Mike Porter (1998) believes that industrial cluster is a collection of interconnected and geographically concentrated companies and institutions in a specific field. Industrial clusters include many interrelated industries and other entities that play an important role in competition. Industrial clusters often extend downward to sales channels and customers, and horizontally to manufacturers of auxiliary products and industrial companies related to skills, technologies or inputs. Industrial clusters include government and other institutions that provide specialized training, education, information research and technical support. J A Theo, Rolelandt and PimdenHertog( 1998) define industrial clusters as: in order to acquire new complementary technologies, gain benefits from complementary assets and knowledge alliances, speed up the learning process, reduce transaction costs, overcome or build market barriers, and realize cooperative economic benefits, enterprises (including professional suppliers), knowledge production institutions (universities, research institutions and engineering design companies), and enterprises.
PeterKnorringa and J J org Meyer Stamper (1 998+0998) refer to Markusen( 1996) to divide industrial clusters into the following three categories (see table1for details).
LynnMytelka and FulviaFarinelli(2000) divide industrial clusters into three categories according to their internal relations (see Table 2 for details).
Table 1 Classification of Industrial Clusters Italy Industrial Clusters Satellite Industrial Clusters Wheel Industrial Clusters
The main features are small and medium-sized enterprises;
Strong specialization;
Intense local competition and cooperation network;
Trust-based relationships are mostly small and medium-sized enterprises;
Rely on external enterprises;
Large local enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises based on low labor costs;
Obvious hierarchy
The main advantages are flexibility and specialization;
High product quality;
Great innovation potential and cost advantage;
Cost advantage of skills/tacit knowledge;
Flexibility; Large enterprises play an important role.
Main weakness path dependence;
Facing the sudden change of economic environment and technology, adapting to slow sales and relying on external participants;
Limited proprietary technology affects competitive advantage, and the whole cluster depends on the performance of a few large enterprises.
Typical development track stagnation/decline;
Changes in internal division of labor;
Some activities are outsourced to other regions;
The appearance and upgrading of axle structure;
Integrate forward and backward processes to provide customers with a set of products or services that stagnate/decline (if large enterprises decline/stagnate);
Upgrade, internal division of labor changes
Policy intervenes in collective action to form regional advantages;
Typical tools for upgrading small and medium-sized enterprises in public-private joint ventures (training and technology dissemination). The cooperation between large enterprises/associations and SME support institutions has enhanced the strength of SMEs.
Source: peterknoringa/j org meyerstammer. A new dimension of enterprise management and development: from cluster to industrialist. 1998, ( 10).
Table 2 Types of industrial clusters and their manifestations Spontaneous industrial clusters
Informal clusters, organized industrial clusters and innovative clusters.
For example, SuameMagazine auto parts cluster in Kumasi, Ghana, Nnewi auto parts manufacturing cluster in Nigeria, Sialkot surgical instruments cluster in Pakistan, furniture industry cluster in jutland, Denmark and Belluno glasses industry cluster in Italy.
The participation of key participants ranges from low to high.
Enterprise scale, individual, small and medium-sized enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises
Innovation is hard to sustain.
Trust is hard to be high.
Low skill, medium and high skill
Low in technology.
This connection is a bit extensive.
There is little cooperation and it doesn't last long.
Competition is high, high, medium and high.
Product innovation is difficult to sustain.
It is hard to say that the exit is medium to high.
Source: Lynnmytelkaandfulviafarinelli (2000), adapted from UNCTAD (1998P8).
Second, the mechanism of industrial clusters.
The study of cluster can be traced back to Marshall at the earliest. Marshall (1920) explained the phenomenon that enterprises based on external economy are concentrated in the same place. He discovered the close relationship between external economy and industrial clusters. He believes that industrial clusters are caused by externalities. Marshall believes that the external economy includes three types: the scale effect of intermediate input brought about by the expansion of market scale; Scale effect of labor market; Information exchange and technology dissemination. The first two are called money externalities, that is, the external economy formed by scale effect. The latter is a technical external economy. Alfred weber (1929) first put forward the concept of agglomeration economy, and he used agglomeration factors for the first time when analyzing the location distribution of a single industry. Subsequently, Luo Xu (1954) and P. Sargent Florence (P. Sargent Florence, 1948) further elaborated agglomeration economy.
