What were the systems about emperors in ancient times? Please, thank you.

The feudal society in China was an autocratic political system with the emperor as the center and the imperial power as the supreme. Based on the theory of divine right of monarchy, it uses various systems and measures such as strict title, feudal rites and music, and succession to the throne to embody the emperor's personal authority and ensure that the emperor is above the state machine and has supreme and unrestricted absolute power. This system was founded by Qin Shihuang in 22 1 BC, and has been continuously developed and strengthened by successive dynasties. It was not until 19 1 1 year that Xuan Tong abdicated, which lasted for 2 13 1 year. The title of emperor and imperial power "Emperor" originated from ancient legends. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, thought that he was "virtuous Huang San and made achievements for the five emperors" and decided to use "Emperor" as the exclusive title of the highest political head of the unprecedented unified feudal empire, thus establishing a political system of autocratic imperial power. Under this system, the emperor is the core and power subject of the feudal autocratic centralized state, the legal head of state and the person in charge of the supreme ruling power. The emperor rules the world by himself, and the land, resources, people and wealth of the whole country belong to him. It can be said that "ruling Liuhe with supreme position to conquer the world" and "the foundation of the world is no small or big, and everything depends on it". The emperor can decide the honor and disgrace of anyone's life and death, and can "poison the liver and brain of the world and scatter the sons of the world." "Those who are governed by the wise master are six: the living, the killers, the rich, the poor, the noble, the base, and those who are governed by the master." The emperor is the only supreme decision-maker in the country's political affairs. He has the right to command and direct the central court, local military and political systems and civil and military officials at all levels, demanding that they absolutely obey their own will and instructions. All instructions issued in the name of the emperor are endowed with sacred and inviolable status. "I am the law", and no disobedience or opposition is allowed. Only the emperor can decide the promulgation and interpretation of all laws, the appointment, dismissal, reward and punishment, promotion and demotion of civil and military officials at a certain level, the collection and expenditure of state financial taxes, foreign peace and war, and the dispatch and command of the army. The emperor controls and directs the operation of the whole state machine. He mastered the social, military and political information of the whole country and carried out daily ruling activities mainly through lectures, discussions and spying. There is a difference between face-to-face performance and book performance. Meeting means that ministers and nobles with certain status report the situation to the emperor, answer questions or ask for instructions. Playing books is a kind of official who has the qualification to play books, and submits documents through certain channels for the emperor to make a ruling for approval. There are mainly chapters, tables, books, opening, discussion, thinning, sealing, inscription, monument, tables, books and so on. Different languages have different scope of use and functions, and confusion and misuse are not allowed. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, the secret playing system was implemented. Not only the scope of performers is strictly defined, but also the performers have to write by themselves. Before or after the broadcast, it is not allowed to reveal the content to anyone, and it is not allowed to show it to anyone after receiving the instructions of the emperor (called Zhu Pi), and it must be returned within a time limit, and copying is not allowed. The secret performance system reflects the extreme rise of imperial power in the late feudal society. The emperor issued orders orally or through documents in the form of imperial edicts, decrees, policies, regulations, imperial edicts, imperial edicts, admonitions and Zhu Pi. Different forms are applicable to different government affairs and have absolute authority. There is a difference between parliamentary discussion and collective discussion. The emperor listened to politics in the palace, and hundreds of officials appeared in front of him according to the rules. When something happened, the emperor orally proposed that the current controversial discussion was called Ting Yi. Some things were not put forward by the emperor at the court meeting, but were "discussed" by a certain range of officials, such as the "Jiuqing Meeting" and the "Wang Meeting", and then the opinions were rendered. This is called collective discussion. The purpose of holding a parliamentary meeting or a collective meeting is to facilitate the decision-making of the emperor. Punctuation, that is, the emperor supervised and examined civil and military officials at all levels through his own supervision system, and even used special prison departments (such as Wei Jinyi, Dongchang and Xichang in the Ming Dynasty), or used it to understand the political situation of society and strengthen control over society and officials. Maintaining and consolidating imperial power The rulers of feudal society used various methods and means to deify and maintain imperial power. The theocracy of deifying imperial power is an important theoretical basis for the emperor to master and use the supreme power, and it is also an important theoretical basis for the long-term continuation of the Mikado system in China. Rulers of past dynasties have made full use of theocracy to strengthen the inviolability of monarchical power. