20 12 On May 24th, the Ministry of Environmental Protection announced the implementation plan for the first phase monitoring of the new air quality standard, requiring 74 cities across the country to complete the monitoring and testing operation of PM2.5 "national control points" before the end of June 5438+00.
20121011Wu Xiaoqing, vice minister of environmental protection of China, said that after the promulgation of the new ambient air quality standard, the Ministry of environmental protection clearly put forward the "three-step" goal of implementing the new standard. According to the plan, before the end of 20 12, key areas such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, as well as municipalities directly under the central government, cities with separate plans and provincial capital cities should carry out monitoring and release data according to the new standards. Up to now, 195 stations across the country have completed the installation, debugging and trial operation of PM2.5 instruments, and 138 stations have officially monitored PM2.5 and released data. Short term solution
First of all, a certain type of vehicle is prohibited, or all vehicles are prohibited from driving in heavily polluted areas. The second is to restrict or shut down large boilers and industrial equipment. In addition, the closure of the city's construction sites will also help reduce pollution. Burning wood and garbage in the stove must be avoided.
Long-term measures for formulating vehicle exhaust emission standards. Strict emission standards for large boilers and industrial facilities. Europe unified industrial emission standards and issued industrial emission orders. Set emission standards for small boiler equipment, such as home heating and other heating equipment. Formulate emission standards for mechanical equipment, such as construction machinery. Establish an "environmental protection zone". More than 40 cities in Germany and many European countries have set up "environmental protection zones", and only vehicles that meet emission standards are allowed to enter. Heavy goods vehicles are prohibited from passing. Heavy trucks usually emit more pollutants. Speed limits encourage public transport and cycling through subsidies or publicity programs. Manage traffic better through reasonable traffic light changes and setting up motor vehicle lanes. Provide health advice to the public
In order to reduce pollutant emissions, improve air quality and prevent air pollution from endangering human health, France promulgated the Air Quality Law in 20 10, which stipulated the upper limits of PM2.5 and PM 10. In addition, the French government has also implemented a series of schemes aimed at reducing air pollution, such as emission reduction scheme, particulate matter scheme, carbon emission trading system, local air quality scheme and atmospheric protection scheme.
In France, the air quality monitoring association is responsible for monitoring the concentration of pollutants in the air and providing air quality information to the public. According to the data provided by the Air Quality Monitoring Association, the French Environment and Energy Agency publishes the air quality index map of the day and the next day on its website every day, and provides suggestions on how to improve air quality. When the pollutant index exceeds the standard, the local government will immediately take emergency measures to reduce pollutant emissions and provide health advice to the public.
In the report on air particulate pollution released in April, 20 12, the French Higher Health Commission listed a series of new suggestions to protect public health, especially for sensitive groups such as patients with lung disease and heart disease, children and the elderly. It is suggested that when the concentration of PM 10 in the air is 50 to 80 micrograms per cubic meter, patients with lung disease and heart disease who have symptoms should consider reducing outdoor activities and strenuous physical exercise. When the concentration of PM 10 exceeds 80 micrograms per cubic meter, sensitive people should reduce or even avoid outdoor activities and strenuous physical exercise. Asthma patients may need to increase the frequency of inhaling drugs under the guidance of doctors. If healthy people have symptoms such as cough, dyspnea or sore throat, they should also reduce outdoor activities and strenuous physical exercise. Regularly review air quality monitoring standards.
According to the information on the website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, air pollution is a major problem facing modern society. The air pollution faced by the United States is mainly caused by six factors: gaseous pollutants, greenhouse gas effect, acid rain, ozone layer destruction, inhalable particles and climate impact.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency and other agencies have jointly established the "Air Quality Index" to provide the public with timely and easy-to-understand local air quality information and whether the air pollution level has reached a threat to public health. Log on to the AIRNow website jointly organized by the US Environmental Protection Agency and other institutions, and you can see the dynamic air quality index map, ozone index map, PM2.5 index map and the five places with the worst air quality in the United States according to each index.
According to the Clean Air Law, the Ministry of Environmental Protection needs to regularly review the air quality monitoring standards. In 2006, the US Environmental Protection Agency made the latest revision to the PM2.5 standard, stipulating that the maximum concentration of PM2.5 in any 24-hour period in any part of the United States, whether urban or rural, was reduced from the previous 65 μ g/m3 to 35 μ g/m3, while the annual average concentration standard was less than or equal to 15 μ g/m3. The standard of inhalable particulate matter (PM 10) with a diameter of 2.5 microns to10 microns is 0/50 micrograms per cubic meter/kloc-0 within 24 hours. According to the level of inhalable particulate matter, the Environmental Protection Bureau divides the air quality in various places into three categories: not up to standard, up to standard or considered up to standard despite insufficient data, and missing data. If an area is classified as unqualified, the local state and local governments need to make an implementation plan within three years, listing how to reduce the emission of pollutants that lead to the accumulation of inhalable particles, so as to achieve and maintain the air quality standards listed by the Environmental Protection Agency. Delineate the "smoke control zone" according to law
1952 The poisonous fog incident on February 5th was one of the most painful moments in the history of London. At that time, at least 4,000 people were killed, countless Londoners had difficulty breathing, traffic was paralyzed for several days, and millions of people were affected. After the disaster, the British government did remedial work.
1956, the British government promulgated the Clean Air Act, which designated a "smoke control zone", and towns in the zone prohibited direct coal burning. In addition, all coal-fired power plants in London have been closed and moved to places outside the city. Through a series of measures, the air quality in London has been improving.
According to the data provided by the London City Government, about 722,000 people live outside London every day and come to work in London by various means of transportation. London's huge population and huge commuters mean that the road traffic network has been under great pressure. For example, Waterloo Station, the busiest railway station in London, has 5 10000 passengers in the three hours of the daily peak passenger flow. The same is true of road traffic, with more than 3 million motor vehicles on the road. Since the road congestion tax was imposed in 2003, it is estimated that the traffic volume on the road has decreased by 70,000 vehicles per day.
In the past 50 years, because the use of coal in London's households and industries has gradually disappeared, traffic emissions have become the biggest source of air pollution. 58% of nitrogen oxides and 68% of PM 10 pollutants in the air of London come from automobile exhaust.
Frank Kelly, a British environmental expert and professor at King's College London, pointed out that the high population density, the large number of commuters and the constant flow of vehicles engaged in business and travel all put pressure on air quality. In this regard, Kelly suggested using small-displacement gasoline-powered vehicles and clean public transportation as much as possible in urban areas, and upgrading buses and taxis that use diesel.