The basic explanation of business in Shang Dynasty is very prosperous, and it is known as "the wing of Shang Dynasty, the extreme in all directions". Businessmen are good at business. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, these businessmen were called "businessmen".
Now it generally refers to a person who specializes in commodity trading or commercial activities in his own name. 1, professional trader or trader.
In the thirty-third year of Zuo Zhuan, the duke said, "Zheng Shang has a high chord and will seize the market in Zhou."
Ceng Gong's Yicang in Song Dynasty: "By the end of Kaiyuan, princes and merchants below entered, so there were more than 60 million Yicang."
Chapter 5 of the History of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: "In mid-July, when I saw that the early rice in Tanaka was ripe, I told the sergeant to pretend to be a businessman and ambush the cars in the villages. In the middle of the night, they cut off the heads of crops with all their strength and collected them in five drums. On the periphery of Zhou, rice and crops were exhausted. Compared with the commander's consciousness, Bing Zheng has gone far. "
2. At the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, adherents of Shang Dynasty called it.
Li er and the origin of merchants in Yin Dynasty: "After the summer, the Shang Dynasty gradually established a slave country. With the continuous improvement of productive forces, the commercial trade of Shang Dynasty also developed unprecedentedly, and merchants specializing in commodity circulation and exchange appeared. But at that time, it was not called a businessman, and there was no such thing as a businessman. BC16th century, merchants established their capital in a place called Bo (now Shangqiu North, Henan Province), and then moved to Yin, today's Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province, which was called Yin Shang in history. The main activities of the Shang nationality were in the Qingzhang River and Zhuozhang River basins, which were then called Weihe River. In the 600 years after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), although it moved its capital eight times, it has been in Qingzhang and Zhang Zhuo. Business, the reason why it is business, is named here. Later, the King of Wu conquered and the Shang Dynasty perished. However, Zhou Gongdan had doubts about the Shang Dynasty, and he was still not at ease. In order to eliminate the historical traces of Shang Dynasty, he renamed Weihe River Zhanghe. In addition to strictly controlling the Shang nobles in one place, the King of Zhou basically restricted their freedom and only allowed them to continue their business. These centralized businessmen are generally called "businessmen" to distinguish them from Zhou people, which obviously means contempt and discrimination. Over the years, people have gradually forgotten the meaning of "untouchability" of businessmen and become synonymous with buyers and sellers. For more than 3,000 years, the title of' businessman' has been enduring. "
3. The origin of "businessman".
After Zhou Wuwang destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the adherents of the Shang Dynasty were moved to Shangqiu by the Duke of Zhou. Because of the loss of land and livelihood, these people have to rely on small businesses to make a living. Over time, trading became their specialty. Because they are adherents of Shang Dynasty, they are called "merchants", and the business of buying and selling is also called "business". Although China has been in an agricultural society for a long time, it entered the commercial society nearly a century later than the western countries, but in fact, China's commerce had been produced as early as the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty during the slavery period. During the prosperous period of Shang dynasty, some Shang people often went to the surrounding ethnic areas to exchange agricultural products. So in the eyes of foreigners, it is businessmen who do business. After the demise of Shang Dynasty, there were more businessmen. Although with the development of history, merchants no longer take businessmen as the main body, people are used to taking "merchants" as the general term for buyers and sellers.
At first, people called those engaged in selling trade "merchants" and those engaged in selling goods "Jia", that is, the so-called "merchants are Jia". Merchants have been listed as one of the four great families in the Spring and Autumn Period. Zuo Zhuan said that "merchants are peasants and workers, and their business is invincible" (Twelve Years of Gong Xuan), and also called "merchants are busy and don't move their business" (Nine Years of "xianggong"). Although the social status of businessmen at this time is still very low, they are still "industrial and commercial food officials" under the direct control of the government, but they are already a special profession. So Qi Huangong asked Guan Zhong, "Where are people?" The pipe said to him, "These four people, don't confuse things, but what they said is easy." Gong said: well, agriculture, industry and commerce? Guan said to him: "Once upon a time, the holy king Chu Shi made me idle;" If you work, you are the government; Business, in the market; In farming, you will go to the fields "(see Mandarin Chyi Yu), and because businessmen must be good at" observing the fierce hunger, judging the change of the country, and always observing the goods in their hometown to know the superiority of their city ",they must also be able to" serve cattle and horses, look around, expect how much, and ask for dignity "(Guan Zi Xiao Kuang). In ancient times, although businessmen were widely praised, there was a difference between them. The title of "Zhou Li Heavenly Officials" says: "Nine pillars are used to serve the people ... and six are businessmen who are bribed." Sun Yirang wrote a note: "Do business with Jia. It can be seen that in the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the changes in the number of communes and a certain degree of internal division of labor, a kind of "business" appeared, which was specialized in long-distance trafficking and organizing goods supply. These people are the so-called "cattle and horse services, and the surrounding area is cheap."
