What are the principles of career planning?

The process and main contents of college graduates' planning To do a good job in career planning, we must follow the process of career design and do every link well. The specific steps of career design can be summarized as: 1, self-evaluation, that is, fully understanding yourself. Effective career design must be based on a full and correct understanding of one's own conditions and related environment. We should look at ourselves, know ourselves, know ourselves and do a good job in self-evaluation, including our interests, specialties, personality, knowledge, skills, IQ, EQ, way of thinking, etc. That is to find out what you want to do, what you can do, what you should do, and what you will choose in front of many careers. 2. Setting goals Setting goals is the key to making plans. Generally, goals can be divided into short-term goals, medium-term goals, long-term goals and life goals. Long-term goals can only be achieved through long-term efforts and unremitting struggle. When setting long-term goals, we should base ourselves on reality, make careful choices and make comprehensive consideration to make them realistic and forward-looking. Short-term goals are more specific and have a more direct impact on people, which is also an integral part of long-term goals. 3. Environmental assessment Career planning should also fully understand and understand the relevant environment, evaluate the impact of environmental factors on their career development, analyze the characteristics, development and changes of environmental conditions, and grasp the advantages and limitations of environmental factors. Understand the status, situation and development trend of this major and industry. 4. Career orientation Career orientation is to seek the best match between career goals and their own potential as well as subjective and objective conditions. A good career orientation is based on a person's best talent, best personality, best interest and most favorable environment. In the process of career orientation, we should consider the matching of personality and occupation, interest and occupation, specialty and occupation, and so on. Attention should be paid to career orientation: ① according to objective reality, consider the relationship between individuals, society and units; (2) Compare and identify, compare the matching of professional conditions, requirements and nature with their own conditions, and choose a career that is more suitable, more in line with their own strengths, more interested, capable of being competent quickly through hard work and promising; 3 foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, look at the main aspects, and don't pursue a perfect career; (4) Assess the situation and make timely adjustments. We should adjust our career goals in time according to the changes in the situation, and we should not stick to our own opinions and remain unchanged. 5. The implementation strategy is to formulate an action plan to achieve the goal, which should be guaranteed by specific behavioral measures. Without action, career goals can only be dreams. It is necessary to make a careful action plan and pay more attention to its implementation. 6. Evaluation and feedback The whole career plan should be tested in the implementation to see the effect, diagnose all aspects of career planning in time, find out the corresponding countermeasures, and adjust and improve the plan. It can be seen that correct self-evaluation is the most basic and core link in the whole planning process. If this link is not done well, or there is deviation, it will lead to problems in all aspects of the whole career planning. Enlightenment of Career Anchor on Career Planning of College Graduates The concept of career anchor was put forward by American professor Edgar Sheen, who thought it was actually a process of continuous exploration. In this process, everyone is gradually forming a relatively clear career-related self-concept according to their own talents, abilities, motivations, needs, attitudes and values. As a person knows himself more and more, he will become a dominant professional anchor more and more obviously. The so-called career anchor means that when a person has to make a choice, the vital things or values in his career will never give up. Just like the meaning of "anchor" in the word "professional anchor", professional anchor is actually the center around which people choose and develop their own careers. A person will not realize what his career anchor is until he has a clear understanding of his talent and ability, motivation and needs, attitude and values. According to his own research at MIT, it is very difficult to predict the career anchor in advance, because a person's career anchor is constantly changing, and it is actually the dynamic result of a continuous exploration process. Some people may never know what their career orientation is until they have to make some important choices. All a person's past work experience, interests, qualifications, sexual orientation and so on will converge into a meaningful model (or professional anchor), which will tell this person what is the most important for him or her personally. According to his years of research, Shien put forward the following five career anchors: 1. Technical or functional career anchors People with strong technical or functional career anchors are often reluctant to choose general management. On the contrary, they always tend to choose a career that can ensure their sustainable development in a given technical or functional field. 