The idea and mode of running a college are completely different from that of official schools, with no portal, complete openness and free lectures. The training goal of students is not the political elite, but the academic elite. Academies deliberately keep a certain distance from official schools, professors maintain independent academic ethics, and students respect independent self-study spirit.
The college implements the "mountain leader responsibility system". Mountain leaders are equivalent to today's university presidents. Although there is no administrative level, the mountain leaders have absolute power and authority. They are not only the highest administrative leaders of the college, but also the chief teaching supervisors and "discipline leaders".
Shan Chang always puts teaching first and participates in front-line teaching. Such as Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Sima Guang, Fan Zhongyan, Zhu, Zhang Qian and other famous Confucian masters, when presiding over the daily teaching of the college, they all teach students in class.
In daily teaching, Shan Chang's lectures are generally held on 1, 3, 6 and 8 days of each month. Generally, there are three class exams in the college every month, and the hill is responsible for the questions from the speech to the marking. Ming Dow Jiankang Academy (now Nanjing), founded in the first year of Chunyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 124 1), stipulated: "Every ten days, the mountain grows into the hall, and the staff are gathered to give lectures, sign classes, resume classes, give lectures on the third and eighth days, and give lectures on the first and sixth days, which are recorded in the lecture book. Three classes a month, early doubts, mid-term doubts, and later career. "
Fan Zhongyan, an educator in the Northern Song Dynasty, was "diligent and respectful, taking the lead" when teaching at Yingtian Academy. According to the Records of Fan Wenzheng's Public Collections, Words and Actions, Fan Zhongyan "will do it himself, and if you want to know its difficulties and intentions, you will make scholars think it is the law."
Give the students a test composition and do one yourself first. Can this be unpopular with students? Fan Zhongyan's fame spread far and wide. "Four dialects follow scholars."
There is no threshold for college entrance and no household registration restrictions.
The students of Wenchang Academy in Ming Dynasty "had to be admitted to the hospital without a bunch of students"
One of the greatest characteristics of ancient academies is the feelings of civilian education. Even though many academies in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were changed into "official camps", this feeling has not changed.
Since its birth, the college has been open to the lower classes and folk scholars. There is no threshold for college entrance and no household registration restrictions. As long as you are interested in your studies, no matter how rich or poor, no matter where you are, you can enter school, which is also advocated by Confucius. For example, there is a sentence in the "Admissions Guide" of Wenchang Academy in Sichuan: "Anyone who has a poor baby must be admitted to the hospital and attend classes on a monthly basis. Donate an honest reward, be an educational material, and the government has no classes. "
"Grand Duke, no class" has always been the school-running principle of the academy, and it is also the sublimation of the school-running concept of "teaching without class". Although there is no entrance threshold, there are still some entrance requirements. Because of the large number of applicants, the "enrollment standard" is also very strict, and the cultural level and self-quality are relatively high. Comprehensive quality test and assessment, including academic work, is not enough just to study well. For example, Bailudong Academy once asked candidates to be juren, as evidenced by Zhu's "recruiting into the Academy".
The enrollment indicators of ancient academies are determined by their own educational strength, ranging from dozens to hundreds. In addition to recruiting "ordinary students" with excellent test scores, they will also recruit "additional test students" who are slightly inferior. Additional students also write "underage students". For example, the Juxing Academy in Fuyang, Anhui Province, during the light years of the Qing Dynasty, the annual enrollment quota (quota) was 20 in the main course and 20 in the sub-course.
Teachers have the final decision on enrollment. For example, Bailudong's "Table of Cave Studies" has such a provision, "From now on, those who move to public office should be careful in their choices. After the trip, those who can be rejected by the cave owner will be rejected, and the boss does not have to scrape their rights. People with lofty ideals from all directions will listen to their graduation. "
It can be seen that today's officially recommended students and nursing students with letters of introduction from leaders are not welcomed by the college. Even after entering the school, if the class teacher (cave teacher) feels bad after the exam, he will still be dismissed, and the leader (boss) can't interfere.
The funding for running a school mainly comes from "learning fields"
In the Yuan Dynasty, each student of Ming Dow Academy gave 5 yuan "gas money" every month.
In ancient times, in addition to official funding, the school-running funds of colleges mainly depended on private fund-raising, donations, income generation and self-financing of colleges, among which the income from "studying in fields" was the main source of school-running funds of colleges. Every college will try its best to reduce the financial burden of students. Many times, students study in colleges, not only without tuition fees, but also with "all-inclusive accommodation". For example, in Wenchang College, students "don't have to be tied up, they have to go to the hospital." In addition, the college "wants to set up a bookstore to attract students to learn and practice extensively."
The so-called "burning fire" is the cost of students during their study. The ancients commonly called it "the cost of cultivating scholars." "Ointment fire" was originally used to help students with difficulties, but it has been widely spread in practical use, and both students and apprentices have a share. Either give money, or give food, or both.
The subsidy level of "burning money" varies from generation to generation and from college to college. Take Jiankang (now Nanjing) Ming Dow College as an example. During the period from the Yuan Dynasty to Mindfulness, it was changed to a government-run college, and each student gave 5 yuan pocket money every month. The permeability is 5000. At that time, I worked as a handyman in the academy, earning only 300 articles a month. Being a student earns more money than working. In addition, each student has a daily ration of "2.5 liters of rice".