The other is "Jia", that is, goods listed at home, "waiting for people to come to the door and selling them directly to consumers for profit". In the sixteenth year of Zuo Zhuan, the Han of Jin asked the businessman of Zheng for Yuhuan, but he didn't give it to him. Later, although the businessman of Zheng agreed privately, he said: I used to be the first king of Huan Gong, and we were both from Zhou Dynasty, so we compared each other. We killed this place with Ai, cut down the tree crown, cut down the pine tree, cut down the quinoa and cut down the scorpion, but it was done. There is an oath in the world that can be believed, saying,' I am not rebellious, I have no strong family, so I will take it away. I don't want to know your profits and bribes. "Relying on this oath, we can protect each other, so we have today. Today, my son insulted me in good faith, saying that our city caught businessmen and made our city swear, so it is impossible! My son won the jade and lost the vassal. He won't do it. It can be seen that since this businessman can't operate independently, he is still a businessman under the "Industrial and Commercial Food Officer". At that time, although commercial activities were conducted in the market, it was called "doing business in the market" ("national danger and seven dangers"), but according to the management system at that time, the government had to monopolize the market and grasp the price. According to Zuo Zhuan, Zheng, Wei and Song all had various divisions (Zuo Zhuan was Xiang Gong for twenty years, twenty years); In Lu, Jia Zheng (Zuo Zhuan for twenty-five years) and other officials managed the market. At that time, government commerce, like government industry, was mainly to ensure the needs of slave owners and nobles, not to develop and expand commercial trade, so the existence of the "industrial and commercial food official" system actually hindered the further development of commerce and handicrafts at that time.
Although the Spring and Autumn Period was dominated by "officials and businessmen", due to the development of productive forces, the ownership of communes, that is, the mining system, gradually changed, and rich and powerful businessmen appeared in various countries. For example, "Guoyuba" says: "Fujiang rich businessman, Fan Wei wooden coffin, too arrogant, mediocre merit; And if you can cherish your car, you can take the wrong clothes, you can bribe the princes, but you can't find the law. " Obviously, these wealthy businessmen are no longer "official businessmen" but "private businessmen", and there is no way to stand on their feet. Because these wealthy businessmen have accumulated a lot of wealth, they often operate usury, so in Pakistan, there are also records of Luan's "fake loans". So today we appoint these businessmen as bosses. Now more and more people in our country pay attention to businessmen, not only because of the huge wealth they earn, but also because of their wisdom in acquiring wealth and the influence of business culture brought by their business on social life. I often get some kind of magazine from the advertising lady on the street for free. When I went home to read it, I found that the magazine was founded by a hospital or a company.
This is not only an advertisement, in fact, it has brought us a trendy business culture. Businessmen play an important role in all fields of our society, so the status of new China businessmen is getting higher and higher.
How did the word "businessman" come from? This has to start from the Shang Dynasty, which took Yin as its capital, so it was also called Yin Dynasty. Adherents of Shang Dynasty can also be said to be adherents of Yin Dynasty; Therefore, its adherents are called Shang or Yin people, and Yin people are Shang people. The word merchant comes from people in Shang Dynasty.
What was the status of the remaining businessmen after the demise of Shang Dynasty? King Wu attacked Zhou and destroyed Shang. When I was young, my younger brothers Guan and Uncle Cai rebelled with my son Wu Geng. After the Duke of Zhou put down the rebellion in the east, Luoyang was built as a military fortress, which was called "Cheng Zhou" in history. The adherents of Yin were forced to gather in Luoyang, which Zhou called stubborn people. They are often called to give lectures, don't talk nonsense, and live a monitored life. Although the adherents of the Yin Dynasty also became a part of the Zhou people, they were treated differently. How can they live without political rights and land? I have to run around doing business. The nobles of the Zhou Dynasty would not do this kind of business. At that time, ordinary people could not do business if they wanted to farm, and the business of buying and selling goods was needed by society. Over time, the business of buying and selling goods has become the main industry of Yin adherents.
