(China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research)
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Water is the objective substance on the earth and the source of life. It has played a very important role in shaping and evolution of natural topography, mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans and animal and plant species, and in promoting the development and layout of cities, villages, industries and agriculture in human society. The relationship between man and water is close and complicated, which is reflected in both individuality and sociality, and has very rich connotations.
Since the 20th century, with the development of social economy and the progress of civilization, people have paid more and more attention to "water culture". But what is "water culture"? What does it contain? No one has given a clear definition yet. The author often thinks of this and deeply feels that water involves every corner of nature and human society, and it will present endless content from any angle. "Water culture" not only refers to water features or related cultural works. Everything related to water (including natural, social, objective and subjective) should belong to the category of water culture.
Beijing's water culture has distinct characteristics, and different times show different characteristics. Since ancient times, Beijing has lived in harmony with water. However, with the rapid development of modern capital construction and the rapid expansion of population, water has become the main restricting factor of social and economic development. In this context, the relationship between Beijingers and water is not only a matter of leisure and scenery appreciation, but also a relationship of development and survival. After the Olympic Games, Beijing water culture has surpassed the concepts of river management and ecological landscape design, and is reflected in the core content of government decision-making, involving not only engineering, but also administration, economy, law, national consciousness and other issues. The development, utilization and protection of water resources, social control and wastewater recycling with the goal of alleviating the water crisis have become the core tasks.
In recent 10 years, the author has participated in some water conservancy projects in Beijing, conducted a lot of field visits, and also discussed the water culture. Taking water as the center, starting from the relationship between Beijing and water and based on reality, this paper probes into the characteristics of water culture in modern Beijing. I hope this article can play a role in attracting jade.
First of all, water is the driving force of Beijing.
As we all know, Beijing Plain is the northern end of North China Plain, with Taihang Mountain in the west, Yanshan Mountain in the north and plateau outside the mountain. There are many rivers flowing into this plain from mountainous areas, including Yongding River, Juma River and Dashi River in the west, Chaobai River and Wenyu River in the north. According to geologists, 200 million years ago, Beijing was the sea of Wang Yang. After that, a series of orogenic movements on the earth formed the mountains around Beijing, and Beijing gradually became a shallow sea and swamp depression. The flood washed away the gravel and soil in the mountains and plateaus, and deposited them in low-lying areas layer by layer, forming the present Beijing Plain and carving it into the present mountain landscape. Rivers create plains and provide a cradle for the development of Beijing. In this sense, water is the driving force behind the birth of Beijing.
Second, Beijing has lived in harmony with water for thousands of years.
Water is the basic condition to ensure the survival and development of a city. Water system not only has the basic functions of flood control and water supply, but also has the functions of improving the ecological environment and improving the quality of life of residents. Since ancient times, "living by water" has been a universal psychological preference of human beings. As a densely populated city, its birth and development are inseparable from water, and Beijing is no exception.
Historically, there are many rivers and wetlands in Beijing, with abundant surface water and groundwater, beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. Therefore, mankind has gradually established an important city here. Known as "Shichahai first, then Beijing", it accurately tells the relationship between the birth, layout, expansion and evolution of Beijing and water. At the same time of urban construction, rivers and lakes have been treated at the same time, and finally formed today's pattern. Today, there is a river and lake system in Beijing, extending from Yuquan Mountain in the west of Beijing to Tongzhou in JD.COM. Within the planned urban area of 1040 square kilometers, there are over 30 rivers and nearly 30 lakes. These rivers and lakes add beauty and aura to the capital, and human beings have created rich literature, painting, music, culture and art on them. Since ancient times, the water system in Beijing has been closely related to politics, economy, military affairs, education and human life.
Successive dynasties have been treating floods, developing and utilizing water resources, and creating beautiful landscapes. For example, during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, four lakes were excavated and treated in the Jinhe River near the Summer Palace for flood storage and irrigation and garden construction. The dredging of urban water system and the construction of Huangjiayuan forest have the connotations of water control, water use and ecological protection. It can be said that Beijing and water have lived in harmony for thousands of years.
