* The anatomical structure of the brain is equivalent and the function is asymmetrical. Asymmetry is called unilateralism. * human lightning judgment, 7-8.2 seconds.
* Weber's formula: △ I/I = K. △I is only a perceptible difference, i is the original stimulus intensity, and k is a constant.
* The smallest change of stimulus that can just cause differential sensation is called differential sensation threshold, just perceptible difference, and the smallest perceptible difference.
* Basic characteristics of perception: wholeness (principles of wholeness, continuity, similarity and proximity), selectivity, constancy and comprehension.
* Orientation perception can also be based on information provided by both ears. * Memory is a reflection of past experiences in the mind.
* Memorize by content: image, scene, emotion, semantics (logic) and action. According to whether you realize it or not: overt and covert.
According to whether it can be stated: statement (which can be obtained by language teaching at one time) and procedural (which requires multiple memories).
* James Langer's emotional periphery theory-emotion is the perception of physical changes.
Cannonbard's theory of emotional thalamus-discovered the role of thalamus in emotional development. 、
Cognitive theory of emotion, schacht-environmental stimulus, physiological change and cognitive stimulus interact, and cognitive stimulus plays a decisive role.
Tomkins and Ezard's Theory of Emotional Motivation Differentiation.
* the birth of social psychology-Ross (social psychology) in the United States and McDougall William (introduction to social psychology) in Britain.
* Lei Wen formula, B=F(P, e). B behavior, P individual, E individual situation. F function.
* Holland's philosophical speculation, empirical description and empirical analysis are the enlightenment, formation and establishment period of social psychology.
* Main principles of social psychology: value neutrality, systematicness, ethics and principle.
* Learning mechanism: association, reinforcement and imitation. * Pursuing advantages and avoiding disadvantages is the basic principle of human behavior.
* The purpose of psychotherapy should be to develop patients' creative potential and complete personality, not to treat symptoms.
* Utilitarian role-the role of pursuing practical interests. Expressive role-a role whose basic goal is to express social order, system, values and morality.
* Role expectation-the expectation of others and society for the role. Individual deviation from role expectation may lead to opposition or opposition from others.
* Ego is an ancient topic in psychology. Function-Maintain internal consistency of individuals, explain experiences and determine expectations.
* The formation of self-concept-physical (about 3 years old), psychological (adolescence to adulthood), social self (3 to 13, 14 years old).
* The overall impression of the principle of logical and emotional consistency-addition, average, weighted average and central quality mode.
* Kelly's three-dimensional theory (attribution theory): 1. Specific information: whether the behavior subject's reflection mode is specific and whether it is aimed at a stimulus object. 2.*** Same-sex information: Whether different actors have the same response to the same stimulus. 3. Consistency information: Whether the actors' responses in different backgrounds are consistent.
* Affinity-the psychological tendency that individuals are afraid of loneliness and want to be with others and establish cooperative and friendly ties. One level lower.
* Social anxiety-a negative emotional experience. The third biggest problem that harms the mental health of Americans.
* Attitude-the overall evaluation of the characteristic object by the individual and the tendency to reflect stability. Influencing factors: the disseminator's prestige, status, persuasion intention and persuasiveness.
* Influencing factors of communication information: information difference, fear, information tendency, and bad information providing methods.
* Hyde's equilibrium theory: the principle of least effort. P (individual) -O (others) -X (another object).
* deutsch, a social psychologist, put forward the theory that goals and means depend on each other. * Two effects of social promotion: companionship and audience.
* Tarde's Imitation Method (imitation method published in 1890): decreasing method, geometric series rate, first inside and then outside method.
* The difference between love and liking: attachment, altruism and intimacy. There are two kinds of love: passionate love and partner love. Motivation: love, reproduction, economy. Both husband and wife can adjust physically, psychologically, economically and socially, so that the marriage is out of balance.
* Cultural and historical factors are the source of children's psychological development. * Vygotsky, 1. The nearest development zone. 2. Teaching should be ahead of development. 3. The best time for learning and development. Piaget's "wisdom is adaptation". Schema, assimilation, adaptation and balance. Factors of children's psychological development: maturity, experience, social environment and balance. Process: the unity of continuity and stages.
* critical period (Lorenz)-children are most likely to acquire certain knowledge and skills or form certain psychological characteristics within a certain period of time. After this period, there will be obstacles in the development of related aspects, which are difficult to make up.
* Sensitive period-a period when children can easily learn certain knowledge and behaviors and some aspects of psychology develop rapidly.
* Unconditional reflection: 1. It has obvious survival significance. 2. There is no obvious adaptive value.
