The key strength of social development and personal self-worth realization lies not in how much information you have, but in how much knowledge you have gained from information processing and your ability to acquire knowledge. In the research report of 2006, Nucleus Research, an American market research company, pointed out that 2/3 employees in the United States are in an information overload environment, and about14 employees spend more than 5 hours a week searching for the information needed for their work in the vast amount of information. "We live in the ocean of information, but we are suffering from thirst for knowledge", which is a vivid portrayal of this situation.
After entering the information age from the industrial age, mankind is transitioning from the information age to the knowledge age. Relatively speaking, in the information age, what people need most is to obtain information continuously, while in the knowledge age, after information is extremely rich, what people need most is to sort out, analyze and process information continuously and turn it into knowledge.
Today, with the rapid development of the digital age, the society tends to be technical and the network tends to be personalized and socialized. The concept of "knowledge economy" has penetrated into people's lives and work, and organizational management is also facing major changes and changes in concepts and methods. The development of modern information technology, especially the appearance of network technology, has created a good environment for the collection, classification, organization, mining, enjoyment and innovation of knowledge, and promoted the transformation from "information" to "knowledge". 1986, Karl Viger first put forward the concept of knowledge management at the United Nations International Labour Conference. The Knowledge Economy published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1996 points out the index system of this new economy. In 1999, 80% of enterprises in the United States have implemented or are implementing knowledge management plans.
10. 1.2 the concept of knowledge management
To understand the concept of knowledge management, we must first understand what knowledge is. There are many definitions of knowledge.
The Modern Chinese Dictionary explains knowledge as "knowledge is the sum of knowledge and experience gained by people in the practice of transforming the world." In Ci Hai, knowledge is defined as "experience accumulated by people in practice". Knowledge essentially belongs to the category of cognition. "
Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, said, "Knowledge is a proven correct understanding."
Some scholars believe that knowledge is used to solve problems or make decisions, and it is easy to understand and structure information after sorting. Other scholars believe that knowledge is composed of facts, truths, beliefs, ideas and expectations, methods and practical skills, which are acquired through accumulation and synthesis and can be used to solve specific problems for a long time.
1in March, 1998, the office of the national leading group for science and technology defined "knowledge" as "the symbolic product of society such as information, data, images, video and value standards after being sorted out by human thinking."
From the above definition, it can be concluded that knowledge comes from information, but information must be combined with people's own knowledge and actual behavior, so that there is a basis for extending to knowledge.
The concept of knowledge management has only appeared for ten years, and a unified definition and viewpoint has not yet been formed. Scholars have given different definitions according to different research purposes and angles.
Karl Frapaul, one of the founders of Delphi Group in the United States, said: "The so-called knowledge management is the process of improving the adaptability and innovation ability of enterprises by using collective wisdom, so that enterprises can quickly respond to external demand and use their own knowledge resources to predict the development direction and changes of external markets."
Bill Gates believes: "Knowledge management is to provide a set of systematic procedures and methods to guide members of enterprise organizations to publish, organize, collect, search, analyze and manage important information and knowledge of enterprises efficiently."
Although different scholars have given different definitions, according to the characteristics of these definitions, knowledge management can be divided into three schools: technical school, behavioral school and comprehensive school. These three schools also represent three research directions of knowledge management.
Technical schools believe that "knowledge management" is the management of information. The knowledge management in technical schools mainly focuses on technical efficiency, design and construction of information management system, artificial intelligence, reorganization and groupware, etc. It holds that knowledge is an enterprise resource and a physical object, which can be identified and processed in information systems, that is, management and control. The above viewpoints are mainly developed from American information technology. As the object of management, knowledge can be identified, organized, processed and transmitted by establishing information system and using information technology means such as data warehouse technology and computer network technology. Advocates of this definition are mainly experts and scholars with computer science foundation and background.
Behaviorism holds that "knowledge management is the management of people" and regards knowledge as a process, that is, a process in which individuals or organizations collect, process, utilize and sublimate knowledge. Generally speaking, the knowledge management of behavioral school (including theoretical research and practical activities) mainly focuses on giving full play to people's initiative, paying attention to the process of evaluating, changing or improving individual skills or behaviors, and is keen on studying the learning, management and organization of individual abilities. It holds that knowledge is equal to the process and is a series of complex dynamic arrangements that constantly change skills. The holder of this concept occupies most scholars in the field of knowledge management research. This school emphasizes the study and management of individual ability or the study of organizational learning. The subject background of researchers is generally philosophy, psychology, sociology and behavioral science.