Third, the relationship between modern capital and water is facing profound contradictions.
(1) From abundant water in the past to serious water shortage now.
Historically, rivers in Beijing are rich in water, and floods often occur in Yongding River, Juma River, Dashi River and Chaobai River in summer. According to the memories of the local elderly, before the 1960s, the Yongding River flooded every summer, and the scene was spectacular. In the 1960s, there was a big flood. Juma River and Dashi River caused a 5 km wide flooded area, and the flood did not recede for a month. In non-flood season, these rivers rarely stop flowing, with clear water and beautiful scenery. "Lugou Xiaoyue" is a portrayal of this scene. At that time, groundwater was also very rich. Spring water gushed everywhere along the piedmont plain. In the past, many rivers and lakes in the Summer Palace and Yuanmingyuan were replenished by spring water, and farmers in Haidian District irrigated rice fields with spring water.
In 1960s and 1970s, in order to control floods and develop and utilize water resources, Beijing built 85 reservoirs, mainly Guanting and Miyun Reservoir. At the same time, more than 260 reservoirs have been built in Hebei Province in the upper reaches of Yongding River Basin. Due to the interception of the reservoir and a large amount of water intake, the flow in the lower reaches of the river has dropped sharply. After 1980s, with the increase of Beijing's population and the development of industry and agriculture, Beijing's water consumption increased sharply (in 2000, Beijing's water consumption increased by about 90 times compared with the initial stage of the founding of New China), and the problem of water shortage became increasingly prominent. Most rivers have dried up, and the ecological environment of rivers has been destroyed. The field investigation in 2003 found that the wide rivers such as Yongding River, Juma River, Dashi River and Chaobai River on the plain were all gravel and weeds, and almost no water fell. The river channel has become a sand mining field for local residents. There are huge gravel pits everywhere, which are devastated and desolate. Sandstorms are pervasive in windy seasons and become the air pollution source in Beijing.
Since 2000, the construction speed of Beijing has been further accelerated, and the population scale has expanded rapidly (the resident population has exceeded 20 million in August 20 10). In the past 10 years, there was a year of continuous drought (the average precipitation decreased 1/4 compared with many years), which made the water shortage problem in Beijing more serious. There is less and less water coming from Guanting Reservoir, which has little influence on Beijing. Yongding River diversion channel has stopped diverting water 10 year. The inflow of Miyun Reservoir is also decreasing year by year. Beijing has developed from abundant water resources in the past to serious water shortage now.
(2) From clean water in the past to serious pollution now.
The rapid increase of sewage discharge (at present, the annual sewage discharge in Beijing is about 65.438+0.3 billion cubic meters) has caused serious river pollution. "All rivers have dried up and all water has been polluted" has become a common sight. River pollution also causes water quality shortage, which in turn leads to water resources crisis. After 1980s, the water quality of Guanting Reservoir became worse than V-class water due to upstream pollution, and it lost its drinking water function. Many rivers in Beijing (Maliang River, Liangshui River, Qinghe River, Wanquan River, North Canal, etc. ) has become a sewer. "The big river has no water, and the small river is dry." Due to the lack of dilution of clean water, these rivers are turbid and smelly.
In Beijing, * * * monitored 82 rivers with water, with the length of1995.6km.. In 2009, the length of rivers with poor V water quality accounted for 4 1.2% of the total monitoring length. In addition to the Jingmi diversion canal, Yuanmingyuan Lake, Kunming Lake and Beihai in the northwest, many rivers in Beijing's entire urban area, Daxing District, Tongzhou District and Shunyi District have been polluted. Rivers have almost lost their natural self-purification ability, causing serious ecological and environmental problems. River pollution leads to groundwater pollution, affecting groundwater drinking water sources and causing chain reactions.
