Historical background
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China's economy developed well. However, the mistakes of "Great Leap Forward" and "Ten Years' Unrest" made the socialist system lose its vitality, and the disadvantages in the planned economy system increasingly restricted the development of productive forces: on the one hand, people could not buy things because of the restrictions of food stamps, oil stamps and tofu stamps; On the other hand, we are cracking down on "speculation" and cutting the tail of capitalism. No one dares to take things to the market.
The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee became an important turning point of China's fate. On the basis of summing up historical experience and lessons, the Communist Party of China (CPC) explored the road of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics. After the "Reform and Opening-up" policy was put forward, China's economy began to change from planned to market.
1979 65438+ 10, the central government's decision on accelerating agricultural development (draft) was tried out in rural areas throughout the country. The draft clearly points out that "household sideline business and market trade are necessary supplements to the socialist economy and should not be banned as' the tail of capitalism'". The commodity economy gradually thawed in some places, and handicrafts and agricultural products were put on the market. ...
The first person in "chicken feathers for sugar"
In Yiwu, Zhejiang, vendors call this rattle "chicken feathers for sugar". Yiwu has a large population and a small population. There is a tradition in history that chicken feathers can be used as fertilizer for small department stores such as brown sugar. "Chicken feathers for sugar" can be said to be the origin of Yiwu small commodity market, and now it is famous all over the country. Before the reform and opening up, "chicken feathers for sugar" became a hot topic. It was not until 1980 that "chicken feathers for sugar" was allowed, and the Industrial and Commercial Bureau issued a temporary license for "chicken feathers for sugar". Feng Aiqian, who was then a farmer in Yangjie Village, was the first in the county to obtain the license of "chicken feathers for sugar", with the license number 1
In order to make money faster, Feng Aiqian put down his rattle and secretly set up a stall in the county town on June 1 980+February1.
Feng Aiqian: Small buttons, needle bones, sewing needles, and 7788 items approved by department stores earned six dollars. I'm so happy! The six dollars in my hand, it seems that six thousand dollars still doesn't taste like this.
Curb "speculators"
Selling small commodities by setting up stalls makes Feng Aiqian full of hope for the future. However, the "Left" trend of thought at that time was not completely eliminated. Although it is possible to "change chicken feathers for sugar", it is still speculative to set up a stall to do business. Feng Aiqian was besieged and intercepted by the industrial and commercial departments.
Feng Aiqian: When we distribute goods, we always get off at small stations, such as Su Qi Town. We have to walk at least 30 miles back. When you get off here, there is an office that combats speculation and won't let you bring anything in. You took your things as soon as you got off the bus. Seeing that you are taking the capitalist road and getting off at a small station, we fled there like refugees. Gee, it's really difficult. When you go into business, people look at you like a reform-through-labour prisoner. If people look at you like this, you are the tail of capitalism. It seems that doing business in the sea is worse than shit! To create, to do, no matter what its policy is, I said there will be bread one day.
Blocked the county party secretary
198 1 In March, the Central Committee and the State Council forwarded the report of the State Agriculture Committee on actively developing rural diversification, "actively encouraging and supporting members to operate services, handicrafts, aquaculture, transportation and marketing, etc." .
However, in Yiwu, Feng Aiqian and others set up stalls to do small business without encouragement and support. Instead, they have to avoid the blow in fear. 1982 In May, Feng Aiqian blocked Xie Gaohua, secretary of the county party committee, at the gate of the county party committee.
Xie Gaohua, then secretary of Yiwu County Committee of Zhejiang Province, recalled: She asked me, are you Secretary Xie? I said yes. She told me that she had set up a stall, and she came with anger. The more people look, the more they can't explain the problem clearly. You go to my office.
Feng Aiqian: I'll leave when I say so. I'm in the office. There seems to be a little dispute between us. I asked him, with so many people and so few fields in Yiwu, what would you do? We can set up a stall here now and raise some money for ourselves.
Strike the table with the secretary
Feng Aiqian: He seems a little impatient. He strikes the table and I strike the table. Whether you refuse or not, you have to give us an answer. He sat down and said, don't cry.
Feng Aiqian was really angry at that time. She talked about her family life. She wants to set up a stall to do business, but she has to rush today and close tomorrow. How does she live? Ask the county government: Why not let her do business, why not let her set up a stall?
In fact, Xie Gaohua, a rare county party secretary, made an important decision.
Xie Gaohua: I made a gesture at that time. I said: you can set up a stall! I told the relevant departments not to turn it off for you.
Feng Aiqian finally got the "Fang Shangjian" in the county.
Too many tails to cut.
Feng Aiqian left with satisfaction, but Xie Gaohua could not relax. In addition to Feng Aiqian, there are dozens of stalls in the county town of less than 3 square kilometers, and these "capitalist tails" cannot be cut off.
Xie Gaohua began to seriously think about this ubiquitous fact in front of him. So he organized an investigation team to investigate the sufferings of the farmers below.
