Unit 5 Reproduction, Development and Inheritance of Organisms
1. Biological asexual reproduction mode
(1) Asexual reproduction is a reproductive mode that directly produces new individuals from the mother without the combination of bisexual reproductive cells.
(2) Is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction through the combination of bisexual germ cells?
(3) The ways of asexual reproduction are bud grafting and vegetative reproduction, and the way of yeast reproduction is bud grafting in suitable environment.
Asexual reproduction can maintain the excellent characters of plant parents and accelerate the speed of plant reproduction. The propagation mode of plants relying on vegetative organs is called vegetative propagation, and the methods include cutting, grafting and layering.
2. Basic methods and principles of plant grafting.
(1) When grafting, the cambium of scion and rootstock should be closely combined to make the two parts of cells heal together and improve the survival rate. Grafted plants usually have scion characteristics. There are two kinds of grafting: branch grafting and bud grafting.
3. The basic process of plant tissue culture technology
(1) Plant cells, tissues or organs are cultured in a medium containing various nutrients and plant hormones under aseptic conditions, so that they gradually develop into complete plants. This technology is called plant tissue culture technology. Such as mass production of virus-free blue seedlings in a short time, using plant tissue culture and so on.
4. Sexual reproduction process of plants
(1) Sexual reproduction refers to the reproductive mode in which parents produce germ cells, which combine with hermaphroditic germ cells to become fertilized eggs and then develop into new individuals.
(2) Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from stamen anther to pistil stigma. Pollination methods include self-pollination and cross-pollination.
(3) The process of combining plant sperm with egg cells to form fertilized eggs is called fertilization.
5. Relationship between flower structure and fruit development: Fruit includes pericarp and seed, and pericarp develops from ovary wall. A seed develops from an ovule in an ovary. The integument develops into a seed coat and the fertilized egg develops into an embryo. A peanut has three seeds, which means that the ovary has three ovules.
Ovary wall-pericarp
Integument-testa fruit
Ovary ovule fertilized egg-embryo
Fertilization polar nucleus-endosperm
6. Structural characteristics of fruits or seeds adapted to spread
(1) Wind, water, people and animals, fruits and seeds spread by their own strength. Among them, pea seeds spread by their own strength, dandelion fruits and corn poppy seeds spread by wind, the surface of Xanthium sibiricum fruits spread by people and animals, and water lilies spread by water.
7. Examples of complete metamorphosis and incomplete metamorphosis of insects
(1) The development of silkworm goes through four stages: fertilized egg, larva, pupa and adult, and there are obvious differences in morphological structure and living habits between larva and adult. This development process is called complete transformation. Such as silkworms, mosquitoes, flies, bees and so on. Have undergone a complete transformation. The best time to kill the bean moth is larval stage.
(2) The life of grasshoppers goes through three stages: fertilized eggs, larvae and adults. The morphological structure of larvae and adults is very similar, and their living habits are almost the same. This developmental process is called incomplete metamorphosis. Such as locusts, crickets, cockroaches, crickets, etc. All belong to this development. Compared with the reproductive development of silkworm, its pupal stage is less.
8. Reproduction and development process of amphibians
(1) amphibian concept: larvae live in water and breathe through gills; Adults live in wetlands, sometimes they go into the water, breathe with their lungs and breathe with their skin.
(2) Frog development goes through four stages: fertilized egg, tadpole, young frog and adult frog. The morphological structure and living habits of tadpoles and adult frogs are significantly different, which is called metamorphosis. For example, toads, salamanders and pythons also belong to this category.
The fertilization methods and developmental types of frogs are in vitro fertilization and abnormal development respectively. Amphibians are the intermediate stage of the transition from fish to amphibians.
9. Reproductive and developmental processes of birds
(1) The reproduction and development of birds generally include courtship, mating, nesting, spawning, hatching and brooding.
(2) The fertilization mode of birds is in vivo fertilization, and the initial development of birds' eggs begins with females. After the egg is laid, the embryo stops developing because the outside temperature is lower than the female bird's body temperature.