During the light year of the Qing Dynasty, the official students of Fuyang Juxing Academy in Anhui donated 1 200 articles per month, and the secondary students received 500 articles. Tong Sheng has 1000 main course articles and 500 sub-course articles. If students in associate degree and associate degree programs are hospitalized, each student will get another 3 barrels of wheat every month.
Due to the limited funds for running a school, some colleges can't fully cover students' room and board expenses, and also provide students with free meals as much as possible. Generally speaking, there are no common tuition and miscellaneous fees such as "examination fee" and "material fee" in ancient academies.
Excellent grades can be awarded "bonuses" and "bonuses"
In the Qing Dynasty, the top four students in the examination of qi zhou Academy of Sciences each got "two series of essays on making money by paste fire"
Most ancient academies hope to train students who are the pillars of "self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world", so the requirements for students are extremely strict. In terms of work and rest time, regardless of winter and summer, classes are held at five o'clock in the morning, with two classes at five thirty and six three.
In order to enable students to "study hard and make progress every day", the academy also has a reward system. There are various forms of rewards, both spiritual encouragement and material incentives, such as monthly class rewards and integral upgrades. There are also so-called "bonuses" and "bonuses" equivalent to modern scholarships.
The monthly class award is based on the results of each exam and will be cashed after the exam. For example, in the second year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1209), Chen Mi, the magistrate of Yanping, was at the foot of Jiufeng Mountain in the south of Nanping. Yanping Academy, modeled after Bailudong Academy, set up a "reward". The academy stipulates that there are three classes a month, and the textbooks are divided into different contents, including classics, theories and strategies. "The textbooks are waiting to be discovered, and the best is to be rewarded."
Rewarding students seems to be the most explicit regulation and high standard in the academies of Qing Dynasty, which may be directly related to the "official learning" in the academies of Qing Dynasty. Colleges change the money from the fire into "bonuses" and use "lottery tickets" to collect them.
According to the records of qi zhou School in Qing Dynasty, the reward standard of qi zhou Academy in Hubei Province during Tongzhi period was: students took the exam (official subject) equivalent to that organized by the Education Bureau or the Examination Institute today, each student scored four super-marks, and each student made two strings of papers; Super students 12, each with a string of 200 words. Scholars take 8 volumes per class and string 400 articles with paste fire; There are 20 students in the middle grade, each of whom makes a string of articles with paste and fire.
In addition to giving cream fire and flowers infrared rays, the education authorities will also "consider giving bonuses" to show encouragement.
When Zhang Zhidong was a political student in Hubei in the Qing Dynasty, the Jingxin Academy established in Wuchang, Hubei Province published a collection of excellent compositions during the examination, and successively published the Collection of Jingxin Academy and the Continuation of Jingxin Academy. This "honor award" is more exciting than a bonus, and it works.
Zhu zai yuelu academy
Write "loyalty, filial piety and sincerity"
The test paper with clear rewards and punishments was taken away by the "floating ticket"
In the Qing Dynasty, Danyang Academy "copied the same" and "punished the fire in January"
Clear reward and punishment is one of the basic learning rules of ancient academies. Students who do not study hard in the academy and do not restrain their words and deeds will also be severely punished. In the Qing Dynasty, Danyang Academy in Guizhou, Hubei Province stipulated: "Senior inspectors who leave the school have children, and scholars who are not diligent are reasonable; If he does not obey, he will know that the mountain is long and punish him. "
The study rules of qi zhou Academy in Qing Dynasty also clearly required that students should be absent from class once during the long class and be detained with 600 yuan; Special class truancy once, deducted 400; Literacy boys will be deducted for skipping classes in the first volume, 400 for skipping classes in the middle volume, and 300 for skipping classes in the middle volume, and then all of them will be deducted if there are written records or identical ones.
Students' academic performance in the academy is dynamic, and the "points system" is implemented, with "ups and downs". Even the outstanding students at the time of admission, the so-called "regular students", may become "extra students" if they are absent from class and can't keep their test scores in the forefront.
In the Qing Dynasty, Nanyang Public College in Zhou Jun stipulated that the rise and fall were determined by the number of people who missed the exam and the level of the exam. If the students in the class should not attend class once, they should stop giving January cream fire; Those who don't attend classes twice will be demoted to extra classes. If you don't take the main course exam for three consecutive times, you will be reduced to less than the attached course. If you don't take the attached course exam for three consecutive times, you can be promoted to the main course. When it is downgraded, its money will drop to the standard, or even not.
The examination discipline of ancient academies was very strict, and the examination papers were collected by "floating tickets" and numbered. Students who cheat and plagiarize in exams will be punished. In the Qing Dynasty, Danyang Academy in Guizhou stipulated: "Those who copy the same or missing compositions and hand in the papers the next day will not be listed, and those who are not listed for the first time will be fined for one month; Once again, it was not listed, and an extra class was dropped. The impostor was expelled from the hospital. "
Consistent with the modern educational concept, moral education in ancient academies also precedes intellectual education. Of course, due to the limitations of feudal society, most of the ancient moral education was loyalty and filial piety. If you are immoral, the consequences will be very serious. Those who are light will be severely punished, and those who are heavy will be expelled.