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu developed the Confucian doctrine of divine right of monarchies, which put a sacred and mysterious cloak on monarchies. Anyone who gets the title of emperor will "serve heaven" and become the highest representative authorized by God to handle human affairs. "King, father, mother, son of heaven". "This world is the world of God. Your Majesty is the emperor, and I am Li Shu's parents. He was raised by his father. " Ritual system, severe punishment, ritual and music system are another important pillar to safeguard imperial power. Emperors of past dynasties vigorously strengthened the construction of rites, making rites and music etiquette the norms and criteria for maintaining social and political order, consolidating hierarchical order and adjusting various social relations and rights and obligations between people. Enter the law and politics with ceremony, advocate "ceremony is the foundation of punishment" and constantly improve it; At the same time, they also advocated the Confucian theory of rule of etiquette, advocated the "three cardinal guides" of "the monarch is the minister, the father is the son, and the husband is the wife" and the "five permanent principles" of "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith", and established the supreme position of the emperor in China and the hierarchical relationship of the whole society. The rulers of feudal society also used the coercive force of law to defend the dignity and power of the emperor and severely cracked down on any infringement of imperial power. From the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the codes promulgated by the feudal courts listed "ten evils" as heinous crimes, focusing on cracking down on all thoughts, speeches and activities that attempted to oppose autocratic monarchy and infringe on imperial power. The feudal official system, the establishment of civil and military officials by the feudal dynasty and the provisions on their actual duties, rights and responsibilities also reflected the maintenance of imperial power. China's feudal official system, centered on imperial power, extended to all levels of the country, forming a network structure. Emperors of past dynasties always tried their best to maintain and strengthen their absolute control and made adjustments from time to time. The evolution track of China's ancient official system is that the emperor gradually turned his attendants around him into official officials of the imperial court, from lower-level transactional officials to higher-level administrative bureaucrats with considerable power, and promoted his bodyguards around him to military generals, and a few even once held great military and political power. The eunuch system sometimes plays a special role in this respect. Many times in history, the emperor relied on eunuchs to control the military and political power and safeguard the imperial power from infringement (see the eunuch system in ancient China). However, when the power possessed by these departments or personnel posed a threat to the imperial power or was considered to be potentially dangerous, the emperor did not hesitate to keep his official title and weaken his real power, and then replaced it with a new name, such as a new confidant or eunuch consort. The system of fame and fortune is an important clause to safeguard imperial power. While determining the title of emperor, Qin Shihuang also established a system of fame and position to safeguard the dignity of the emperor, highlight orthodoxy and deify it. The Han dynasty followed these names and made many amendments and supplements: the emperor called himself me and his subjects called him your majesty; The emperor's words, system, imperial edict; The emperor used horses, cars, clothes, tools and everything to say where he rode and where he lived in the Forbidden City, and the harem was called the province. Emperor Xi, Yue Xing, Yu Yue; The emperor's orders are: plan books, make books, write books, and ban books. On this basis, the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties developed, strengthened, adjusted and enriched, and around the name of the emperor, a system of fame and position was formed, which was strict, not allowed to abuse and occupy, and was fixed for a long time. The emperor's title system also extended to the emperor and relatives of the country. The emperor's relatives also have specific titles, such as the emperor's father, empress dowager, queen, concubine, concubine, crown prince, prince, princess, emperor's brother (sister), emperor's grandson and so on. Even people of the same clan of the emperor, also known as imperial clan, enjoy different levels of privileges according to their kinship. The emperor's name system also includes the year number used by the emperor before his death, and the posthumous title, Hall number and Mausoleum number after his death. The year number is a reflection of the reign of the reigning emperor. Since 140 BC, when Liu Che, the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, was designated as the first year of the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, 19 1 year abolished the Xuantong title of Aisin Giorro Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and emperors of all dynasties established the title era, and some even changed the title halfway. (2) posthumous title is the title