2 Review of foreign industrial cluster research
Krugman developed his view of agglomeration economy through his new trade theory, and the theoretical basis is still to increase income. His industrial agglomeration model assumes that a country has two locations and two production activities (agriculture and manufacturing). Under the comprehensive effect of scale economy, low transportation cost and high manufacturing investment, it is proved that industrial agglomeration will lead to the formation of manufacturing center through mathematical model analysis. In addition, on the basis of integrating traditional economic geography theory, his monopoly competition model comprehensively considers various influencing factors: increasing income, self-organization theory, centripetal force and centrifugal force, which proves that low transportation cost and high manufacturing proportion and scale are conducive to the formation of regional agglomeration. Andersen( 1994) analyzed the shortcomings of the traditional Schumpeter-style innovation correlation analysis, advocated the use of evolutionary economics to analyze the innovation correlation, and built a two-industry model and a three-industry model of interactive innovation within the framework of evolutionary economics, and discussed the innovation correlation and international specialization.
UNCTAD( 1977) divides the cooperation modes among enterprises into groups, networks and strategic partners, probes into the influences of different cooperation modes on enterprise capabilities and competition, and puts forward some policy suggestions from three levels: government, enterprises and intermediaries. AlexHoen( 1997) classifies groups from a theoretical perspective: the concept of groups is divided into micro-level (enterprise groups), meso-level and macro-level (industrial clusters); Enterprises in a cluster are usually connected with the product chain through innovation chain. LynnMytelka and FulviaFarinelli(2000) adopted a different classification method from Markusen( 1996). They divided industrial clusters into informal groups, organized groups and innovative groups. This paper discusses how to cultivate innovative groups and establish innovative systems in traditional industries in order to maintain the sustainable competitive advantage of traditional industries.
MagnusHolmen and StaffanJacobsson( 1998) discussed the determination of industrial clusters. Traditional input-output analysis and user-supplier relationship are based on products and industries, which are not suitable for determining industrial clusters based on knowledge externalities and diffusion. They put forward a new method to determine industrial clusters based on patents. GabrielYoguel, MartaNovick and AnabelMarin(2000) studied Volkswagen's enterprises in Argentina, and discussed the relevance, innovation ability and social management skills (workflow organization and contract formation mechanism) of enterprises within the group from the perspective of production network (group). J VernonHenderson, ZmarakShalizi and AnthonyJ venables (2000) discussed why industrial clusters, how new clusters are formed and the consequences of leaving them from the perspective of economic development and geography. In order to explain the above problems, they made an empirical study on the geographical characteristics of international and domestic economies. SumaS Athreyr(200 1) makes an empirical study on the growth and change of Cambridge high-tech clusters, and discusses how Cambridge high-tech clusters grow and change, what microeconomic factors can explain these phenomena, and why Cambridge high-tech has not reached the level of Silicon Valley. The theoretical basis of its research is the relationship between economic organization and agglomeration.
AldoRomano, GiuseppinaPassiante and ValerioElia(200 1) analyzed 29 virtual groups and replaced the traditional concept of geographical proximity with the concept of organizational proximity. They believe that organizational proximity is a new power source for the formation of virtual groups, and organizational proximity is realized through supply chain and customer relationship management. They have broken through the geographical restrictions of traditional industrial clusters, put industrial clusters in a global virtual learning environment by using the progress of information and communication technology, and expanded the activity space of industrial clusters. HenryG Overman, StephenRedding and Anthony venables (2001) discussed the patterns of trade flow, factor price and production location from the perspective of economic geography, analyzed the determinants of trade cost and the influence of trade cost on trade flow, and thought that geographical conditions were the important determinants of factor price, and put forward geographical trade.
Third, the relationship between industrial clusters and economic growth.
PhilippeMartin and Gianmarcoi Pottaviano (2001) integrated Krugman's new economic geography theory and Romer's endogenous growth theory, and established a self-reinforcing model between economic growth and spatial agglomeration of economic activities. Facts have proved that the spatial agglomeration of regional economic activities has stimulated economic growth by reducing the cost of innovation. On the other hand, due to centripetal force, new enterprises tend to settle in this area, and economic growth further promotes spatial agglomeration, which further verifies the famous "circulation and causal accumulation theory" of Muerda. In other words, enterprises prefer regions with large market scale, and the expansion of the market is related to the number of enterprises in the region. Anthony venables (200 1) believes that new technology has changed the influence of geography on us, but it has not eliminated our dependence on geography; Geography is still an important factor of international income imbalance and an important condition for industrial agglomeration. NicholasCraft and AnthonyJ venables (200 1) applied the theory of new economic geography to discuss the important role of geographical agglomeration in economic performance, scale and location, and reviewed the future decline of Europe, the rise of the United States and the revival of Asia from a geographical perspective. They believe that although the lack of high-quality institutions is an important reason for backwardness, the important role of geographical agglomeration in economic development cannot be ignored.
