels: the veins of the external nose mainly flow into the internal and external jugular veins through the internal canthus vein and facial vein. Because the inner canthus vein communicates with the intracranial cavernous sinus through the upper and lower ophthalmic veins, and the facial vein has no valve, the blood can move up and down. If the nose or upper lip (called the dangerous triangle) suffers from furuncle, it is likely to cause thrombophlebitis in the cavernous sinus.
Second, the nasal cavity
Nasal cavity is a cavity between two lateral skulls, which is based on bony nasal cavity and cartilage, and its surface is lined with mucosa and skin. The nasal cavity is an irregular long and narrow cavity with a narrow upper part and a wide lower part, and the front and rear diameter is larger than the left and right sides. It begins in the anterior nostril and ends in the posterior nostril, leading to the nasopharynx. The nasal cavity is divided into left and right cavities by nasal septum, the front cavity communicates with the outside world through nostril, and the back cavity communicates with pharyngeal cavity through rear nostril. Each nasal cavity can be divided into nasal vestibule and inherent nasal cavity.
Nasal vestibule refers to the enlarged space surrounded by the alar, and its inner surface is lined with skin, which has the function of retaining and inhaling dust. In addition, the skin is tightly attached to the perichondrium, so when the furuncle is swollen, the pain is severe. The front of the nasal vestibule is equivalent to the inner corner of the tip of the nose, and there is a concave protruding outward, which is called the nasal vestibule recess, and it is often the place where boils and acne occur.
The proper nasal cavity refers to the part behind the nasal vestibule, and the inner wall is the nasal septum.
The proper nasal cavity is connected with the pharynx through the retronasal foramen, and its shape is basically the same as that of the bony nasal cavity, and it is composed of bone and cartilage covering the mucosa. Each nasal cavity has four walls: upper, lower, inner and outer. The upper wall (roof) is relatively narrow, adjacent to the anterior cranial fossa, and consists of nasal bone, frontal bone, ethmoid plate and sphenoid bone. The ethmoid foramen of the sieve plate is penetrated by olfactory nerve, and the lower wall (bottom) is the top of the mouth and consists of hard palate. The medial wall is the nasal septum, which consists of bony nasal septum and nasal septum cartilage. The nasal septum is biased to one side, especially to the left.
There are abundant vascular convergence and anastomotic plexus in the mucosa of the anterior lower part of the nasal septum, which is called Lee's artery area or Kirschner needle vein plexus. About 90% of nosebleeds (nosebleeds) occur here, which is clinically called bleeding-prone area.
The outer wall structure is complex, consisting of frontal process of nasal bone, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, vertical part of palatine bone and pterygoid process of sphenoid bone. [As shown in the picture: lateral wall of nasal cavity (turbinectomy)]
There are three prominent long bone fragments on the outer side wall, which are arranged in a stepped manner and slightly shell-shaped and covered with mucosa, called turbinate. The turbinates are called upper turbinate, middle turbinate and lower turbinate respectively from top to bottom, and the gaps below each turbinate are called upper nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus and lower nasal meatus respectively. The recess behind the superior turbinate is called sphenoid recess. The gap between turbinate and nasal septum is called common nasal meatus. After the middle turbinate is removed, a concave upward arc fissure can be seen in the middle of the middle nasal meatus, which is called semilunar fissure, and the round pillow-shaped protrusion above the fissure is called ethmoidal vesicle.
The middle and upper nasal meatus and sphenoid recess have sinus openings, and the lower nasal meatus has nasolacrimal duct openings.
Top wall: very narrow and dome-shaped, separated from the anterior cranial fossa only by the vertical plate of ethmoid bone. Sieve plate is thin and brittle, and it is easy to fracture after trauma, which is a dangerous area for nasal surgery.
Bottom wall: the nasal surface of the hard palate, separated from the mouth.
Normal nasal mucosa can be divided into olfactory part and respiratory part according to its nature. The olfactory mucosa covers the upper turbinate and the nasal septum opposite it, showing pale yellow or light yellow, containing olfactory cells, which can feel the stimulation of smell. The rest is covered with pink respiratory mucosa, which is rich in capillaries and mucus glands, and the epithelium has cilia, which can purify the air and improve the temperature and humidity of the inhaled air.
There are abundant microvilli on the surface of ciliated columnar cells in nasal breathing area, and there are abundant mucus glands, serous glands and goblet cells in submucosa, which can secrete a lot of mucus and serous fluid and play a role in regulating the humidity in the air.
The area of mucosa in nasal breathing area is large, and its inherent upper, middle and lower turbinates and the corresponding three nasal passages also increase the contact area between mucosa and air, and submucosal capillaries are abundant. When cold air enters the nasal cavity, the turbinate and submucosal blood vessels of the nasal passage heat it up like a radiator. According to the test, the cold air at 0℃ enters the lungs through the nose and pharynx, and the temperature can rise to 36℃, which is basically close to the normal body temperature. It can be seen that the nasal cavity has obvious warming effect on cold air.
Third, paranasal sinuses (sinuses)
Sinus is an air-containing cavity around nasal cavity and in skull and facial bones, also known as paranasal sinus. Accessory sinuses are composed of bony surfaces lined with mucous membranes, which are continuous with nasal mucosa through the opening of each sinus. Accessory sinuses play a role in pronunciation and can also help regulate the temperature and humidity of inhaled air. Because the mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is continuous, nasal inflammation can cause sinusitis.
There are generally four pairs, namely maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus and sphenoid sinus. The size and shape of sinuses are different, and there are often developmental variations. The mucosa in the paranasal sinuses is continuous with the mucosa in the nasal cavity, and each paranasal sinus has a sinus opening communicating with the nasal teeth. According to the anatomical position and the position of the ostium, the sinuses can be divided into two groups: the anterior group includes maxillary sinus, anterior ethmoid sinus and frontal sinus, which all lead to the middle nasal meatus. The posterior group of sinuses includes posterior ethmoid sinus and sphenoid sinus, the former leads to the superior nasal meatus and the latter to the sphenoid recess. Therefore, if pus is found in the middle nasal meatus during endoscopic examination, it is known that it is caused by sinusitis in the former group, and pus in the latter group accumulates in the olfactory cleft when the sinuses are inflamed. If the posterior nasal endoscope is used, pus can be found in the upper nasal passage or the posterior segment of olfactory cleft, which is of great significance for clinical differential diagnosis.
Among the four pairs of paranasal sinuses, the maxillary sinus is the largest, located in the maxilla, and the upper wall is the suborbital wall, which is thin. Maxillary sinusitis or tumor often destroys bone and invades orbit. The lower wall is adjacent to maxillary molars and thin roots, so root infection often spreads to maxillary sinus; The anterior wall below the suborbital foramen is thin, which is where the maxillary sinus is cut during surgery. The medial wall is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, adjacent to the middle and lower nasal passages. The bone in the anterior upper part of the inferior nasal meatus is thin, and maxillary sinus puncture is done here. The maxillary sinus is open behind the semilunar hiatus. Because of the high position of the opening, the maxillary sinus is not well drained when it is inflamed and suppurated, which is easy to cause pus accumulation in the sinus. The frontal sinus opens at the front end of the semilunar hiatus. The ethmoid sinus leads to the middle and upper nasal meatus. The sphenoid sinus leads to the recess of sphenoid ethmoid bone.