The insects of fig wasp family belong to the narrow category of fig wasp. In scientific research, the fig wasp referred to by general scholars is a narrow sense of fig wasp. In fig fruit, besides pollinating fig wasps, there are a large number of non-pollinating fig wasps [1].
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Fig wasp
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Classification of life habits of fig wasps: species of pollinating fig wasps; TA theory reference.
Living habits
Oviposition behavior
All wasps, both pollinating and non-pollinating, rely on the recessive first floret of fig as a place for their offspring to develop. Whether directly feeding on plant tissues or parasitizing on other wasps, there is a process of female flower ovary colonization in the fruit, and each ovary only carries one egg at a time. There are two ways for various fig wasps to lay eggs. One is that female bees enter the fruit cavity of fig fruit through the top bract mouth before laying eggs in the ovary. Pollinators lay eggs in this way, and a few non-pollinators enter the fruit cavity to lay eggs. Most non-pollinating wasps lay eggs from the outside of the fruit wall through a long ovipositor, usually stabbing the fruit cavity from the position where the female bees will lay a bunch of eggs. Non-pollinating wasps with different ovipositor lengths will choose different development stages of figs. The species with short ovipositors often choose to lay eggs in the early flowering stage, while the species with long ovipositors will lay eggs in the female insect stage or the middle flowering stage when the fruit develops late. If it is a parasitic wasp, it usually lays eggs in the middle and late flowering period to parasitize other wasps that have developed into larvae. Of all these wasps parasitized in fig, only pollinating wasps lay eggs in one day, while other non-pollinating wasps lay eggs relatively flexibly, and the same female bee can lay eggs in 1- 12 days. These fig wasps, which use the same niche, mainly use different spawning time to divide resources and reduce competition, so as to achieve biological stability [2].
mating behavior
Males usually appear first, but their mating methods and strategies are different. Male pollinators will look around for the gall flowers of female bees as long as their heads stick out. When they detect a female bee, they will start to drill a hole in the gall wall of the female bee, and the upper jaw will be perforated. The flexible abdomen that can be stretched forward will stretch forward along the surface of the chest and abdomen to detect the size of the hole. As long as this hole allows the mating device to pass through, the male will immediately stop biting and concentrate on mating. It takes twice to mate once. After mating, the males start looking for the next female bee, and each male can mate 1- 12 times. If a female bee leaves a mating hole in the gall flower, the second male bee will never use this ready-made hole to mate with the female bee in the gall flower. It will dig another hole before mating with the female bee. For every female insect, it is still confined in the gall flower when mating, and it is often passive when choosing the male insect, so it is an inevitable strategy to choose the sperm competition after mating. Each female bee can usually mate with 2-3 drones, and select excellent sperm from them for fertilization. For non-pollinating wasps, the males of winged species usually mate outside the fruit, while the males of wingless species mate inside the fruit cavity. They mate in three ways. One is that the wingless male bites a hole in the gall flower parasitized by the female bee, and then puts the mating device into the gall flower from the hole, and the body mates with the female bee through the gall flower wall. The other is that the wingless drone cuts a hole in the gall flower of the parasitic female bee, and then the drone waits outside the hole. When the female bees in the gall flower drill out of the gall flower, just after the female bees have finished the gall flower, the males waiting outside are scrambling to mate with the female bees. During mating, the females who just broke free from the galls are extremely excited and jump around, either throwing off the mating males or dragging the mating males around, such as apocrypha. The third performance is that wingless non-pollinating males are soft and small. After they bite a hole in the gall flower containing the female bee, the male worm climbs into the gall flower to mate with the female bee, such as the flat-vein bee. There are also some special species of non-pollinating wasps. There are many male species, and some males of the same kind have significant differences in body shape. They generally mate in the fruit cavity, and the larger males have stronger fighting capacity. Always get more mating opportunities, such as Otisela's species. Other males of the same kind have no wings, mate in the fruit cavity, and some have wings and come to mate outside the fruit [2].
Pollination behavior
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How figs pollinate has long been a mystery. More than 2000 years ago, Aristotle and his students knew that bees were necessary for fig to reproduce successfully. The structures related to pollination of fig wasps include pollen baskets located in basal ganglia of forelimbs or ditches located between pollen sacs and midthoracic and abdominal ganglia. According to the pollination behavior of fig wasps, they can be divided into active pollination and passive pollination. Most female pollinators of fig wasps stand on the style layer and probe the ovary with ovipositor needles. When there is a suitable ovary, they put the ovipositor needle into the ovary along the style. In the species of active pollination, when the female bee pulls out the spawning needle, her front feet are folded backwards at the same time or alternately, and she touches the pollen bag with her tarsal joints and paw pads to take out the pollen and put it on the stigma around the insect body. In the species of passive pollination, the foot of the pollinating fig wasp has almost no active pollen spreading action, or there is no pollen sac on the middle chest, but passively pollinates by the ditch between abdominal internodes [3].
Classification of fig wasps
The height of the banyan tree can reach 40-50 meters, and the largest can stand alone, but the fig wasp closely related to it is only 2-5 mm in size, which is very inconspicuous. There are about 750 species of banyan trees in the world. Each species of banyan has specific pollinators and 1-30 non-pollinators. These wasps visit the banyan tree at different development stages and lay eggs, which parasitize the female flower ovary of the banyan tree [4]. No matter how many kinds of fig wasps are parasitic in fig fruit, the time for them to develop into adults is surprisingly the same: even on the day when the male flowers in fig fruit open, all fig wasps emerge as adults, leave fig fruit and start a new life cycle.
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Fig wasp
The fig wasp family is very large, with nearly ten thousand species, including pollinating fig wasps and non-pollinating fig wasps. The pollinating fig wasp belongs to the wingless fig wasp family, which enters the fig fruit from the mouth of the terminal bract when the female flower of the fig fruit is open, pollinates and lays eggs to breed offspring. Non-pollinating wasps include four families: Trichogrammatidae, Trichogrammatidae, Trichogrammatidae and Trichogrammatidae. In addition, the taxonomic status of two subfamilies, namely, Nilapinae and Carnivora, has not yet been determined. Non-pollinating wasps mostly lay eggs outside the fig fruit, and the eggs pierce the fruit wall with a long ovipositor and are produced in the ovary of the female flower. Some of these non-pollinating bees are gall-making bees, that is, non-pollinating bees can stimulate the ovary of female flowers to expand and form gall, and then the female flowers are called gall flowers; Some species of fig wasps are strangers, and they don't make galls, so they often develop side by side with the galls in a galls, competing for food resources and living space. There are also some kinds of compound parasitic wasps, which are parasitic in other pollinated or non-pollinated wasps and belong to carnivorous wasps. It is precisely because of these differences in biological characteristics that many kinds of fig wasps can exist in a narrow fig fruit and perform their own wonderful dramas.
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