(c) From spring water everywhere in the past to now, groundwater has been seriously lost.
Due to the decrease of inflow from two reservoirs and the serious shortage of surface water, in order to meet the urban water demand, it has been maintained by over-exploitation of groundwater for many years. /kloc-in the past 0/0 years, the city has over-exploited 5.6 billion cubic meters of groundwater, which is equivalent to draining 2,800 Kunming lakes in the Summer Palace. The buried depth of groundwater decreased from12m in 1999 to 24m in 20 10, forming a subsidence area of 2650km2.
There used to be springs everywhere, but now the underground aquifer has been seriously exhausted, and the famous Yuquan Spring has long been cut off. In recent years, bedrock water supply wells have been dug in the piedmont area in the western suburbs of Beijing, which has accelerated the attenuation of bedrock groundwater level, and the water supply capacity of urban waterworks with groundwater as water source has decreased by 7% ~ 77%, and the water quality has deteriorated, and some water sources have been forced to stop supplying water.
(D) The shortage of water resources leads to the unreasonable distribution pattern of water resources.
Due to the lack of water, the water supply function of Miyun Reservoir in Beijing has been greatly adjusted, from the initial water supply of 6.5438+0.5 million mu of farmland to urban water supply. In order to ensure Beijing's urban water supply, the State Council held an emergency meeting of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei on 198 1, at which it was decided that Miyun and Guanting Reservoir would no longer supply water to Tianjin and Hebei. Since the 1999 drought, Beijing has made a decision to stop the agricultural water supply along the Miyin Canal in Xiang Jing. In 2009, the emergency water supply project of Beijing-Shijiazhuang section of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project began to supply water to Beijing. The water source comes from four large reservoirs, such as Gangnan and Huangbizhuang in Hebei Province, occupying a total of 6.5438+0.5 million mu of irrigation water. The unreasonable distribution pattern of water resources has made great sacrifices to farmers and neighboring provinces and cities in Beijing.
(5) The shortage of water resources has seriously affected Beijing's social economy and ecological environment.
The shortage of water resources has become the main factor affecting and restricting the social and economic development of the capital. In order to cope with the shortage of water resources, Beijing's water supply policy was forced to be adjusted several times. For many years, the water supply distribution policy has been "restricting agriculture, restraining industry and ensuring life", which is difficult to take into account the environmental and ecological water demand of rivers and lakes. Beijing has implemented a number of water-saving and emergency water supply measures. These measures are to reduce and compress industrial and agricultural water supply at the expense of environmental water, and only ensure the basic water for life and important industrial sectors.
Most of the indicators of agricultural water use in suburbs were cancelled, and rice, fruits and vegetables could not be planted, which seriously affected farmers' income. Due to water resources, many industrial projects cannot be built in Beijing. In February 2000, three of the four self-prepared wells in Shijingshan Power Plant were forced to stop production because of drought, and the water supply in Guangning area was stopped every day 15 hours. The only self-provided well that maintains water supply may be evacuated at any time, and the water supply may be interrupted. Therefore, the Sanjiadian sluice of Yongding River is urgently opened to release water and recharge the groundwater in Shijingshan area. It can be seen that water shortage has caused serious adverse effects on Beijing's production and life.
(6) The core of water culture in modern Beijing is the profound contradiction between man and water.
Faced with the severe water problem in Beijing, it is difficult for people to be romantic. It is not so important to write poems and express feelings in front of beautiful lakes and mountains. The focus of attention from the government to the people is how to alleviate the water crisis in Beijing. After all, it really threatens the survival and development of Beijing.
Water resources in a region are limited, but human development is unlimited. Overexploitation beyond the carrying capacity of water resources will cause water crisis, which is the formation of Beijing's current situation. In any case, people are active, water is passive, and the revenge of water on human beings is a passive reaction of nature. The change of objective situation will lead to the change of the core value of water culture, and the core of water culture in modern Beijing is mainly reflected in the profound contradiction between man and water. Relieving this contradiction and realizing the harmonious coexistence between man and nature require arduous efforts and huge costs.
