1 discovery and utilization of ancient oil in China
The development and utilization of petroleum in China is an ancient and brand-new undertaking, which has become an important industrial sector of modern energy production in China. However, the history of China's discovery and utilization of oil and gas technology can be traced back to 3000 years ago, and it has made brilliant achievements in technology.
China people first discovered and used oil in the world. When did it start? According to research, it started more than 3000 years ago at the latest. The earliest record of oil discovery originated from the Book of Changes: "There is fire in the Ze" and "Fire leads to Ze". "There is a fire in the river" is a description of the fire phenomenon of oil vapor on the water surface of lakes and ponds. The earliest ancient book that knows the properties of petroleum and records its origin is 1900 The Geography of Hanshu written by Ban Gu, a writer and historian in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 32-92). The origin of oil is clearly recorded here, which shows that oil is a water-like liquid and can be burned.
Shen Kuo, a famous scientist in Song Dynasty (1031-1095, a native of Qiantang, Zhejiang) first gave petroleum a scientific name. In his encyclopedia Meng Qian Bi Tan, he named the stone paint, petroleum water, kerosene and fierce fire oil used in history as petroleum, and made a very detailed discussion on petroleum.
The invention of 2 barrel wells
The development of ancient drilling technology in China can be roughly divided into two stages: large shallow wells and small deep wells. The wells dug before the Northern Song Dynasty were generally shallow wells with large mouths, and the wells dug later were mostly deep wells with small mouths. A large shallow well is directly lowered to the bottom of the well by people and excavated with simple tools such as shovels and picks. Small-mouth deep wells are dug by special well-drilling machinery, which is called "Zhuo barrel wells".
China invented the drilling technology of Zhuo-tube well seven or eight hundred years earlier than the West. This drilling technology is known as "the father of oil drilling in modern China in the world" and is the fifth invention in ancient China. It opened the prelude of human exploitation of mineral resources hidden deep underground, and promoted the rise and development of petroleum industry.
3 the development of China petroleum industry
1) Yanchang Oilfield-the first onshore oil well in China.
The earliest oilfield developed on land in China is Yanchang Oilfield in northern Shaanxi. Yanchang Oilfield is located in Yan 'an County, Shaanxi Province, China. Although our ancestors discovered oil here more than 2000 years ago, it has been nearly a hundred years since it was really put into development. In April, 1907, well location and rig installation began outside the west gate of Yanchang county. It was officially completed in September of that year and named "Yan Yijing". 1985, on the occasion of extending the 80th anniversary of the establishment of oil mines, Kang Wei, former vice premier of the State Council and minister of petroleum industry, wrote the inscription "The first oil well on land in China" for "Yiyanjing". 1996165438+1On October 20th, the "Yan Yi Jing" was announced by the State Council as a national key protected cultural relic. Fig. 6- 1 is the symbol of extended oil.
Figure 6- 1 Yanchang Oil
2) Yumen Oilfield-the cradle of China petroleum industry.
Yumen Oilfield is the first natural oil base in China, located at the northern foot of Qilian Mountain in Hexi Corridor, connecting the western end of Wan Li Great Wall, Xiongguan Jiayuguan, Jiuquan, a historic city, and Dunhuang and Xinjiang in the west, with a total area of 1 14.37 km2, which is the only place where the Silk Road passes. The oilfield was put into development in 1939, and produced crude oil in 140.29× 104t in 1959, accounting for 50.9% of the national crude oil output in that year, creating stable production of 14t in 1970s and 50× 00t in 1980s.
3) Daqing Oilfield-the largest oilfield in China.
Daqing Oilfield is located in the west of Heilongjiang Province, in the middle of Songnen Plain, between Harbin and Qiqihar. The length of the oilfield from north to south is 140km, and the width from east to west is 73km, with a total area of 5470km2. In order to get rid of the label of "oil-poor country", in March 1960, the CPC Central Committee decided that Yu personally guided and mobilized workers from 37 factories, mines, colleges and universities, newly graduated students and more than 30,000 demobilized soldiers to join forces in Daqing and launched a high-spirited oil conference war. The oil workers, represented by the iron king Man Jinxi, overcame unimaginable difficulties. It only took 1 year and three months to find out the oil-bearing area and reserves in this area, and the largest oil production base in China was initially built in less than two years. 1963, the annual output of crude oil in Daqing Oilfield exceeded 400× 104t. 196365438+On February 3, Zhou Enlai solemnly declared at the Second National People's Congress: "China is basically self-sufficient in oil, and the era when China people used foreign oil is gone forever." At the beginning of 1964, Mao Zedong issued the call of "Celebrating Industry". Since then, Daqing Oilfield has become a banner of China industry.
1976, the annual output of Daqing Oilfield exceeded 5000× 104t. Since 1980s, Daqing Oilfield has taken the road of "prospering oil through science and technology", actively carried out scientific experiments and tackled key technical problems, and formed a theory of petroleum geological development with China characteristics. Through the unremitting efforts of petroleum workers, the crude oil output of Daqing Oilfield has been stable above 5000× 104t for 27 consecutive years, reaching the advanced level of similar oilfield development in the world. In 2006, Daqing Oilfield produced 4340.5× 104t crude oil and 24.5× 108m3 natural gas, achieving an oil-gas equivalent of 4535.9× 104t.