(3) Structure of bird eggs: ① eggshell, ② eggshell membrane, ③ air chamber, ④ egg white, ⑥ blastoderm, ⑧ yolk membrane, and ⑧ egg with yolk.
The position of embryo development: ⑤ blastoderm;
In the process of hatching, the main nutrition of eggs comes from yolk; Water mainly comes from egg white; The air mainly comes from the air chamber.
10. Common examples of early birds and completed birds
(1) Young birds are divided into early birds and late birds. Chickens, ducks and geese belong to early adult birds, pigeons, swallows and sparrows belong to late adult birds.
1 1. Inheritance and variation of organisms (P28-47)
12.DNA is the main genetic material of organisms.
(1) The phenomenon that biological characters are passed on to offspring is called heredity. This is a common phenomenon in biology. The experiment of mouse nuclear transplantation shows that the center of genetic information is the nucleus.
(3) Biologists have found that chromosomes play an important role in biological reproduction. In the somatic cells of each organism, the number of chromosomes is certain and generally exists in pairs. For example, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells. In germ cells (such as sperm and egg cells), chromosomes are single.
13. the relationship between chromosome, diabetic nephropathy and gene
(1) The genetic material exists on chromosomes in the nucleus, and consists of protein and DN. The most important genetic material is DN, which is a double helix structure. DN fragments with specific genetic effects are called genes.
14. the concept of genetic traits: the morphological and physiological characteristics that an organism can inherit are called genetic traits.
15. Examples of biologically relevant features
(1) Different manifestations of the same trait of an organism are called relative traits. For example, long hair and short hair, earlobe, wrinkled and round peas.
(2) In human cells, genes controlling traits generally exist in pairs. Genes controlling dominant traits are called dominant genes, and genes controlling recessive traits are called recessive genes. If a pair of genes in somatic cells, one of which is dominant and the other is recessive, show genetic traits determined by dominant genes.
16. Genetic control of biological characters
(1) Gene Map Analysis: Instruction P35: 26
Connect the contents in the diagram with arrows, and fill in the appropriate contents on the horizontal line behind (1) (2) and (3) in the diagram.
(1) germ cell genotype; (2) Genotype of fertilized egg; (3) Children's genotype
② Fill in the corresponding characters in the four brackets below the picture.
(Dominant trait) (Dominant trait) (Dominant trait) (Recessive trait)
③ How to pair sperm and egg cells when they fuse to form fertilized eggs? (represented by serial number, such as ① ②. . . . . . )
①③; ①④; ②③; ②④
17. Concept of human sex chromosome and autosome
(1) Chromosomes unrelated to sex determination are called autosomes; Chromosomes related to sex determination are called sex chromosomes.
(2) Male somatic chromosomes are written in 22 pairs of autosomes +XY sex chromosomes, while female somatic chromosomes are written in 22 pairs of autosomes +XX sex chromosomes; The representation of male sex chromosome is XY, and that of female sex chromosome is XX. Male sperm contains X-type or Y-type sex chromosomes, while female eggs contain X-type sex chromosomes.
18. Gender identification method
19. Genetic diseases and inbreeding
(1) Hereditary diseases refer to diseases caused by changes in genetic material or controlled by pathogenic genes, which cannot be cured at present. Congenital mental retardation, hemophilia and color blindness are hereditary diseases, but AIDS is not.
(2) Between close relatives, many genes come from the same ancestor, so it is more likely to carry the same pathogenic gene. Therefore, the prevalence of genetic diseases of children born of consanguineous marriage is much higher than that of children born of non-consanguineous marriage.
(3) What is a close relative? According to the provisions of the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, it is forbidden to marry people with lineal blood relatives and collateral blood relatives within three generations.
20. Antenatal and postnatal care measures
(1) Measures for prenatal and postnatal care: 3. It is forbidden to marry close relatives, and genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis are advocated.
2 1. The concept of biological variation
(1) There are always more or less differences between parents and offspring, and between individuals of offspring. This is the phenomenon of biological variation.
