Psychological counseling in infancy, childhood and adolescence
(A) early childhood, childhood psychological counseling
1. For infants before the age of 3, the biggest threat to their psychological development is that their sense of security is not satisfied, because at this age, the instinct of individual preservation is the first instinct, and being scared at this time will affect their psychological development.
After three years old, although the scope of communication with the outside world is wider, the sense of security is still important. Psychological disorder may be caused by being frightened by the horrible focal plane, but it is rarely caused by children fighting for toys. Because at this age, personal possessiveness is not the main part of individual psychological development.
[] At this age, being scared by a cat will make children afraid of all fur when they grow up. This is because their cerebral cortex function is imperfect, their internal inhibition is poor and their brain differentiation ability is insufficient. Therefore, after the child is frightened, the mood is easy to generalize.
3.0~5 years old is an important period for infants' psychological development. During this period, the influence of family environment is very important, that is, the care and care from parents. There is a saying in psychology called "a good enough mother".
(1) Parents' attitude:
Neglect, indifference, disgust, harshness, harshness, conditional love.
Infants and young children will form an idea in their hearts, that is, they think they are not good and are not wanted, which has planted the seeds of depression, anxiety and inferiority.
If the mother can appear in time when the baby needs it, wait patiently when he needs company, and show a tolerant, friendly and loving attitude, it is very beneficial for him to establish a complete and healthy inner world.
The so-called good enough, even the best mother can't meet all the needs of infants and children, and can't be with him every minute, so what we can do is to try our best to provide them with a warm and safe atmosphere, which is not easy.
5. Children's emotional structure is relatively simple, and the content of emotions is mostly related to the individual's biological needs such as preservation instinct and security. Bad family relationships (such as family discord, parents quarreling, sulking) do not necessarily pose a direct threat to children, but will affect the formation of children's inner security and self-worth, resulting in psychological pressure.
6. Because children can't vent their inner depression through rich language like adults, psychological obstacles are mainly behavioral obstacles, such as hyperactivity, silence, redundant movements, attack or retreat. The psychological problems in this period are more related to the state of parents' relationship than to the way of family education. Because I don't understand the relationship between adults, I feel scared when I see my parents quarreling.
7.4~6-year-old children began to have simple moral concepts, the evaluation system for themselves and others began to sprout, and they began to pay attention to information related to self-esteem and self-confidence. Therefore, the words and attitudes of adults are very important to them.
(2) Adolescent psychological counseling
1. Adolescence is a period of rapid development of self-awareness. During this period, the attitude of others, especially adults, is very important for the smooth development of his psychology and personality.
The reason why teenagers have behavioral and psychological obstacles is not only the influence of bad family rearing patterns in preschool period, but also the wrong treatment of adults, especially teachers, after entering school.
2. Intelligence cultivation:
The primary school stage is mainly to strengthen inquiry and reflection, cultivate curiosity and stimulate interest in learning.
In middle school, a lot of knowledge is absorbed on the basis of strong interest in learning.
In the university stage, on the basis of strong interest in learning and considerable knowledge, I train my own thinking logic, strengthen my judgment and reasoning ability, and stimulate the characteristics of creative thinking.
Therefore, it is very important to stimulate children's interest in learning in primary school, which is not only related to intellectual education, but also to moral education and physical development. When the interest in learning is led to the study of moral concepts, children will gradually become very sensible. When the interest in learning is led to sports, children will know how to promote their health.
3. The development of boys' self-awareness is between 13- 16 years old, while girls enter a new stage between 12- 14 years old. At this time, they began to have a sense of independence in school and family, and felt that they had a certain ability to live independently in social life and felt that they were also a member of the family. No longer blindly obey adults completely, dare not directly face the opinions of teachers and parents, but have their own views. Under the constraint of paternalism, children experienced the pain of external pressure and began to resist. At this stage, teenagers are in a period of resistance. Their emotional experience did not quickly enrich. They are looking for friendship, sympathy and understanding. At this time, some teenagers even have sex.
The requirements of society and family for them are no longer just the requirements of life and study, but also the requirements of participating in social and family responsibilities, assuming some moral responsibilities and improving their independent living ability.
The psychological problems and obstacles in adolescence, both in form and content, are deeper and more complicated than in infancy.
Second, adolescent psychological counseling.
The main causes of psychological problems are maladjustment and overload pressure.
1. Constantly eager for progress.
2. Causes of anxiety and nervousness: The social needs that should have become psychological motivation have not become their own needs, but have become mental stress. The internal reason why young students are afraid of exams is not entirely for the sake of face, but more importantly, they are afraid that they will not be able to explain to their parents and society if they fail in the exams, so they are anxious and nervous.
It is a common problem for all young people whether social needs become pressure or motivation, and it is also the key to easily cause psychological problems.
Third, psychological counseling for middle-aged people.
Middle-aged people are the mainstay of social development. They support the construction of human society with their rich life experience, mature personality, tenacious perseverance, accurate judgment and meticulous thinking, and at the same time bear the burden and pressure of society and family. They must constantly overcome themselves, realize their ideals when they were young, and strive for the cause of connecting the past with the future.
Faced with all kinds of pressures from society, family and themselves, some people have been overloaded with pressure because of their imperfect personality development in adolescence, or because of their lack of ability or limited cognitive level. Psychological problems under the pressure of society, family and self-demand are the characteristics of this age stage.
In the late middle age, people often show a lack of confidence in their health, which leads to anxiety or depression. This kind of bad mood, combined with the original personality characteristics, often shows the tendency of hypochondriasis, which is very common.
Fourth, psychological problems of the elderly.
The main psychological needs of the elderly:
1. The need for health and dependence,
2. The need of work.
3. quiet needs,
4. The need to be respected.