Fasciola of trematode (such as Clonorchis sinensis), the host animals are aquatic animals, cattle, sheep and humans. Eating raw or improperly cooked sashimi and animal liver can cause symptoms such as loss of appetite, emaciation and anemia, and pale mucosa. Taenia solium cysticercosis (such as rice pork and cysticercosis), the host animals are pigs and cattle. Cysticercus cellulosae is the larva of Taenia solium. Hosts of Trichinella spiralis in nematodes: pigs, dogs and sheep. Eating raw or inappropriate will make you sick. Symptoms are acute myocarditis, bloody diarrhea and enteritis. The host of Echinococcus is pigs. Infected by eating raw pork or improperly cooked pork, causing human enteritis. Toxoplasma gondii hosts of Sarcocystis: pigs, cattle and sheep. Infected by raw food or improper cooking, it can reproduce in various visceral cells and nervous system and spread in blood and body cavity fluids.
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According to the classification of parasites, parasitic diseases are also divided into diseases caused by arthropods. According to acute and slow onset, it can be divided into acute and chronic parasitic diseases, but most of them are chronic. In addition, many parasitic diseases belong to animal-derived diseases (zoonosis), that is, diseases naturally transmitted between humans and vertebrates, which are caused by the same pathogen and are called natural focus diseases in the literature of the former Soviet Union. According to the transmission situation, it can be divided into three categories: ① It mainly spreads from person to person and can also spread to other animals, which is called human zoonosis, such as. ② zoonotic diseases of animal origin are mainly transmitted among animals, but they can also be transmitted to people. Including infections directly acquired from vertebrates, for example, transmitted through intermediate hosts of arthropods or mollusks, such as American trypanosomiasis. (3) zoonotic diseases, which are mainly spread among wild animals and occasionally spread to people, are called wild animal sources (or forest sources), such as Rhodesia. According to the different parasitic parts in the host, it can be divided into: ① parasitic diseases of the cavity, such as vagina. ② Parasitic diseases in tissues, such as trichinosis. ③ Parasitic diseases of blood and lymphatic system, such as,, etc. ④ Dermatoparasitic diseases, etc.
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source of infection
Including worms (cysts), storage hosts and relay hosts. For example, patients with amoeba and kala-azar can be used as the source of infection of the disease; Domestic dogs can be used as storage hosts for kala-azar and wild boars can be used as relay hosts for paragonimiasis to spread diseases.
Transmission routing
Divided into: ① Oral infection. If you eat water or food contaminated by infected ascaris eggs or amoeba cysts, you can be infected with ascaris or amoeba. (2) spread by blood-sucking insects. Malaria can occur if bitten by Anopheles mosquitoes infected with plasmodium. ③ Infection through skin. For example, the filamentous larvae of hookworm can directly drill into the host skin for infection. ④ Placental infection. Such as congenital malaria and congenital toxoplasmosis. ⑤ Respiratory tract infection. For example, primary amebic meningoencephalitis is infected through nasal mucosa. ⑥ Other ways. For example, blood transfusion can infect plasmodium. In addition, the transmission of parasitic diseases needs certain conditions to be popular, such as: ① the existence of vector insects or intermediate hosts. For example, plasmodium and filariasis need to develop and reproduce in specific insects (Anopheles and Culex) before they can spread. Some parasites need to develop in two or more intermediate hosts to infect humans. For example, Clonorchis sinensis needs to develop into cercaria in freshwater snails to infect some freshwater fish, and develop into metacercaria in fish to infect people. Therefore, the epidemic area of this parasitic disease is affected by the distribution range of vector insects and intermediate hosts. ② Suitable development environment. For example, ascaris eggs need to develop into infectious eggs in soil under suitable temperature, humidity and aerobic conditions. ③ Bad hygiene and eating habits. In some areas, the habit of eating raw food (such as eating raw fish porridge and drunk crabs) leads to clonorchiasis sinensis and.
susceptible population
People without immunity or children with low immunity are prone to local parasitic diseases. For example, when a large number of immigrants move from non-endemic areas to malaria-endemic areas, malaria outbreaks often occur. Some socio-economic factors, such as economy, living conditions, customs and habits, can affect a certain popular link and affect the popularity. Therefore, when the above three links exist, the prevalence of parasitic diseases can occur, and conversely, if one link is cut off, the prevalence of parasitic diseases can be controlled.