22. The difference between genetic variation and non-genetic variation.
(1) variation can be divided into heritable variation and non-heritable variation. Among them, heritable variation is caused by genetic material, such as human sickle anemia, such as different races. Non-genetic variation refers to the variation of organisms under different environmental conditions, which has not changed. For example, the skin of people who work outdoors for a long time turns black.
23. The role and significance of biological variation on biological survival and development.
(1) Biological variation can be divided into favorable variation and unfavorable variation. The significance of favorable variation: ① it is beneficial for organisms to adapt to the environment; (2) can produce new biological types; (3) make organisms evolve and develop.
Unit 6 Animal Movement and Behavior (Part 8 P49-68)
1, the diversity of animal movements
(1) One of the main differences between animals and plants is that animals can quickly change their spatial position actively and purposefully through exercise.
(2) Animals move in various ways. Insects, birds and other terrestrial animals fly or slide, while other terrestrial animals mainly walk, run, jump and crawl. Animals actively adapt to the environment through exercise.
(3) In the long-term evolution process, animals gradually formed a series of characteristics of adapting to the environment through movement. The active movement of animals is beneficial to their own survival and reproduction.
2. The moving organs or structures of ordinary animals
(1) paramecium-cilia; Amoeba-pseudopodia; Fin; Insects-wings and feet; Reptiles-limbs; Birds-wings and feet
Composition of vertebrate motor system
(1) The motion system of vertebrates consists of three parts: skeleton, osseointegration and skeletal muscle. Among them, bone and bone are called bones.
(2) Muscle is the main component of the exercise system. Under the control of nerves, skeletal muscle contracts or relaxes, pulling attached bones, and producing movement with moving joints as the hub.
(3) When people bend their elbows, the biceps brachii contracts and the triceps brachii relaxes.
3. Energy sources of animal movement
(1) Both human and animal movements need energy, which comes from food. They go through the process of digestion and absorption, and nutrients enter the cells. Animals release energy stored in organic matter through the action of _ _ breathing _ _, and some of it is converted into _ _ heat energy, and the rest is stored in energy substance __ TP__. The energy needed for human and animal life activities comes directly from TP.
6. The main types and examples of animal behavior
(1) The main behaviors of animals are foraging behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, aggressive behavior and rhythmic behavior. These include courtship, occupation, nesting, mating, hatching eggs, brooding or breastfeeding and other reproductive behaviors. The migration of fish and birds belongs to rhythmic behavior.
(2) Fill in the corresponding animal behavior:
① Weasel stealing chickens-foraging behavior; (2) The north wind blows and geese fly south-rhythmic behavior; (3) ants carrying food together-social behavior
(4) Proud as a peacock-reproductive behavior; ⑤ Lizards cut off their tails to escape the enemy's defense.
7. The significance of animal social behavior to survival and reproduction.
(1) The concept of community behavior: refers to the behavior of various contacts between individuals of the same species except reproduction.
(2) Characteristics of community behavior: ① There is a clear division of labor and cooperation among members; (2) some have certain achievements.
(3) Termite communities are divided into queen ants, male ants, worker ants and soldier ants. Among them, workers feed young ants and build nests, soldiers guard nests, and queens lay eggs full-time. Bee colonies are divided into worker bees, drones and queen bees.
8. Concepts and examples of animal innate behavior and acquired behavior.
(1) Animal behavior is the response of animals to _ _ external stimuli. From the way of obtaining animal behavior, animal behavior can be divided into congenital behavior and acquired behavior. The former was born in _ _ _ _, controlled by genetic materials, such as bees collecting honey, ants building nests, spiders weaving webs, bird migration and so on. The latter is a new behavior gradually established by animals through accumulating life experience and "learning" during their growth, such as dog arithmetic and human learning behavior. Animals can greatly improve their ability to adapt to complex environments through acquired learning.
9. Physiological basis of animal behavior
(1) Acquired behavior is mainly related to _ _ cerebral cortex in _ _ nervous system. The more developed, the stronger the learning ability and the stronger the ability to adapt to the living environment. Animal behavior is mainly regulated by nervous system and endocrine system.