3 foreign industrial cluster research summary
CatherineBeaudry and PeterSwann(200 1) studied the ways in which the intensity of industrial clusters affects the performance of enterprises within industrial clusters. Taking the number of employees as an indicator to measure the intensity of industrial clusters, they made an empirical analysis of dozens of industries in Britain: there are positive and negative effects of industrial clusters in different industries, and there are very strong positive effects of industrial clusters in industries such as computers, automobiles, aviation and communication equipment manufacturing. D Norman and J venables (200 1) discussed the scale and quantity of industrial clusters in the world economy based on increasing returns to scale, and studied the relationship between national industrial cluster policy and balanced development of the world economy, as well as the relationship between industrial clusters and maximization of world economic welfare. They thought that under the condition of balanced development, the number of industrial clusters was too large and the scale was too small.
LuraPaija(200 1) thinks that ICT industrial cluster is the engine of Finland's knowledge-based economic growth, which optimizes Finland's industrial structure and builds Finland's national competitive advantage. The development of information and communication technology industrial clusters in Finland is also reviewed from the perspective of industrial policy.
Fourthly, study the relationship between industrial clusters and technological innovation, organizational innovation and social capital.
DalumHolmen and Jacobsson( 1999) discussed the formation of knowledge-based industrial clusters in northern jutland and western Sweden from the perspective of national innovation system. MachielvanDijk and OnderNomaler(2000) are different from the traditional thinking about knowledge spillover and accumulation, and explain the industrial dynamics from the supply side. They explained the industrial dynamics from the perspective of demand, discussed how the time and frequency of new technology application affected the industrial dynamics under the premise of diversified consumer preferences and different related technologies, and verified the relationship between the application mode of new technology and the number of enterprises in the industry. LuciaCusmano(2000) discussed the role of enterprise's related research capabilities (that is, the ability of enterprises to evaluate, integrate and utilize knowledge flows in interaction) in technology policy and cooperative R&D, and its theoretical basis was evolutionary economics. Taking technology as knowledge and interaction as analysis unit, it is assumed that cooperative enterprises are heterogeneous and have complementary knowledge and capabilities. In enterprise cooperation, knowledge spillovers caused by technological externalities have costs, and the utilization of knowledge spillovers by enterprises depends on their own absorptive capacity, which is positively related to their own knowledge stock and R&D investment. C J Caniels and a Romijn (2001) studied the role of technological capability accumulation in the regional development of small and medium-sized enterprises under the background of economic liberalization and international economic integration, established a conceptual framework to analyze the influence mechanism of geographical agglomeration on technological capability accumulation, analyzed the advantages of agglomeration from the meso and micro levels, and put forward corresponding industrial cluster policies.
NicolaiJ Foss( 1999) discussed the role of leadership in coordination game from the perspective of game theory, and thought that the concept of * * * was very important for understanding leadership. NicolaiJ Foss( 1999) compares the traditional competency theory with organizational economics theory, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of competency theory and economics in explaining the relationship between enterprises. Although competence theory can explain the cooperation between enterprises, it lacks theoretical basis. CarlosQuandt(2000) believes that innovative groups and cooperative networks are the main tools to promote regional development, enhance innovation ability and regional competitive advantage, and narrow the spatial and social imbalance. DirkMessner and Meyer Stamer(2000) discussed what the network is and how to understand it, and studied the network governance logic from three aspects (namely, interest groups and decision-making style, social function logic of the network, and seven-network problem). Finally, the role of network governance on industrial clusters and value chains is studied. JorgeBritto analyzes the network forms of cooperation among enterprises, introduces the factors related to the characteristics of network structure, and probes into the decisive factors of network competition. He divided the forms of cooperation between enterprises into four types: traditional network, technical structure network, complex technical network and technology-based network. Meyer Stamer(2002) analyzed the mode of enterprise cooperation in industrial clusters, studied the typical obstacles of enterprise cooperation, discussed how to overcome the negative influence of culture on cooperation, and finally put forward the ways to create an innovative environment through enterprise cooperation, so as to improve the innovation ability and competitive advantage of industrial clusters.
MarkLorenzen( 1998) discusses the information cost based on trust, and thinks that different environments have different ways to obtain information, and different types of trust have different information costs. Therefore, in different environments, different types of trust have corresponding dominant positions. Through empirical analysis, he studied the information cost characteristics of industrial cluster enterprises, explained the reasons for different trust in different industrial clusters and the relationship between geographical proximity and information cost.