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The incidence rate mainly depends on the number and virulence of parasites invading the body and the immunity of the host. The more worms invade, the more toxic they are, the greater the chance of getting sick and the more serious the disease is. The stronger the host's resistance, the smaller the chance of getting sick after infection, and even if you get sick, your condition is lighter; The process of parasitic diseases is the result of the struggle between hosts and worms. Pathological changes mainly include the mechanical damage caused by worms to host tissues, the tissue necrosis caused by toxins or enzymes secreted by worms, the infiltration of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils caused by host reactions, and even the formation of eosinophilic abscesses and eosinophilic granulomas on larvae or eggs.
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It depends on the following aspects: ① Epidemiological history. From epidemic areas, such as schistosomiasis and ascaris with a history of contact with infected water.
Paragonimiasis has a history of eating uncooked stone crabs. ② Clinical manifestations. Each has its own clinical characteristics, and eosinophils in peripheral blood tend to increase. ③ Etiological diagnosis. Look for worms in body fluids or secretions, such as fecal smear or agglutination method to check the trophozoites, cysts or eggs of intestinal protozoa, and peripheral blood smear to look for plasmodium. Parasites in host tissues can be diagnosed by biopsy or puncture. ④ Immunological diagnosis. At present, the commonly used methods are intradermal test and serum immune test. The intradermal test can be divided into immediate reaction and delayed reaction. Paragonimus skin test belongs to the former and can be used for clinical screening or epidemiological investigation. The skin test of leishmaniasis belongs to the latter, which is positive only in the recovery period of the disease and can only be used for epidemiological investigation to understand the epidemic situation of the disease in the past. At present, there are three commonly used methods to detect serum immunology: indirect erythrocyte agglutination test (IHA), indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The former is more sensitive, while the latter two are more sensitive and specific. These methods are mainly used to detect the specific antibodies of the host. At present, methods for detecting circulating antigens or worm excretion antigens have been established for early diagnosis and curative effect evaluation. ⑤ Other examinations, such as ultrasound examination and CT examination.
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It is mainly to eliminate parasites and use the most effective anthelmintic drugs according to the types of insects. When the infection is serious and the host is weak, supportive treatment can be given, and surgical treatment should be carried out in time when there are surgical complications.
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Parasitic diseases are a kind of diseases with wide distribution, many kinds and serious harm in the world. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, only malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, kala-azar and other parasitic diseases were investigated and controlled, and many other parasitic diseases were not fully understood. 1988 to 1992 conducted a random sampling survey of various parasitic infections in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) except Taiwan Province province for the first time. A sample survey was conducted on 65,438+0,477,742 people at 2,848 points in 726 counties across the country. There is no precedent in the world for such a standardized multi-species large sample survey. 1. A new species of Echinococcus Fujian was discovered for the first time in the world. Echinococcus minimus and Echinococcus stenopterus were first reported in the world. It is the first time to report cases of human echinococcosis in Taiwan Province province in China. 2. Revealed the geographical distribution characteristics and laws of main human parasitic infections in China. Trematode infection is distributed along the river basin, tapeworm infection varies with the third-grade topography, and soil-borne nematode infection varies with temperature zone and dry and wet area. 3. Find out the regional distribution of main human parasites and the distribution of people infected by parasites in China, and reveal two trends of parasitic diseases in China. First, with the improvement of rural economic level, the infection rate of some intestinal parasites showed a downward trend; Second, due to the open market and imperfect management measures, the number of people eating raw and half-cooked food is increasing, the floating population is increasing, and the epidemic scope and infected population of some food-borne parasitic diseases are expanding. 4. For the first time in the world, the test tube filter paper culture method was used to isolate intestinal protozoa trophozoites, which increased the detection rate by 16.7 times compared with the traditional normal saline direct method. 5. It is the first time to explore the morphological changes of eggs in the improved Kato method, which improves the detection rate and accuracy of this method, and has not been reported in domestic and foreign literature. 6. Color of Human Parasitology was edited and published by using a large number of insect specimens collected in this survey. This book is a Color Atlas of Human Parasitology compiled and published by collecting a large number of insect specimens around the world. This book is a diagnostic tool for parasitic pathogens with the largest collection of insect species, high academic level and strong practicability in the world. 7. The national database established in this survey includes more than 90 million data of parasitic infection, natural and social factors in counties and spots, including complete data of parasitology, geographical epidemiology and social medicine. 8. The survey data has been used as one of the important bases for the Ministry of Health to formulate the Eighth Five-Year Plan for the prevention and control of parasitic diseases and the plan for the year 2000. 1993 10 The final report of the WHO expert meeting on the prevention and control of food-borne trematodes held in Manila quoted the relevant results of this survey and pointed out that the epidemiology of food-borne trematodes infection has not been completely described in most endemic countries. Recently, China provided an excellent example.