With the national integration and the development of commodity economy, a few aristocrats in the Zhou Dynasty began to do business, which gradually made businessmen lose the derogatory meaning of "stubborn people" and become professional names engaged in commodity trading. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Henggong was very friendly to Zhou people, and brought some Zhou people to the east of Luoshui and founded the country in Xinzheng. Therefore, Zheng's businessmen were very famous at that time. For example, a wealthy businessman gave Zheng 12 cows, which made him afraid to attack Zheng, and staged a scene in which wealthy businessmen saved the country in history. In addition, Zheng is located in the traffic artery, which is the only place for Qi, Chu and hegemony. However, the people of Zheng used the war to transport goods from various countries, which made their country rich and strong, showing the importance of commercial activities. Therefore, the status of businessmen in society gradually improved and became one of the four people in feudal society: officials, farmers, workers and businessmen.
At the end of the Warring States Period, Puyang people Lv Buwei and Lv Buwei bribed Mrs. Huayang with huge sums of money, making this alien the prince of Qin State, which was later the king of Qin Zhuang. It is said that Qin Shihuang gave birth to his son. Lv Buwei became prime minister and made a lot of profits. After Qin Shihuang and Prime Minister Li Si supported commercial activities, the ancient businesses and businessmen in China fell into a state of extinction.
In the imperial society of China for more than two thousand years, the imperial power has been continuously strengthened. Under the pressure of centralization and highly unified cultural mechanism, China's commerce has never developed freely, and businessmen have no independent social status, and they are struggling between the government and the people. As a result, Hu Xueyan, a red-top businessman who ingratiated himself with senior officials, and Shanxi Bank closed down. The commercial activities in old China were always at a low level, and it was impossible to produce a commercial credit system. Therefore, toxic rice and waste oil flooded the market. Therefore, people constantly curse businessmen who are dishonest, unscrupulous and disdainful of mercenary businessmen. Gong Zizhen, a progressive thinker in the middle of Qing Dynasty, was paranoid about the idea of "emphasizing agriculture and mulberry and restraining Jia people", and there is still the idea of despising businessmen in society.
From the early days of liberation to the eve of reform and opening up, New China carried out land reform to crack down on landlords and nationalized the land. Then, agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce were reformed. Private ownership of the means of production was gradually replaced by socialist public ownership, and the socialist system was established, which made China enter the primary stage of socialism. The government trumpeted the selfless thought of benefiting others and benefiting themselves, opposed the selfish interests of land, the rich, anti-evil and "Right", and constantly cut off the tail of capitalism. During this historical period, businessmen in China gradually disappeared.
By the end of 1978, great changes had taken place in new China, and businesses in China began to recover. The convening of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of China Producers' Party made a major strategic decision of reform and opening up. Shift the focus of the party's work to socialist economic construction, reform internally and open to the outside world. In rural areas, the household contract responsibility system is implemented, allowing farmers to be privately owned to a certain extent. After the completion of the national grain purchase task, the rest belongs to farmers, which greatly mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production. China's reform has been successfully transferred from agriculture to cities. 1980, four special economic zones in Guangdong and Fujian were opened. Special economic zones are the frontier of reform and opening up, and become a window for introducing foreign capital, learning advanced foreign technology and absorbing advanced foreign experience.
The first people who dared to make money in business were mostly poor and illiterate farmers in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang, followed by factory gangsters who had no future in the eyes of others in the city, and finally the intellectuals who could not lift their heads and the national cadres who were attacked went into business. Because the government encourages industry and commerce, in the past 28 years, businessmen have not only revived in the mainland, but also grown in scale. Proletarians in the past were already very rich, and they became the rich, millionaires and billionaires concerned by thousands of ordinary people. Some even squeezed into the CPPCC, some became deputies to the National People's Congress, and began to float out of the business community to pay attention to the political changes, eager to try, and the social status of businessmen in the new era of China is getting higher and higher.