4) Three state-owned oil companies
Petroleum is an important energy source and high-quality chemical raw material, an important strategic material related to the national economy and people's livelihood, and the petroleum industry is an important basic industry of our national economy. Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has developed at a high speed, and the demand for energy is increasing. From 1978 to 65438+February, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee made a strategic decision to "shift the focus of the whole party's work from 1979 to socialist modernization", and an unprecedented good situation appeared on all fronts. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, in order to adapt to economic development, the state decided to implement the development strategy of "stabilizing the east and developing the west" for the oil industry. The exploration and development of western oil fields has a far-reaching impact on the development of China's oil industry.
At present, there are three major oil companies in China: China Petroleum and Natural Gas Group (China Petroleum, CNPC), China Petrochemical Group (China Petrochemical, Sinopec) and China Offshore Oil Corporation (China Offshore Oil, CNOOC). Figure 6-2, Figure 6-3 and Figure 6-4 are company logos respectively.
Figure 6-2 China Petroleum
Figure 6-3 China Petrochemical Company
Figure 6-4 Offshore Oil in China
China petroleum and natural gas group company is a super-large petroleum and petrochemical enterprise group established on the basis of the former China petroleum and natural gas group company in July 1998 according to the State Council's institutional reform plan. It is a state-authorized institution, a state holding company. It is a comprehensive oil company that integrates upstream and downstream, domestic and foreign trade, production and marketing, operates according to the modern enterprise system, and operates across regions, industries and countries. China Petroleum and Natural Gas Group Corporation is an important state-owned backbone enterprise, a comprehensive international energy company mainly engaged in oil and natural gas business, engineering and technical services, petroleum engineering construction, petroleum equipment manufacturing, financial services and new energy development, and one of the major oil and gas producers and suppliers in China. 20 14 ranked fourth in the world's top 500. The goal of China Petroleum is to build a world-class comprehensive international energy company. By implementing strategic development, adhering to innovation drive, paying attention to quality and efficiency, and accelerating the transformation of development mode, by 2020, the main indicators will reach the world advanced level, and the competitiveness and profitability will be comprehensively improved, making it a leading enterprise in green development and sustainable development.
China Petrochemical Group is a super-large petroleum and petrochemical enterprise group reorganized by the state on the basis of the former sinopec group in July 2007, 1998. It is a state-owned company, an institution authorized by the state to invest and a state holding company. China Petrochemical Group Company has a registered capital of 654.38+82 million yuan, and is headquartered in Beijing. 20 14 ranked third in the world's top 500. The main business scope of China Petrochemical Group Company includes: industrial investment and investment management; Exploration, exploitation, storage and transportation (including pipeline transportation), sales and comprehensive utilization of oil and natural gas; Petroleum refining; Wholesale of gasoline, kerosene and diesel; Production, sales, storage and transportation of petrochemical and other chemical products; Exploration design, construction, building installation of petroleum and petrochemical engineering; Maintenance of petroleum and petrochemical equipment; Mechanical and electrical equipment manufacturing; Research, development, application and consulting services of technical information and alternative energy products; Self-management and agency for the import and export of all kinds of goods and technologies (except those restricted or prohibited by the state).
China Offshore Oil Corporation is a super-large state-owned enterprise directly under the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council and the largest offshore oil and gas producer in China. The company was established in 1982 and its headquarters is in Beijing. Since its establishment, China Offshore Oil has maintained a good development trend, from an upstream company solely engaged in oil and gas exploration to an international energy company with prominent main business and complete industrial chain. In 20 13, the company's overseas business has spread to more than 40 countries and regions, with overseas assets accounting for 40%, overseas income accounting for 30%, and the localization rate of overseas employees reaching 82%. The transnational index is moving towards the first-class international companies. 20 14 ranked 79th in the world top 500.
5) Oil and gas resources in China.
According to the geological characteristics and exploration degree of China petroliferous basin, oil and gas resources can be divided into six petroliferous areas, namely:
(1) Eastern oil-gas bearing area-mainly including Northeast China and North China;
(2) Central oil-bearing areas-mainly including Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia, Sichuan, Chongqing and other places;
(3) western oil-bearing areas-mainly including Xinjiang, Qinghai and western Gansu;
(4) Southern oil-bearing areas-mainly including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi;
(5) Oil-bearing areas in Tibet, including areas south of Kunlun Mountain and west of Hengduan Mountain; (6) Offshore oil and gas-bearing areas-including the southeast coastal continental shelf and the South China Sea.
At present, more than 700 oil and gas fields have been discovered in 25 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and offshore areas, forming the above six oil and gas areas. There are more than 20 major production bases on land, including Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Xinjiang, Changqing, Sichuan, Zhongyuan, North China, Dagang, Jilin, Jianghan, Qinghai and Henan.
In 20 13, the remaining proven oil reserves in China were 33.39× 108t, ranking 14 in the world. The annual output of crude oil in China is 2. 1× 108t, and the current reserve-production ratio in China is 15.9. China's proven natural gas reserves are mainly concentrated in the 10 large basin, followed by Bohai Bay, Sichuan, Songliao, Junggar, Yinggehai-Qiongdongnan, Qaidam, Turpan-Hami, Tarim, Bohai and Ordos. Under the background of energy shortage in recent years, the development of onshore and offshore gas fields in China has developed rapidly. In 20 13, the remaining proven natural gas reserves in China were 4.4×10/2m3, and the remaining proven recoverable natural gas reserves in China ranked 1 1 in the world.
2 1 century, oil is the most important energy and strategic material for human beings. Oil is closely related to global politics, economy and national strategy.