2. Managing professional anchors Some people show strong motivation to become managers, and management positions with higher responsibilities are their ultimate goal. When asked why they believe they have the necessary skills to get these positions, many people replied that they think they are qualified for management positions because they think they have the following three abilities: (1) analytical ability (the ability to find, analyze and solve problems under incomplete and uncertain information); (2) interpersonal skills (the ability to influence, supervise, lead, manipulate and control others at all levels); (3) Emotional ability (the ability to be motivated in the face of emotional and interpersonal crises without being troubled and weakened by them, and the ability not to be negative under the pressure of high responsibility). 3. Creative professional anchor Some college students have the need to build or create something entirely their own-a product or craft with their name engraved on it, a company of their own or a group of personal wealth reflecting their achievements, and so on. 4. Independent professional anchor Some graduates seem to be driven by the need to decide their own destiny when choosing a career. They want to get rid of the situation of relying on others because they work in a large enterprise, because when a person works in a large enterprise, his or her promotion, job transfer, salary and other aspects are inevitably at the mercy of others. Many of these graduates still have a strong technical or functional orientation. However, instead of pursuing this career orientation in a certain enterprise, they decided to become a consulting expert, either working independently or as a partner in a relatively small enterprise. 5. Safe professional anchors There are also some graduates who attach great importance to long-term career stability and job security. They seem to be more willing to engage in such occupations: these occupations should be able to provide stable jobs, decent income and promising future life. This promising future life is usually guaranteed by a good retirement plan and a high pension. For those who are more interested in geo-security, if pursuing a superior career means injecting unstable or poorly guaranteed geo-factors into their lives, then they will feel that it is more important for them to maintain a stable and secure career in a familiar environment. For other people who pursue a safe career anchor, safety means the safety of the organization they depend on. They may choose to work in government agencies first, because government civil servants seem to be lifelong careers. These people are obviously more willing to let their employers decide what kind of career they want to pursue. Career anchor theory has brought many inspirations to the career planning of college graduates: First, career planning should be self-oriented. Self-analysis and self-orientation are the primary links of career, which determine the direction of personal career and the success or failure of career planning. Career planning should be carried out before job hunting, and accurate self-positioning should be carried out before career planning. First of all, we must find out what we want to do, what we can do, and what our interests, talents and knowledge are suitable for. You can evaluate your career orientation, ability orientation and career values through self-analysis and measurement with measurable scale tools, which is the basis of career planning. Secondly, career planning is a dynamic process. Today's society is in the process of drastic changes, and the employment concept of college graduates should also change accordingly, breaking the traditional concept that "one job is a lifetime". Employment and reemployment are the general trend, and career planning should be adjusted according to various changes. Therefore, the change of environment leads to the change of self-concept, which is reflected in career planning, so it is impossible to determine every specific detail of lifelong career at one time. Furthermore, the key contents of college graduates are career preparation, career choice and career adaptation. From the perspective of career development process, career development has gone through different periods. One view is that the stages of career can be divided into: ① career preparation period: career preparation period is to prepare for professional psychology, knowledge and skills and wait for employment opportunities after forming a clear career intention. Every job seeker has the desire and requirement to choose an ideal job. If he is fully prepared, he can quickly find his ideal job and smoothly enter the professional role. (2) Career-choosing period: this is the period of actually choosing a career, and it is also the key period for potential workers to become real workers. Career choice is not only the process of individual choosing career, but also the process of social choosing workers. Only when individuals and society successfully combine and recognize each other can career choice be successful. (3) Career adaptation period: job seekers have just set foot on their jobs, and there is an adaptation process to complete the role transformation from job seekers to professional workers. We should adapt to new roles, new working environment, working methods and interpersonal relationships as soon as possible. (4) Career stability period: During this period, the individual's professional activity ability is in the most prosperous period, which is the golden period of creating performance and achieving career. Of course, job stability is relative. With the rapid development of science and technology and the accelerated flow of talents, it is normal for employers and professional posts to change. ⑤ Career ending period: Due to age or physical condition, professional activity ability and professional interest gradually weaken, thus ending career. The career planning of college graduates mainly focuses on three stages: career preparation, career choice and career adaptation. College students should be fully prepared in material, psychological, knowledge, skills