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Be careful of parasites after the food is cooked. Under normal circumstances, some adults parasitic in the human body can be expelled by taking medicine, but once the larvae of parasites enter the brain, liver, lungs or heart of the human body, it is difficult to treat them. Some folk sayings about freshwater fish and shrimp and clonorchiasis are unscientific, such as "eat crabs raw and shrimp alive" is incorrect. This is mainly because there are metacercariae parasites of Clonorchis sinensis in freshwater fish and shrimp, which can make people get Clonorchis sinensis, also known as liver fluke disease, and its symptoms are similar to hepatitis, so freshwater fish and shrimp must be cooked and eaten raw, such as sashimi, which is unscientific. Snail meat is unscientific to eat raw. Some snails have parasites in their bodies. Because of the different growth stages of parasites, the harm to human body is also different. Agate snails should not be eaten raw, which can cause headache, nausea, vomiting, fever, intermittent drowsiness or lethargy; Some patients will also have various types of sensory abnormalities in the head, trunk and limbs, such as burning sensation, numbness and pain. Some patients will have visual impairment and blindness. Frogs and Echinococcus mansoni frogs can't eat either, because frogs are the intermediate hosts of Echinococcus mansoni. When eating frogs, if the immortal larvae of Echinococcus mansoni enter the human body, human tissues will be destroyed, and symptoms such as blindness, coma, itchy skin and even paralysis will appear. Health reminder: There are many factors that cause human parasites. Unclean diet and weak constitution are the main factors leading to parasitic diseases. Therefore, the summer diet must pay attention to hygiene and try to cook the food.
Edit this animal model of parasitic diseases.
Animal model of parasitic diseases (1) Malaria model is usually used to screen antimalarial drugs by inoculating the blood-derived gametophytes of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii into the abdominal cavity of mice or infecting rhesus monkeys with Plasmodium Knowles. (II) Schistosomiasis japonica model Many mammals can be used as the final host. Cercariae can be obtained by throwing, and then inoculated into rats, guinea pigs or rabbits, cats and dogs through the skin. (3) Filariasis model At present, China has successfully copied three animal models: periodic filariasis malayi, hamster, domestic cat, monkey and other intermittent filariasis, and used mites to spread cotton filariasis in normal rats. Getting Started Atlas More Atlas
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disease
Interpretation of "Parasitic Diseases" in Chinese-English Dictionary (Source: Baidu Dictionary);
1. [Biology] Parasitic diseases; parasitosis
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Genetic diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, nutritional diseases, viral infections, endemic diseases, schistosomiasis, food-borne diseases, human and animals, liver diseases, occupational diseases, AIDS and cancer.
Genetic diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, nutritional diseases, viral infections, endemic diseases, schistosomiasis, food-borne diseases, zoonosis, liver diseases, occupational diseases, AIDS, cancer and digestive system diseases.
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