of the emperor's life story after his death. As early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, posthumous title was widely used among nobles. In order to highlight the dignity of the emperor, Qin Shihuang did not allow ministers and descendants to comment and criticize himself, and ordered the abolition of the emperor's posthumous title. It was restored to use when Lv Hou was in power in the Western Han Dynasty and lasted until the end of Qing Dynasty. Posthumous title should have reflected the merits and demerits of the dead emperor's life, but in fact he paid more attention to praise, and his words became more and more. For example, Aisingiorro Zai, Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, died in 1908, and was named the emperor who worshiped greatness, greatness, merits, Wen Wei, Wu Ren, filial piety, wisdom, frugality and diligence. This is posthumous title, the last emperor of feudal society in China. Posthumous title is generally drawn up by etiquette officials after the death of the emperor and submitted to the new emperor for ruling and promulgation. When the dynasty changed, the new dynasty was also the last emperor of the previous dynasty, posthumous title. For example, after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Youjian, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, was appointed as Emperor Zhuang Lie. (3) The temple name is a special name given to the emperor in the ancestral temple after his death. Qin Shihuang thought that his rule would last forever, so he took his lineage as the name of the temple. In the Han Dynasty, the ancient ceremony was restored, and the temple name was "Zu" or "Zong", and a word that was in line with the "meritorious service" of the late emperor was selected on it, such as Liu Bang, who started a business in the Western Han Dynasty, whose temple name was "Gaozu"; In the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin's temple name was "Taizong", while others, such as Shizu, Zhenzong and Renzong, were different. After the death of Emperor Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty, it was called Dezong, which was also the name of the last emperor temple in China feudal society. Mausoleum is the place where the emperor was buried after his death, and its name is generally named according to the merits and demerits and lineage of the late emperor before his death. The mausoleum of the founding emperor is generally called "Changling", and later emperors should be named after their deeds and lineages, such as Kangling, Dingling and Xianjie Mausoleum. There are also places named after them, such as Baling and Shouyangling. After the emperor built the mausoleum, he should set up officials to guard the mausoleum and worship, and also set up guards and mausoleum households. The system of succession to the throne is a core issue of the emperor system, which is related to the continuation of imperial power and the stability and rise and fall of the dynasty. From the legendary Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Qing Dynasty, the establishment of the prince system was the orthodox practice of succession to the throne. In other words, the principle of patriarchal clan system is followed, and the throne is inherited by the eldest son born after birth. If the eldest son dies early, he will have a son, and if he has no son, he will be inherited by the second son in order. Only when there are no children after birth will the eldest son born in ordinary life be considered. If the emperor has no children, he will choose his heirs in the order of relatives and friends. This system was formulated to avoid the competition for the throne within the royal family, hoping to maintain the relative stability of the succession of the throne. However, after the establishment of the emperor system, the cruel struggle around the succession of the throne flourished, and the patriarchal clan system was constantly impacted. There have been riots, disputes, coups, mutinies, murders, usurpations and so on in history. It was not until the first year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1723) that Yongzheng announced the abolition of the system of pre-establishing the viceroy as a prince and adopted the method of "secretly establishing the crown prince". In other words, the emperor looked for and chose successors among his own philosophers. The emperor secretly wrote down the names of the selected heirs and related letters, and did not announce the secret letters until before or after his death. The chosen one ascended the throne immediately, and all the brothers were on the throne. The right to elect a successor is entirely in the hands of the emperor, and no one is allowed to recommend it. The secret establishment of the crown prince system weakened the leading role of patriarchal clan system in the succession of the throne and expanded the choice of candidates for the emperor. The selection of successors is not based on humble, ordinary, long-term and young conditions, but on whether they have the ability to govern and meet the fundamental interests of the rulers. This is a major reform of the emperor system. The harem system is an important aspect of maintaining the imperial power, not only to satisfy the emperor's various selfish desires, but also to cultivate the heir to the throne and make the imperial power pass down from generation to generation. Under this system, when the emperor is young, weak or the heir is interrupted, the queen has the right to supervise and elect the heir in the name of the guardian, and even act as the imperial power on her behalf (see China's ancient harem system).