and other aspects of their career, and make reasonable and objective career choices based on various analysis and their own career anchors. Have a reasonable psychological expectation for the upcoming professional activities, including the nature of work, labor intensity, working hours, working methods, colleagues and the relationship between superiors and subordinates, and quickly adapt to become a successful professional. For many college graduates, career planning may be a vague concept, let alone planning their own career. In fact, career planning is not as mysterious as some books say. As long as you have a basic understanding of yourself and master certain methods, you can also do it for yourself and draw a blueprint for your career development. OL Self-planning in the Workplace One of the methods that many career counseling institutions and psychologists often use in career counseling is the zero thinking mode about the five "What": start with who you are. Then ask all the way, * * * There are five questions: 1, what are you? 2. What do you want? 3. What can you do? 4. What can support you? 5. What kind of person will you eventually become? Answer these five questions, find their highest similarity, and you will have your own career plan. For the first question, "Who am I?" We should deeply reflect on ourselves, have a clear understanding and list all the advantages and disadvantages. The second question is "What do I want to do?" It is a psychological investigation of a person's career development. Everyone's interests and goals at different stages are not exactly the same, and sometimes even completely opposite. But with the growth of age and experience, it gradually fixed and finally locked its lifelong ideal. The third question is "What can I do?" It is a comprehensive summary of one's own ability and potential. The most fundamental position of a person's career depends on his ability, and the size of his career development space depends on his potential. To understand a person's potential, we should start from several aspects, such as interest in things, resilience in doing things, judgment of emergencies, whether the knowledge structure is comprehensive and whether it is updated in time. The fourth question, "What does the environment support or allow me to do?" This kind of environmental support objectively includes various local conditions such as economic development, talent policy, enterprise system and professional space. Subjective aspects include colleague relationship, leadership attitude and kinship, which should be considered comprehensively. Sometimes when we choose a career, we often ignore subjective things and fail to mobilize all the factors that are beneficial to our own development, thus affecting our career entry point. It is the most normal and easiest to find a job abroad through the recommendation of colleagues and acquaintances. Of course, we should know that this is essentially different from some abnormal "back doors" and other crooked ways. The difference is that the environmental support here is based on one's own ability. If the first four questions are made clear, you will find the advantages and disadvantages of achieving the relevant career goals from each question, and list the career goals you want to do and those you can do under the most unfavorable conditions. Then the fifth question is about "What is your ultimate career goal?" Nature has a clear framework. The following is an analysis of the career choice and career goal determination of female students majoring in electronics in a university, which may inspire many students like her. It is often difficult for female students majoring in computer science in a university to choose their own career direction when they graduate. At present, computer major is a hot major, so it is not difficult to find a similar job. But because I am a girl, I am definitely not as good as the boys in my class in employment, and I prefer the profession of teacher. In this contradictory situation, we might as well seriously think about related issues with her and determine her employment direction by planning her career future: What do you do? A computer major graduate of a key university; Excellent student cadres, excellent academic performance, English passed the national level 6; Minor in psychology and management; Participate in the university speech contest and get the ranking; The family situation is average, neither rich nor poor. Parents have stable jobs and good health, so they don't need special care for the time being. Good health; I am not introverted, but I am not particularly active, and I like quiet. What do you want? I really want to be a teacher, which is not only my childhood dream, but also my favorite occupation. Secondly, you can become a technician of the company; If you go abroad to study for a master's degree in management, it is acceptable to return to China to be an enterprise manager; What can you do? I have been a tutor. Although I am not my major, I have a natural advantage in communicating with children. When I was a tutor, my students' grades improved, and I felt a great sense of accomplishment. I worked as a student cadre, got along well with my subordinates, and organized several influential large-scale activities; I did some development in the company during my internship. Although there is no great achievement, I feel ok. What can support you? Relatives at home recommend a company to do technology development; The GRE test is ok, and I applied to several foreign universities, but it is hard to say whether I can get a scholarship, and it is difficult to get a visa now; Last year, several schools came to the department to recruit teachers. As a result, they did not become teachers, but went to the school to do technical maintenance. I don't know if any schools will recruit teachers again this