Four, after the Olympic Games, water culture in Beijing is the core content of government decision-making.
(A) After the Olympic Games, Beijing's water culture is the core content of government decision-making.
In order to welcome the Olympic Games, the Central Committee, Beijing Municipal Government, Beijing people and neighboring provinces and cities have made the greatest efforts on water issues. First of all, in 2003, the State Council approved the emergency water supply project of Beijing-Shijiazhuang section of the middle route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, which provided emergency water supply from Hebei Province to Beijing; Beijing has invested heavily in harnessing many rivers and lakes in the urban area. Planning and construction of 16 sewage treatment plants, the sewage treatment rate has been greatly improved; Promote the utilization of reclaimed water; Relocation of water-consuming and polluting enterprises such as Shougang.
Although the Olympic Games ended successfully, the water crisis still plagued the city. It is estimated that there will be a water shortage of 2 billion cubic meters in 20 15. Water problem has become the core content of Beijing municipal government's social and economic development decision, and more measures need to be taken in administration, engineering, economy, law and publicity. Water culture is a comprehensive embodiment of this phenomenon.
(2) Establish stricter laws and management systems with water as the core.
In order to cope with the water crisis, Beijing is establishing a new and stricter legal and management system.
2010110/0 In October, the 21st meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th Beijing Municipal People's Congress passed the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in Beijing, which came into effect on March 20 1 1 year. The core of laws and regulations is to promote the transformation of comprehensive sewage treatment and water pollution prevention in the capital from harmless to resource. The "Regulations" impose stricter regulations on water use in residential quarters, units and municipalities, put forward high requirements for the management of water administrative departments at all levels, and put forward clear requirements for the utilization and corresponding construction of reclaimed water, rainwater and circulating water.
In addition, Beijing is planning to revise the Measures for Water Conservation in Beijing to further promote water conservation.
20 10 1 1 The Eighth Plenary Session of the Tenth Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the Proposal of Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Beijing's National Economic and Social Development. Liu Qi, secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, stressed in the report that all districts and counties should put forward population restriction targets in their planning, mainly aiming at problems such as insufficient water resources and environmental pollution.
(3) Invest huge sums of money to continue to implement water transfer, water supply, water treatment and other projects.
The main canal project of Beijing-Shijiazhuang section of South-to-North Water Transfer Project was completed in 2008, and 330 million cubic meters of water was supplied to Beijing in 2009. After the 20 15 full-line water supply, the annual water supply can reach 10 billion cubic meters, which can greatly alleviate the water shortage problem in Beijing. Beijing's South-to-North Water Diversion Project is also stepping up construction, such as Daning Reservoir, South Main Canal, North Main Canal, East-to-West Water Diversion Project, Tuancheng Lake Regulation Pool, Yizhuang Regulation Pool and some water purification plants. In addition, starting from 20 1 1, the "Yellow River Diversion Project" is started, and it is estimated that 300 million cubic meters of water will be transferred every year to ensure the normal water use in Beijing.
During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, Beijing will focus on seven major projects: water diversion project, urban and rural water supply project, pollution control project, flood control safety project, reclaimed water utilization project, water resources protection project and water environment project, and strive to achieve "five firsts" in the country: to achieve the goal of connecting the five major water systems in the country and to take the lead in realizing the optimal allocation of water resources; Realize the goal of sewage resource utilization and take the lead in reaching the highest international application level; Realize the goal of ecological clean small watershed governance and take the lead in reaching the governance level of EU countries; Achieve the strictest water resources management goal and take the lead in reaching the construction standard of water-saving society; Achieve the goal of high-tech application and promotion, and take the lead in completing the construction of science and technology water system.