Healthy living (P69-98)
Common infectious diseases and their causes
(1) Infectious diseases refer to diseases caused by pathogens and can be transmitted between people or between people and animals.
Pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Infectious diseases are infectious and epidemic.
(2) Common infectious diseases:
Disease types, common infectious diseases
Respiratory infectious diseases: influenza, tuberculosis, measles, mumps, SARS, whooping cough, meningitis, etc.
Infectious diseases of digestive tract: ascariasis, bacillary dysentery, hepatitis A, pinworm disease.
Blood infectious diseases: hepatitis B, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, AIDS, etc.
Infectious diseases on the body surface: tetanus, trachoma, rabies, schistosomiasis and gonorrhea.
Color blindness, hemophilia, albinism, congenital mental retardation, congenital cleft lip, congenital deafness, sickle cell anemia and other genetic diseases.
Transmission route of infectious diseases
(1) Three links of infectious diseases: source of infection, route of transmission and susceptible population. People or animals that can spread pathogens are called the source of infection, and the ways to reach healthy people after leaving the source of infection, including air, drinking water, food, contact, etc., are called the route of transmission, and those who lack resistance to infectious diseases and are easy to be infected are called susceptible people.
Basic measures to prevent the epidemic of infectious diseases
(1) Controlling the source of infection, cutting off the route of transmission and protecting the susceptible population are important measures to prevent the epidemic of infectious diseases.
(2) Infectious diseases are contagious before the onset; At the beginning of the disease, pathogens multiply in the body and are the most contagious.
(3) The transmission routes of AIDS are blood transmission, sexual transmission and mother-to-child transmission.
Etiology and preventive measures of common cardiovascular diseases
(1) Cardiovascular diseases are diseases caused by the heart and blood vessels.
(2) At the base of the aorta, there are two arteries attached to the outside of the heart, which are called coronary arteries. It brings oxygen and nutrition to heart muscles and transports metabolic wastes.
(3) If coronary artery disease, such as arteriosclerosis and stenosis of official cavity, leads to myocardial ischemia, this disease is called coronary heart disease. If the heart is temporarily ischemic, chest tightness and precordial pain may occur, which is angina pectoris. If the coronary artery is blocked by blood coagulation and blood cannot flow, it will cause myocardial infarction, which will be life-threatening in severe cases.
(4) All patients with angina pectoris should carry nitroglycerin, musk pills and other drugs with them.
(5) The main causes of coronary heart disease are high-fat diet, lack of exercise and smoking. The prevention method is to develop good living habits and raise awareness of prevention and control.
Common cancer and main measures to prevent cancer
(1) Cancer is also called malignant tumor. In cities, lung cancer ranks first, in rural areas, gastric cancer ranks first, and leukemia ranks first among teenagers and children (bone marrow transplantation).
(2) Prevention is the main measure to reduce the incidence of cancer. The main methods to prevent cancer are: eliminating and reducing carcinogenic factors in the environment, avoiding or contacting carcinogenic factors as much as possible, and actively promoting cancer prevention knowledge.
(3) There are three kinds of carcinogens, and X-rays are physical carcinogens; Aflatoxin and nitrite are chemical carcinogens; Hepatitis B virus is a viral carcinogen.
(4) The methods to treat cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and gene therapy.
Human immune function
(1) The main immune organs of human body are spleen, tonsils and lymph nodes.
(2) There are three lines of defense for human immune defense, the first of which refers to skin and mucous membrane; The second line of defense refers to bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids; The third line of defense refers to immune organs and immune cells.
(3) Immune cells are mainly lymphocytes. When they are stimulated by pathogens, they produce a special protein called antibodies. The substance that causes the body to produce antibodies is called antigen. This immune function is acquired and usually only works on specific pathogens or foreign bodies, so it is called specific immunity.
(4) Dogs often lick the wound with their tongue after being injured, which is beneficial to the improvement of the wound, because saliva contains lysozyme.