Baby: * 12 months ago, emotional memory, action memory. After 65438+2 months, image memory and word memory. * 8- 1 1 month problem-solving process has three levels: invalid attempt, effective attempt and direct success without trying. * 1.5-2.5 years old is the key period to master the basic grammar of mother tongue. * Typical temperament types: easy to raise 40%, difficult to raise 10%, stunted 15%.
* Attachment types: security, avoidance and resistance.
* The development of games: functional games (infancy), symbolic games (infancy) and regular games (childhood).
* Children: * Thinking development-figurative thinking of images (plasticity and dynamics), and logical thinking began to sprout. * The critical period of oral development. * The meaning of spoken language: a tool for communication, a tool for adapting to the environment, an irreplaceable role in transcending a specific environment and entering a new environment, and a booster for psychological development. * Oral development: dialogue to monologue, scene to coherence. * The first rebellious period (3-4 years old), with independent behavior, self-will and resistance to parental control.
* Childhood: * Learning is the dominant activity. Specific operation stage. Turning point of thinking (9- 10 years old). Master protector. Bullying behavior: physical bullying, direct verbal bullying and indirect bullying. * The significance of communication: we need a sense of collective belonging, develop social cognition and social communication ability, develop self-concept, and promote good personality and social responsibility. * Short-term game partnership (3-5 years old), one-way help relationship (6-9 years old) and two-way help relationship (9- 12 years old). * Parents control before 6 years old, * * * with 6- 12 years old, and children control after 12 years old.
* Adolescence: * The accelerated period of physical growth, physiological function development, sexual development and maturity. * Contradictory characteristics: the contradiction between the sense of maturity and semi-maturity, the contradiction between weaning and spiritual support, the contradiction between locking and opening up, and the alternation of sense of accomplishment and frustration. * Thinking development: get rid of the shackles of specific content and undertake the development of deductive reasoning ability. * Consciousness development: the second leap. * Pay attention to your appearance and manners, your ability and academic performance, your personality growth and strong self-esteem. * Characteristics of emotional changes: more troubles, increased loneliness and depression. * Egocentric characteristics: unique self, imaginary audience. * The second inversion period (10-1to 15- 16 years old). * 1. Similarities between the two rebellious periods * * *: independent self-awareness, autonomy in demanding prosecution, and a sense of advancement in growth and development. One has a sense of growth and the other has a sense of maturity. * Difference: First, autonomy and freedom of movement are required; Second, it requires independent personality, equal social status, and spiritual and behavioral autonomy.
* Youth: * Three stages of thinking development: dualism, relativity and consensus. * Development of dialectical logical thinking. * Confirming that self-identity is an important developmental task in adolescence.
* Middle age: Personality: stable, mature (obvious introspection, mature defense and wit), and increasingly integrated gender roles.
:: Old age: significant changes in sensory perception (decreased vision and hearing, dull taste, smell and touch). Memory: the critical period of 70 years old.
* Li Xintian 199 1 Normal and abnormal standards: medical science, statistics, introspection experience and social adaptation standards. * Three aspects of anxiety symptoms: 1. A painful emotional experience disproportionate to the situation. 2. Psychomotor anxiety. 3. Vegetative nerve dysfunction with physical discomfort. * Acute transient mental disorder: acute onset within two weeks, mainly psychotic symptoms, corresponding heart disease before onset, and complete recovery within 2-3 months.
* measurement-according to certain laws, things are determined by numbers, that is, things, numbers and laws. Elements: reference points and units. * Named Scale-the form of scale with the lowest measurement level, which uses numbers to represent things or classify things. :: Nature of the scale: indirect, relative and objective. * Psychological test first appeared in psychological literature-CATTELL1890, article "Psychological Test and Measurement". * Quota: minimum 30 or 100, nationwide 2000-3000. * Standard norm can be obtained by linear transformation and nonlinear transformation. * Standards have the following conditions: effectiveness, reliability, objectivity and simplicity. * Purpose of the test: display and prediction. * Test arrangement: parallel straight lines, mixed spiral.
* Counselor's character: to be a person who respects and loves life and is beneficial to society and others. * 1986, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital established the first psychological counseling department in China.
* Freud was born in1May 6, 856. It is believed that human psychological activities are divided into two levels: subconscious and consciousness.
* Three Theories of Psychology: 1. Neglect psychology. 2. dreams. 3. General theory of neuropathy.
* Self-defense mechanism includes: repression, projection, substitution, reversal, rationalization, sublimation, transfer, etc. Counseling objects: Normal mental health, normal mental health and low mental health level, excluding special objects (clinically cured or mentally ill in the incubation period).