4 Review of Foreign Industrial Clusters Research
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Empirical analysis of industrial clusters and industrial policy suggestions
MichaelPeneder( 1997), after studying Australia's industrial cluster policy, thinks that the cluster analysis method is helpful to determine the best policy tool and is very sensitive to the needs reflected by the micro-level system feedback mechanism, and emphasizes the importance of eliminating institutional obstacles and institutional distortions. Mike Porter (1998) thinks that cluster is beneficial for regions and countries to gain competitive advantages, emphasizes the advantages of cluster in obtaining employees and suppliers, specialized information, complementarity and public products, discusses the functions of location selection, local participation, cluster upgrading and collective cooperation in improving cluster competitiveness, reviews the shortcomings of traditional industrial policies, and puts forward new industrial policy design ideas based on industrial clusters. ShoheiKaibori introduced the present situation and future development direction of Japanese industrial clusters. KhalidNadvi and GerhardHalder(2002) made an empirical analysis of surgical instrument clusters in Sialkot, Pakistan and tuttlingen, Germany. The two industrial clusters are located in developing countries and developed countries respectively, which are at the high-end and low-end from the technical point of view, but they are quite related in production and technology, and they are also facing the challenges of quality upgrading, low-price competition and medical technology development. They used the methods of cluster and value chain to make an empirical analysis of the relationship between local industrial clusters and global value chain, and also studied the relationship between industrial clusters in developing countries and developed countries.
OECD's research on industrial clusters is based on the research on national innovation system. OECD's research on national innovation system is divided into two stages. The first stage mainly studies the evaluation system of knowledge distribution ability in the national innovation system. In the second stage, different research groups will be formed to further deepen the research on the national innovation system. The research theme of the second stage is: the correlation of the system; Human resource flow; Innovative enterprise behavior; Innovation system in developing countries; Industrial clusters. As the main body of research, the research scope of industrial cluster includes: the definition of cluster, the innovation mode and style of cluster, the performance research and difference analysis of the same group in different countries, the policy significance of industrial cluster and the principles of industrial cluster policy design. The OECD has made an empirical analysis of industrial clusters in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Belgium, the United States, Britain, the Netherlands and other countries, and on this basis, it has put forward some problems to be deepened: how to make industrial clusters more competitive; Confirmation of important knowledge issues; Industrial upgrading and optimizing strategic design; How to move from traditional competition to strategic cooperation and differentiated competition?
6. Research levels, methods and conclusions of clustering.
Analyze the hierarchy and technology of 1 group.
J A Robelandt and PimdenHertog divide the analysis level of clusters into three levels: macro, meso and micro (see Table 3 for details).
Table 3 Analysis of the concept of horizontal grouping by different grouping analysis methods
The specialization mode of countries/regions in the macro-level (national) economic structure; A large number of product and process upgrades and innovations.
SWOT analysis and benchmark analysis of intra-industry and inter-industry correlation industries at different stages of the product chain of similar final products; Explore the need for innovation
Micro-level (enterprise) inter-enterprise correlation: professional suppliers focus on strategic business development around one or several core enterprises; Chain analysis and management; Cooperative innovation project development
The commonly used research methods of industrial clusters abroad mainly include: (1) input-output analysis method; (2) graphic analysis; (3) consistency analysis; (4) Case study method.
2 cluster research conclusion. To sum up, the logical relationship of foreign research on industrial clusters can be represented by the left figure: foreign cluster research mainly focuses on the mechanism of industrial clusters, technological innovation, organizational innovation, social capital, the relationship between economic growth and industrial clusters, industrial policies based on industrial clusters and empirical research. Foreign scholars have studied industrial clusters from different angles, but they have not yet formed a systematic theoretical system. Foreign research focuses on empirical analysis and concludes on this basis. Industrial clusters have attracted the attention of researchers from different disciplines and become the focus of theoretical research abroad. Most of the research on clusters abroad appears in the form of research papers, lacking systematic research monographs. At present, the theory of industrial cluster still lags behind practice. Nevertheless, the research conclusions of industrial clusters have become the basis for many countries to formulate industrial policies, and achieved very good economic performance.
Revitalizing the old industrial base is a worldwide topic. Almost all the traditional old industrial areas in developed countries have experienced a cycle of creation, development, prosperity, decline and transformation. Ruhr-gebiet, the Great Lakes Industrial Zone in the United States, the French Lorraine Industrial Zone and other world-famous old industrial zones have been transformed one after another, and achieved results. The author chooses Tiexi Industrial Zone in Shenyang to carry out an empirical study on the revitalization of the old industrial base. Industrial Cluster and the Transformation of Old Industrial Base Porter put forward the concept of "industrial cluster" in "National Competitive Advantage", that is, in a specific field (usually centered on a leading industry), a large number of enterprises with close industrial ties and related supporting institutions gather in space and form a phenomenon with strong and sustainable competitive advantage.