The difference between human specific immunity and non-specific immunity
(1) Among the three immune defense lines, the first two are nonspecific immunity, which is not specific to a specific pathogen, has no selectivity and specificity, and has a defensive effect on many pathogens; The third line of defense is specific immunity, which usually only works on specific pathogens or foreign bodies.
Significance of planned immunization
(1) The most economical and effective measure to prevent, control and eliminate infectious diseases is planned immunization. China's Ministry of Health stipulates that children under 1 year-old should be vaccinated with _ BCG _ _, _ polio vaccine _ _ DPT triple vaccine _ _ and _ _ measles vaccine (called "four-vaccine immunization"), and China's Ministry of Health has also included _ _ hepatitis B vaccine in the planned immunization. April 25th every year is designated as "National Child Vaccination Day".
(2)① BCG tuberculosis; ② Polio vaccine-poliomyelitis ③ DPT triple vaccine-pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus; ④ Measles vaccine-measles
Harm of Alcoholism to Human Health
(1) The chemical composition of alcohol is ethanol, and the main reasons for drunkenness are excessive alcohol paralysis and inhibition of the central nervous system.
Nicotine in cigarettes is one of the pathogenic substances.
The harm of smoking to human health
(1) What systems will smoking damage? (Write at least four)
(2) The World Health Organization designated May 3 1 day as "World No Tobacco Day" every year.
Develop good living habits
(1) The Code of Daily Behavior for Middle School Students requires that middle school students "do not smoke or drink".
Common drugs and their harm
(1) Drugs mainly refer to opium, heroin, ice, morphine, marijuana and cocaine. Narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs controlled by the state, which can paralyze people's addiction, such as some medical drugs (Demerol), will become drugs if abused.
(2) The raw material of opium is poppy, which has analgesic and anesthetic effects. Opium contains morphine base, which can be further purified into morphine.
Attention: poppy → opium → morphine → heroin.
(3) Lin Zexu's "Humen Smoke" in Guangdong was the earliest large-scale and organized anti-drug activity in the history of China.
(4) At present, heroin, commonly known as "white powder", is the drug that our government focuses on monitoring and banning.
(5) Drug abuse will cause a rapid decline in human immunity, affect the regulatory function of the central nervous system, and may also be infected with diseases such as hepatitis B and AIDS.
Cherish life and refuse drugs
(1) Why do you take drugs?
There is a substance called morphine-like peptide in the human brain, which is used to maintain normal physiological activities of the human body. After drug abuse, foreign morphine peptides enter the human body, so that the secretion of morphine-like peptides is reduced and inhibited, and finally the secretion of morphine-like peptides is completely stopped, and the physiological activities of the human body can only be maintained by ingesting foreign ones.
(2) China's laws clearly stipulate that it is a crime to illegally acquire, possess, sell or use drugs.
Safe medication
(1) The packaging of drugs must be printed or affixed with instructions according to regulations.
Names and functions of commonly used drugs in family medicine boxes
(2) The principle of preparing medicine in family medicine box: pertinence, practicality and first aid; The main items stored in the family medicine box: medical equipment, external medicine, internal medicine;
(3) Self-medication at home should distinguish between prescription drugs and OTC drugs. The latter is a drug that can be purchased directly from pharmacies or pharmacies without a doctor's prescription. But either way, long-term use requires the guidance of a doctor.
(4) Note: When using drugs, you must pay attention to the shelf life.
(5) Berberine-diarrhea; Aspirin-headache, fever; Nitroglycerin-coronary heart disease;
Artificial respiration
(1) Sometimes, people will encounter emergencies such as drowning, electric shock, heatstroke or gas poisoning, so it is necessary to give first aid to patients. Artificial respiration is a useful first aid method, which means that the patient's chest is expanded and contracted rhythmically by artificial methods, and the respiratory function is gradually restored. The common method is "mouth-to-mouth blowing". In severe cases, dial "120".
New concept of health
(1) New concept of health: including physical health, mental health, moral health and good social adaptation.
(2) The core of the new health concept is to change from passive treatment of diseases to active care for health.