During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, eight new water plants, including Shougang, will be planned in the sixth district of the city, and Yangzhuang 1 water plant will be expanded. The new town plans to build Chengmen Waterworks, Tongzhou Waterworks, etc. 15 Waterworks, and expand Chengzi Waterworks, etc. 4 Waterworks.
These projects can alleviate the water shortage in Beijing, further develop industry and agriculture, and ensure the sustainable development of the capital; With alternative water sources, the exploitation of groundwater resources can be reduced and the deterioration of groundwater environment can be gradually reversed; Increase the ecological water consumption of urban rivers and lakes and improve the ecological environment; It can reduce the intake of Miyun and Guanting reservoirs, which is beneficial to the water ecology and ecological conservation around the lake.
(4) Continue to control water consumption, implement water conservation and control population.
During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, Beijing launched the largest water-saving campaign, supporting the annual water demand of 3.6 billion cubic meters with the annual water resources of 2 1 100 million cubic meters.
The draft of Beijing Twelfth Five-Year Plan proposes to establish a regional water intake control index system, strictly implement the "three simultaneities" of water saving in construction projects, and evaluate the water saving of new major projects. Establish a strict industrial water-saving access system and eliminate high-water-consuming industries; Establish and improve the certification system of water-saving appliances, and the penetration rate of urban household water-saving appliances will reach over 95%; The reuse rate of industrial water reaches over 95%.
The revised Measures for Water Conservation in Beijing stipulates that it will be forbidden to set up high-end bathing industry, aquatic production enterprises, ski resorts, golf courses, and other water-consuming enterprises with monthly water consumption exceeding 5,000 cubic meters. In the emergency measures for water use, once an emergency occurs in this city or the water consumption reaches 90% of the daily water supply capacity, the production and operation of these water-using enterprises should be stopped with the approval of the government.
Controlling population is an important part of controlling water consumption. Beijing's 11th Five-Year Plan proposal once put forward: "Take the population size approved by the State Council as the goal, strictly control the population size, and strive to control the permanent population of the whole city at around160,000 in 2065.438+00." In the Master Plan of Beijing (2004 ~ 2020) approved by the State Council, it is clearly stated that the population of Beijing should be controlled at180,000 in 2020. However, in August of 20 10, the actual total resident population in Beijing has exceeded 20 million. It is obvious that population control is very difficult.
(5) Vigorously promote the recycling of wastewater.
In the early 1980s, Beijing began to recycle urban sewage. At present, Beijing's annual sewage discharge exceeds 65.438+0.3 billion cubic meters, the urban sewage treatment rate reaches 94%, and the rural sewage treatment rate has exceeded 50%, leading the country. At present, the utilization of reclaimed water is about 600 million cubic meters, and the planned water conservancy volume of reclaimed water will reach 1 100 million cubic meters 20 14 years ago.
According to the plan, the existing sewage treatment plants in the sixth district of Beijing will be upgraded in an all-round way, and all the new sewage treatment plants will be built into reclaimed water plants. By 20 15, 24 reclaimed water plants will be built in the sixth district of the city, and 30 reclaimed water plants will be built or expanded in the new city. At present, reclaimed water has been used to replenish water in Olympic forest parks such as Aohai, Yuanmingyuan Lake, Yongding River and Kunyu River, and used for industrial water such as agricultural irrigation, thermal power plants, landscaping, municipal miscellaneous use, and residents flushing toilets. In the past, the cooling water of Gaojing and Shijingshan power plants has always used Guanting Reservoir. In 2006, a reclaimed water pipeline was built across the east and west of Beijing, and the cooling water was changed into reclaimed water.
Strengthening the utilization of reclaimed water can promote the rational allocation of water resources, reduce the over-exploitation of groundwater and ensure ecological water use to a certain extent. It is estimated that the utilization rate of reclaimed water will be increased to 80%, saving 890 million cubic meters of fresh water every year.