Xie Gaohua: After four or five months of extensive investigation, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China demanded to restore the ideological line and seek truth from facts, so I said, don't ask for instructions. We should proceed from the reality of Yiwu. Our "chicken feathers for sugar" in Yiwu may be a big advantage in developing the economy, so we made the decision to open the small commodity market in Yiwu.
Standing at the gate of the county party Committee
On September 5th, 1982, Yiwu Commodity Market officially opened. 16 September, the State Council decided to formally liberalize the prices of 160 kinds of small commodities and implement market regulation.
Feng Aiqian: At that time, I patted my chest: OK! Come on, let's get started!
Xie Gaohua: It can be said that this vitality is so strong. I didn't expect this shock wave to be so big! The stall came to the door of the county party Committee. At that time, a car couldn't get out of the door, and it couldn't get out after eight o'clock. It's full!
Feng Aiqian: Because of stable thinking and clear policies of the Party, I am bold in doing business. The further development of the market
1984 10 The Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held, and the "Central Committee's Decision on Economic System Reform" was made, proposing "developing a planned commodity economy", which brought a spring breeze to Yiwu's small commodity market. In 65438+February of the same year, the second generation Yiwu Small Commodity Market was built and put into use. The booths were moved from the open air to the shed, and the number of booths increased to more than 1800.
Feng Aiqian: There are more people, and all corners of the country are here. Not only do we locals work here, but there are also many stalls set up by foreigners. So the circulation of goods has increased, and samples have also increased. You have your channels, I have my channels, he has his channels, the channels in the southeast and northwest have come, and the supply has also come.
In the following ten years, under the leadership of the Party, China's socialist market economy was gradually established, and Yiwu's small commodity market also developed rapidly from generation to generation, becoming the largest small commodity circulation center in China. Yiwu's small commodities have spread all over the country and gone global. Talking about today and recalling the past, Feng Aiqian was filled with emotion.
Feng Aiqian: There used to be very few kinds, but now I can't tell them clearly. There are tens of thousands of kinds. So it is getting better and better, and the market is getting better and better. You said, without the party's policy, how could there be such a good place and such a good environment!
The old laundry list is treasured by her.
Today, Feng Aiqian of 6 1 spends her old age at home, and the stalls in the small commodity market are run by her children. For more than 20 years, although Feng Aiqian has moved many times, she has been reluctant to throw away the laundry list she used when she was hiding and doing business.
Feng Aiqian: Why are you leaving now? Because it was too difficult for me to get started before, now my family is so happy. Look at so many mahogany furniture, you should keep it.
Yiwu commodity market is still so lively, but the symbolic significance of 20 years ago no longer exists. Now it is not only agricultural and sideline products, daily necessities, automobiles, housing, labor services, services, education and consumption that enter the market. Reform and opening up are profoundly changing the lives of people in China.
For more than 20 years, the party's principles and policies have always correctly guided the establishment and development of the market economy.
CCTV "Focus Interview" feed
20065438+0 Broadcast on June 25th/Wang Yanghong
Editor's words
Interesting history
"Chicken feathers for sugar" rattle statue stands in front of Yiwu commodity market to remind people to remember history.
The small commodity market in Yiwu, Zhejiang Province is the largest commodity circulation center in China. In fact, its development began with "chicken feathers for sugar"-the tradition of changing chicken feathers for fat in Yiwu brown sugar and other small department stores-and the situation at that time was that the whole country was cracking down on "speculation" and cutting off the "capitalist tail". "Focus Interview" interviewed Feng Aiqian, the first self-employed person who got the "chicken feathers for sugar" license that year. She described in detail the difficult "struggle" process at that time: because selling small commodities in the street was stopped by the relevant departments, she stopped the county party secretary in the street to "discuss" and beat the table, and was finally allowed to set up a stall. At that time, the county party secretary also appeared to recall the incident. All this seems serious and interesting today. It was a meaningful, interesting and unforgettable history.
■ History of graphic theory
The market is growing.
The first generation of Yiwu small commodity market is still in its infancy. The second generation Yiwu small commodity market developed slowly.
The third generation Yiwu small commodity market has become a large scale. The fourth generation Yiwu commodity market is the largest in China.
Self-employed VS county party secretary
I must set up a stall.
Self-employed Feng Aiqian, county party secretary Xie Gaohua
She asked me, are you Secretary Xie? I said yes. She told me that she had set up a stall, and she came with anger. -Xie Gaohua, secretary of the county party committee
There seems to be a little dispute between us. I asked him, what should I do with so many people and so few fields in Yiwu? -Self-employed Feng Aiqian
He seems a little impatient. He strikes the table and I strike the table. -Self-employed Feng Aiqian
I made a gesture, and I said, you can set up a stall! I told the relevant departments not to turn it off for you. -Xie Gaohua, secretary of the county party committee