year. Some students have started a company, hoping to join it, but they don't know the specific business of this company and don't know how promising it is. What kind of person can you become in the end? There may be four final choices, as follows: 1. As a teacher in school, I have my own interests and ideals, and I don't lack knowledge and ability. Under the general trend of quality education, compared with normal majors, I have my own professional advantages. When teaching knowledge, I can let students know more cutting-edge knowledge, especially now that computers have gained considerable popularity and foundation among middle school students, I am confident to become an ideal student. The deficiency is the lack of basic training and some skills as a teacher, but this can be improved step by step. Being a technician in the company will bring you better income. However, through the development in recent years, this industry has experienced ups and downs. At the same time, due to the rapid development of technology, you have to update your knowledge at any time, which is stressful, lack of confidence and little interest. 3. Going to a classmate's company, losing your major from the bottom is risky, which is not in line with your psychological character of seeking stability, and at the same time, the family will have resistance; If I get a scholarship, I can study abroad, and I will still be an enterprise manager after returning home. There are many uncertain factors and poor controllability, so it has been in a passive state. From the perspective of career development alone, these four choices have their rationality, but from a personal point of view, the first choice is obviously more in line with her own career orientation. From the psychological point of view, choosing the first one can give her the greatest satisfaction, and it is also the easiest to put into her work, and she will have a great sense of accomplishment after making certain achievements. From the perspective of career prospects, teachers are more and more respected by society, and their social status is on the rise. In terms of personality, this profession is also more in line with her professional orientation. The main difficulty is that the threshold for non-normal students to enter this major is relatively high. If she can determine her ultimate goal and make efforts to bridge the gap with normal students in vocational skills, it won't be long before she can realize her career ideal. When it comes to career, the most basic thing is to look at the adaptability of a person and the environment. Of course, the modern concept of occupation is no longer limited to a job, but to find an environment in which they can develop their abilities, skills, express their thoughts and assume a certain role in a certain aspect; And the adaptation to the environment is also different because of different personalities. First, traditional: this type of personality is the most common in transactional occupations. Such people are easy to organize, like to deal with data and numerical facts, like clear goals, and can't accept ambiguous States. These people can be described as obedient, orderly, efficient and practical. If you use impolite words, it shows that you lack imagination, can control yourself and have no flexibility. Cashier is a typical representative of this type. Second, the artistic type: This type forms the strongest contrast with the traditional type. They like to choose careers in music, art, literature and drama. They think they are imaginative, intuitive, impulsive, introspective and independent. Such people are more qualified in language than in mathematics. If described in negative language, such people are extremely emotional and disorganized. Realistic type: This type of person is sincere, frank, steady, pragmatic, shy, lacking insight and easy to obey. They generally have mechanical ability and are willing to engage in semi-technical or physical occupations (such as plumbers and assembly line workers). They are characterized by strong task continuity, but less social needs, such as negotiating and persuading others. Fourth, social: social people and realistic people are almost two opposite categories. This type likes to provide information and help others, develop interpersonal relationships and work in an orderly and institutionalized working environment. Besides being sociable, these people are witty, sophisticated, friendly, easy to understand and helpful. The more negative aspect of his character is his arbitrariness and his love of manipulating others. Social people are suitable for nursing, teaching, marketing, sales, training and development. 5. Innovative (entrepreneurial): This type of people is similar to social people and likes to cooperate with others. The main difference is that innovative people like to lead and control others (rather than help others) to achieve specific organizational goals. This type of person is confident, ambitious, energetic and talkative. The negative side of his personality characteristics is bossiness, strong desire for power and impulsiveness. 6. Investigation and research type: This type is almost the opposite of innovation. Such people are willing to observe and analyze phenomena for the development and understanding of knowledge. These people are complex, original and independent, but they are undisciplined, unrealistic and impulsive. Biologists, sociologists and mathematicians mostly belong to this type. In commercial organizations, such people often hold the positions of R&D and consulting personnel. These positions need complex analysis and do not need to convince others. Of course, a person often does not show a single type, but is often a combination of two or three types, but in any case, he must always develop in a positive personality direction and let himself choose a job instead of a job.