Sewage reuse is one of the important means to alleviate water shortage. However, there are still many problems in the utilization of reclaimed water in Beijing. The construction of engineering system needs huge investment, involving a wide range, involving many links such as water collection, production, transportation and use. Laws and regulations do not clearly define the responsibilities of various departments, and the unified management mechanism of reclaimed water resources in the city has not yet been established. To solve these problems, it is necessary to establish and improve relevant policies and regulations, and it is necessary for the government to vigorously promote, the society to vigorously cooperate, and public opinion to vigorously publicize.
(six) both water landscape and ecological environment protection.
In recent years, Beijing has fully considered the protection of water landscape and ecological environment in the construction of water conservancy projects. All projects have been demonstrated in detail, seeking truth from facts, conforming to the actual situation in Beijing, and strictly implementing the laws and regulations of the state and Beijing on environmental protection. Here are a few examples:
Daning Reservoir is located on the west bank of Yongding River, adjacent to Jingshi expressway. It is a flood storage and detention reservoir in Yongding River basin with a storage capacity of 40 million cubic meters. It has been working for more than 40 years, and there are bunkers everywhere, and the scenery is desolate. In 2003, the municipal government decided to use Daning Reservoir as the reservoir of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. This decision is faced with many environmental problems, such as the functional contradiction between drinking water source and flood storage, the prevention of pollution accidents in expressway, the interception and pollution control around it, and serious groundwater leakage. After careful coordination, planning and design, many difficulties have been overcome and these problems have been solved. After impounding, Daning Reservoir will not only meet the needs of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, but also change from a desolate landscape filled with wind and sand to a new landscape with rippling clear water in the suburbs of Beijing.
The newly-built Tuancheng Lake Regulation Pool (with an area of 33 hectares and a capacity of 1.27 million cubic meters) is a supporting project of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in our city. The municipal government will arrange it on the south side of the Summer Palace, which will be combined with the reconstruction planning and ecological landscape construction of the village in the city. There are three natural villages in the site, with poor natural and social environment. 20 10 was listed as a village in the city by Beijing municipal government for relocation. In the design of regulating pond, the ecological landscape problem should be fully considered, and landscape elements such as topography and vegetation should be used to create a good ecological landscape of water source. After the relocation of the three villages and the completion of the regulating pool, a beautiful landscape will be formed, which will complement the world cultural heritage-the Summer Palace.
In 20 10, Beijing started the "Yongding River Green Ecological Development Belt" project, and the "Mother River" was ecologically managed, with a reach of 18 km. Yongding River in Beijing has been dry for more than 40 years, with wide riverbed exposed, sand and bunkers everywhere, which is the source of sandstorm. Landscape design has been carried out for the riverbank, and the river course is replenished by reclaimed water (65.438+0.3 billion cubic meters/year) from Qinghe Middle Water Plant. Upon completion, Yongding River will form an ecological landscape corridor with streams and lakes connected and trees on both sides, with a new water surface of 654.38+0.000 hectares, and the beautiful scenery of "Lugou Xiaoyue" will reappear.
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Water is the driving force for Beijing. For thousands of years, Beijing has lived in harmony with water and created a splendid water culture. Historically, Beijing is rich in water resources and has beautiful scenery. However, due to the over-development of modern cities and the over-exploitation of water resources, a water crisis of river dryness, pollution and serious water shortage has been formed, which threatens the survival and development of Beijing and becomes the main restrictive factor of social and economic development. The core of water culture in modern Beijing is mainly reflected in the profound contradiction between man and water.
After the Olympic Games, the water problem has become the core of the Beijing municipal government's social and economic development decision-making. The development, utilization and protection of water resources, social control and wastewater recycling with the goal of alleviating the water crisis have become the core tasks, and many measures need to be taken in administration, engineering, economy, law and publicity. This phenomenon is the main feature of modern water culture in Beijing.
Alleviating the water crisis in Beijing and realizing the harmonious coexistence between man and nature require arduous efforts and huge costs, and such efforts are only the first step of the Long March.