The comprehensive school synthesizes the main viewpoints of the above two schools, combines technology with management, and thinks that knowledge management should not only manage information and people, but also manage interrelated information and people. Knowledge management mainly focuses on different organizations facing different strategic goals, not just a technology-oriented technical process, but making full use of technology in the implementation of knowledge management. For example, the strategic goal of an organization is mainly around how to develop core competence (or core competitiveness). This requires an organization not only to pay attention to resource economy, but also to sustainable capacity development, such as caring about people's initiative, how to create a better environment (compared with competitors) to attract talents, cultivate talents and absorb, transform and enjoy tacit knowledge more effectively. This school emphasizes that knowledge can create value for enterprises. In the process of knowledge management, we should not only use knowledge, but also enjoy knowledge and realize knowledge innovation.
As can be seen from the above, technical schools take the application of technology as the main research direction, trying to maximize the use of information resources through the improvement and application of information technology; Behaviorism school discusses the role of individuals in information management and the application of knowledge by studying the role of people in information management; Comprehensive school combines people and knowledge, looks at knowledge management from a more macro perspective, and seeks the enjoyment, appreciation and innovation of knowledge in the organization.
In recent years, due to the needs of economic development and the development of management practice, knowledge management has gradually become independent from information management, thus forming a brand-new management field. At this time, knowledge management has different connotations and extensions from information management. It can be said that the main content of knowledge management is the management of people. As a cognitive process, knowledge exists among users of information, and innovation can only be realized in the interactive process of interpersonal communication. The transformation from information management to knowledge management is a further embodiment of the main line of "people-oriented" management in management theory and practice.
10. 1.3 knowledge management process
Knowledge management scholars have different views on the process of knowledge management. From 65438 to 0993, Wiig believed that the broad basic activities of knowledge management process were innovation, deployment, application and transfer. 1995 Anderson Company and American Productivity and Quality Center divide the process of knowledge management into seven main activities, namely, identification, search, transformation, organization, application, enjoyment and innovation, with leadership, culture, science and technology and evaluation as auxiliary activities. From 65438 to 0997, the knowledge management model invented by consulting firm KPMG includes six continuous processes: knowledge acquisition, knowledge indexing, knowledge filtering, knowledge linking, knowledge distribution and knowledge application.
Holsapole and Joshi believe that knowledge management includes three basic strategies, namely, knowledge innovation strategy, knowledge transfer strategy and knowledge protection strategy. The knowledge processing activities involved are: ① Acquisition. Identify the knowledge in the environment and pass it on to the organization for use or internalization. 2 choice. Identify knowledge used in organizational knowledge resources. ③ Internalization. Absorb new knowledge or change the knowledge nature of the organization. 4 use. Form new knowledge or externalize some knowledge in a useful form outside the organization.
10. 1.3. 1 knowledge acquisition
The so-called knowledge acquisition is to simulate the basic process of human learning knowledge, extract the required knowledge from information sources and convert it into a representation that can be used by computer programs. Specifically, knowledge acquisition is to acquire a set of facts, rules and patterns and convert them into a form consistent with computer knowledge representation. Information sources are mainly human experts, books, databases and network information sources.
The concept of knowledge acquisition originated from the fields of knowledge engineering and artificial intelligence. Since the mid-1950s, the research of artificial intelligence has drawn the attention of computer scientists to the solution of knowledge problems, and a series of knowledge processing technologies such as knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation and knowledge application have become the focus of attention. In the stage of knowledge acquisition, enterprises should not only pay attention to the collection of internal knowledge, but also pay attention to external knowledge; We should not only pay attention to the collection of first-hand knowledge gained from practice, but also pay attention to the collection of second-hand knowledge such as materials. Knowledge acquisition can be divided into internal and external forms. Internal acquisition is aimed at the existing knowledge resources in the organization; The external acquisition of knowledge refers to the acquisition of knowledge by enterprises from the external environment, which enables enterprises to form dynamic communication ability with the external knowledge environment, and is the basis and premise of knowledge management. The main sources of external knowledge of the organization are: academic research institutions, consulting companies, suppliers, partners, academic conferences and periodicals, customers, market research institutions, network content providers and experts; The acquisition methods include open market procurement, informal cooperation and exchange and formal strategic alliance. The goal of knowledge acquisition is to establish a sound, perfect and effective knowledge base for intelligent systems to meet the needs of solving domain problems. Its basic tasks include knowledge extraction, knowledge modeling, knowledge transformation, knowledge input, knowledge detection and knowledge base reorganization.
