Humans first calculated with their fingers. People have two hands and ten fingers, so they are naturally used to counting with their fingers and adopting decimal notation. Although it is convenient to calculate with fingers, the calculation range is limited and the calculation results cannot be stored.
2. Mechanical calculation tools
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, a computing tool using gear technology appeared in Europe. 1642, French mathematician blaise pascal invented Pascal adder, which was the first mechanical calculation tool in human history, and its principle had a lasting influence on later calculation tools.
3. Electromechanical computer
1886, herman hollerith, an American statistician, learned from the principle of punched cards on the Jacquard loom, used punched cards to store data, and used electromechanical technology instead of pure mechanical devices to create the first tabulator that can automatically add and subtract four operations, accumulate files and make reports.
4. Electronic computers
From 65438 to 0939, john atanasoff, a professor of mathematical physics at the University of Iowa, and his graduate student Bailey developed an electronic computer called ABC. Due to the limitation of funds, they only developed a prototype that can solve 30 unknown linear algebraic equations.
Extended data:
1, supercomputer. The development of high-speed, large-capacity and powerful supercomputers to deal with huge and complex problems, such as modern science and technology such as aerospace engineering, oil exploration, human genetics and national defense cutting-edge technology, requires supercomputers with the highest speed and capacity.
2. Microcomputer. Miniaturization is one of the fastest developing technologies after the appearance of large-scale integrated circuits, and the miniaturization of computers can better promote the wide application of computers. Therefore, the development of microcomputers with small size, strong function, low price, high reliability and wide application range is an important content of computer development.
3. Intelligent computer. So far, the computer has reached a very high level in dealing with procedural calculation, which is beyond the reach of human beings, but in terms of intelligent work, the computer is far less than the human brain.
4. Pervasive computing machines. At the end of 1970s, personal computer appeared in vocabulary, and human beings began to enter the "personal computer era". Many researchers believe that we have entered the "post-personal computer era", and computer technology will be integrated into various tools and complete its functions.
5. Networks and grids. Relevant experts have made a preliminary demonstration: the Internet has realized the connectivity of computer hardware, the World Wide Web has realized the connectivity of web pages, and the grid tries to realize the connectivity of all resources on the Internet. Paul Saffo, head of the future research institute of Xerox PARC, predicted the next generation network: today's network is made by engineers, and the network will grow in 2050.
6. New computer. The development of CPU and LSI is close to the theoretical limit, and people are trying to study new methods beyond the physical limit. The new computer may break the existing computer architecture. At present, the new computers being developed are: biological computers-using bioengineering technology and taking protein molecules as chips;
Edited on 2020- 10- 17.
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The development history of computing tools
Evolution and development of computing tools
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The history of computer development
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Evolution of computing tools
The development of modern science promotes the development of computing tools: 1. Proportional gauge: Galileo invented the "proportional gauge", which looks like a compass. Both feet have scales and can be opened and closed at will. It is a tool to calculate the ratio of multiplication and division by using the principle of proportion. 2. Napier Chip:15th century later, "grid algorithm" became popular in Central Asia and Europe. Napier chip is based on the principle of "grid algorithm", but different from the grid algorithm, it engraves grids and numbers on the "chip" [long bamboo or wood chips], which can be pieced together and calculated as needed. 3. Slide rule: 16 14 years. After the invention of logarithm, multiplication and division operations can be converted into addition and subtraction operations, and the logarithmic slide rule is designed according to this feature. 1620, Gunter used logarithmic slide rule to calculate multiplication and division for the first time. 1632, Oughtred invented the slide rule and made it into a circular slide rule. 1652, R. Pisa became a slide rule with a fixed ruler and a sliding ruler. 1850, V. Mannan put a cursor on the slide rule, which was widely used by scientists at that time, especially engineers and technicians. 4. Mechanical calculator: Mechanical calculator and slide rule appear at the same time, which is a great invention in computing tools. Sikard [1623] was the first person to conceive a mechanical calculator. In a letter to astronomer J Kepler [1623, 1624], he described four calculators he invented, but none of them were made successfully. The first calculator that can calculate addition and subtraction is B. Pascal [1642]. 167 1 year, G.W. Leibniz invented a hand-operated calculator that can do four operations. It is a big box with a length of 1 meter. Since then, after years of research in this field, especially after the improvement of L.H. Thomas, W. O 'Donnell and others, a variety of manual calculators have appeared and become popular all over the world. At the end of 17, this kind of calculator was introduced to China, and a hand-cranked calculator with 12 digits was made by China people, creating a hand-cranked calculator with counting chip. 5. Electronic calculator: a calculator that can be automatically controlled according to a certain "program". /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the Frenchman J.M. jacquard invented a loom controlled by punched cards. 1822, an Englishman C. Babbage made a differential unit that could execute calculation programs according to the same principle. 1834, he designed an analyzer with complete process control. Unfortunately, due to the limitation of mechanical technology at that time, it was not built. Since then, due to the great development of power technology, electric calculators have gradually replaced manual calculators. 1880, H. Hollerith and J. S. Billings in the United States invented the electric punch card calculator, which can process data mechanically. Later, they set up the first company to manufacture electronic calculators-International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Since the 20th century, electronic technology and mathematics have been fully developed. The improvement of electronic technology provides a material basis for calculators, and the development of mathematics is of great help to the design and development of new calculators. 194 1 year, the first universal process control calculator was made by Zuze in Germany, which realized Babbage's ideal more than 100 years ago. 1944, Aiken Company of the United States also manufactured an automatic digital calculator for process control in the same way. At the beginning of the 20th century, the appearance of electron tube made the reform of calculator have a new development. Due to the urgent military needs of World War II, the University of Pennsylvania and relevant units in the United States made the first electronic calculator-"Electronic Digital Integral Calculator" [ENIAC] in 1946, which was mainly designed by J.W. Molly and J.P. eckert, and J.F. ENIAC used 18000 electron tubes with an area of/8000. Before ENIAC appeared, A.M. Turing of Britain had put forward the theory of "ideal calculator" and discussed the possibility of manufacturing universal digital calculator. 1943 actually made a calculator to decipher the password, but because of military secrecy, outsiders don't know its details. Electronic calculator [also known as computer] has developed rapidly for more than 40 years, and its components have also undergone four generations of changes. Include the first generation electron tubes, the second generation transistors, the third generation integrated circuits and the fourth generation large scale integrated circuits. By the end of 1983, China had made the Galaxy calculator 100 million times, which indicated that China had entered the ranks of developing supercomputers. Now, the function of electronic calculator is not only a calculation tool, but also has penetrated into the field of human activities, changed the face of the whole society and brought human society into a new stage.
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What stages have computing tools gone through, and what are their representative tools? The development of computer has gone through several stages and its main core components.
The development stage of computer: four development stages: the first development stage: 1946- 1956 electron tube computer era. 1946 The first electronic computer appeared in the University of Pennsylvania, which was designed by von Neumann. Covering area170m2, 150KW. The operation speed is slow, not as fast as others. This is a milestone in the history of computer development. The full name of (ENIAC) (Electronic Numerical Integration and Calculator) is "Electronic Numerical Integration and Computer". The second stage of development: 1956- 1964 transistor computer age: operating system. The third development stage: 1964- 1970 The computer age of integrated circuits and large-scale integrated circuits (1964-1965) (1965-1970) The fourth development stage. All countries in the world are trying to actively control the process of computerization and informatization in this society, overcome the negative factors that may appear in the process of computerization, and strive for higher success more smoothly! !
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