10. 1.3.2 knowledge creation
Knowledge creation is a spiral process of interaction between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. The interaction of these two kinds of knowledge will lead to the generation of new knowledge. In all kinds of knowledge-creating companies, individuals or groups interact in the same place, and the result will be "value creation". In knowledge creation, place is extremely important. In the process of knowledge creation, knowledge will continue to accumulate and expand, and places will also expand and evolve dynamically. It is based on the successful mode of individual and organizational creative activities, and divides the transformation of knowledge into four aspects: socialization, externalization, combination and internalization.
(1) social. Tacit knowledge to tacit knowledge, that is, using close and frequent relationships to acquire knowledge. Socialization is a process of sharing personal experience and creating new tacit knowledge (value-added), such as enjoying mental models, skills and understanding, as well as cultural atmosphere, working environment, time and experience. We can acquire knowledge from knowledge disseminators through informal imitation and observation, without special study time and teaching materials. In daily life, people can learn tacit knowledge directly from others without using language to express it.
(2) externalization. Tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. In other words, tacit knowledge is expressed in a form that people can understand and make people understand. In the externalization stage of knowledge creation, the individual becomes a member of the group. In this process, people consciously excavate social knowledge, and express and record it in scientific and rigorous language and writing. Knowledge is conceptualized in this process. The important means of knowledge transformation are metaphor, concept, hypothesis or model, deduction, induction and so on.
(3) combination. Explicit knowledge to explicit knowledge. Combination is to transform the concept generated by externalization into a knowledge system. The process of combination is to combine different explicit knowledge, for example, by collecting external knowledge such as published materials from inside or outside the company, and then integrating it into new explicit knowledge, or spreading this new knowledge to organization members through reports or meetings.
(4) internalization. Explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge. Integrate and internalize the newly created knowledge, that is, transform the explicit knowledge into the tacit knowledge of the organization. The essence of internalization is a learning process, through which individuals constantly accumulate and enrich their knowledge. When the knowledge obtained through socialization, externalization and combination is internalized into personal tacit knowledge, it lays the foundation for the next knowledge transformation process. Ikujiro Nonaka, Kenji Kono and others put forward a sect model to explain the process of knowledge creation and accumulation. In each stage of transformation, knowledge should constantly break through and surpass itself, and it will snowball and increase, showing a spiral evolutionary trajectory.
10. 1.3.3 Enjoy knowledge * * *
Knowledge sharing means that employees or internal and external teams of an organization exchange and discuss knowledge with each other through various channels (such as discussion, conference network, knowledge update database, etc.) within or across organizations, with the aim of expanding the use value of knowledge through knowledge exchange and producing knowledge effects. Knowledge is different from ordinary assets. The more you enjoy it, the more you can play its value.
If knowledge is only accumulated, without the means of enjoyment and communication, and without the free flow of knowledge within the enterprise, the value of knowledge accumulation will not be reflected. If the knowledge accumulated within the enterprise is shared and exchanged within the enterprise, and knowledge sharing becomes the culture and fashion of the enterprise, then the successful experience of a project will be learned by all projects of the enterprise, and the lessons of a project failure will also be used for reference by all projects. In this way, the exchange and sharing of knowledge within the enterprise will optimize the whole enterprise and improve the overall value of knowledge utilization.
10. 1.3.4 knowledge application
The application of knowledge is the transformation process of knowledge from theory to practice. With the help of explicit or implicit knowledge mastered by enterprises, it is applied to practice to solve problems and create value for enterprises. Therefore, knowledge application is a "turning point" to realize the transformation of knowledge from knowledge form itself to enterprise value.
Knowledge application includes two aspects. Internally, it refers to transforming knowledge into the ability to solve practical problems and improving the efficiency and adaptability of the organization. Externalization refers to the process of combining enterprise knowledge with market and commercializing it. By developing knowledge into products and services that users can easily use, enterprises not only create value for customers, but also bring wealth to enterprises, which becomes the basis for enterprises to acquire new knowledge and competitive advantage.