Daphne genkwa, alias: herb, mouse flower, noisy fish flower, headache flower, boring flower, headache skin, asbestos skin, soaked rice flower, mud Qiu Shu, spurge, mulberry tree and fish poison, Latin scientific name: Daphne genkwa. et Zucc。 Daphne is a deciduous shrub with a height of 0.3-6544. Bark brown, glabrous; Branchlets are cylindrical, thin, wrinkled after drying, young branches are yellow-green or purple-brown, densely yellowish filiform, old branches are purple-brown or purple-red, and hairless. Leaves opposite, sparsely alternate, papery, ovate or ovate-lanceolate to elliptic oblong, apex acute or short-tapering, base broadly wedge-shaped or obtuse, margin entire, top green, dark brown after drying, bottom light green, yellow-brown after drying, densely silky yellow pilose when young, only scattered silky yellow pilose at the base of vein when old, style short or absent, stigma head-shaped, orange. The fruit is fleshy, white and oval, wrapped in the lower part of persistent calyx tube. The flowering period is from March to May, and the fruiting period is from June to July. [ 1]
The picture is taken from China Botanical Museum [2].
gingkgo
Daphne odora
Latin scientific name
Daphne genkwa et Zucc。
Another name
Daphne genkwa, Daphne genkwa strips, medicinal fish grass, Dongguan flower, headache flower, boring flower, mouse flower, etc.
boundary
plant kingdom
door
Vascular endothelial cell
morphological character
Deciduous shrub, 0.3- 1 m high and much branched; Bark brown, glabrous; Branchlets are cylindrical, thin, wrinkled after drying, young branches are yellow-green or purple-brown, densely yellowish filiform, old branches are purple-brown or purple-red, and hairless.
Daphne odora
The leaves are opposite, sparsely alternate, papery, ovate or ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, 3-4 cm long and 65438 0-2 cm wide, with acute or short apex, wide wedge-shaped or obtuse-rounded base, full margin, green at the top, dark brown after drying, light green at the bottom, yellow-brown after drying, densely covered with silky yellow fluff when young, and scattered only at the base of vein when old. Petiole short or few, ca. 2 mm long, gray pilose.
Flowers first and then leaves, purple or light blue-purple, usually 3-6 flowers clustered in leaf axils or lateral leaves, flowers first and then leaves, which are easy to distinguish from other species. [1] Pedicel is short and grayish yellow pilose; Calyx tube is thin, tubular, 6- 10 mm long, with filamentous hairs outside, lobes 4, oval or oblong, 5-6 mm long, 4 mm wide, rounded at the top, and sparsely pubescent outside; 8-whorl and 2-whorl stamens are inserted in the upper part and middle part of calyx tube respectively. Filaments are short, about 0.5 mm long, anthers are yellow and oval, about 65438 0 mm long, protruding out of the throat, and the top is blunt and round. Disk ring, underdeveloped; Ovary obovate, 2 mm long, densely yellowish pilose, short or absent style, capitate stigma, orange.
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Daphne odora
The fruit is white and oval, about 4 mm long, surrounded by the lower part of persistent calyx tube, and has 1 seed. The flowering period is from March to May, and the fruiting period is from June to July. [ 1] [3]
Growth habit
Born at an altitude of 300-1000 m. [1] Adapted to warm climate, drought-resistant and waterlogging-resistant, it is suitable for cultivation on fertile and loose sandy soil. [4]
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Daphne odora
geographical distribution
China, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan Province, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces. [ 1]
Daphne odora
cultivation techniques
Planting method
Propagation by seeds or ramets.
Daphne odora
Seed propagation: 10 year1late October to 1 1654381early October, ditching at the interval of 30cm, sowing evenly, covering soil and compacting until germination in the following spring. Pay attention to weeding among seedlings after emergence, topdressing 2 ~ 3 times a year, and transplanting after 2 ~ 3 years.
Propagation by ramets: Digging old roots in early spring in March, opening holes according to the row spacing of 30cm× 40cm, planting 1 plant in each hole, covering with soil and compacting.
Tiantuan management
Intertillage weeding should be done 3 ~ 4 times a year. Topdressing in spring and autumn is 1 time, topdressing in spring is earlier, and stubble is combined in autumn. Corn and vegetables can be intercropped in summer and winter respectively. [4]
Main value
Medicinal value
The flower buds of Daphne genkwa are used medicinally to treat edema and expectorant. [ 1]
Daphne odora
job operation
Daphne genkwa: pick out impurities and sift out the soil. Daphne genkwa with vinegar: take clean Daphne genkwa, add vinegar and mix well, fully moisten it, put it in a pot and stir-fry it with slow fire until the vinegar is completely absorbed, showing yellowish color, and take it out to dry. (per Daphne genkwa 100 kg, add 25 kg of vinegar) [5] [6]
① Tao Hongjing: Daphne genkwa, slightly boiled, not close to eyes.
② Outline: It is good to keep Daphne genkwa for a few more years. When it is used, it is boiled with good vinegar for more than ten times, and the vinegar is removed. If it is soaked in water for one night and dried in the sun, it will be poisoned, or vinegar speculators will take the second place. [6]
Sexual taste orientation
Nature and taste: hard, warm and poisonous. [6]
Daphne odora
Flowers: bitter, pungent and cold; Toxic. [5]
Root bark: pungent, bitter and flat. Toxic [5]
1 classic: Xin Wen.
② Carapax Trionycis: bitter, slightly warm and slightly toxic.
③ Theory of medicinal properties: high toxicity. [6]
Meridian tropism: meridian tropism of lung, spleen and kidney. [5] [6]
① Changsha waist evil: entering the bladder meridian of the sun.
2 "Deserved Materia Medica": Starting from the Taiyin Sutra. [6]
3 "Materia Medica Seeking Truth": into the spleen, lungs and kidneys. [6]
Functional indication
Parching Daphne genkwa with vinegar and realgar, grinding into powder, and taking orally for treating abdominal pain caused by insect accumulation; Grinding Daphne genkwa into powder, mixing it with lard, and treating tinea capitis by applying grease. [5]
Daphne odora
Purging water and resolving phlegm. Treat phlegm retention, asthma, cough, edema, hypochondriac pain, heart fullness, food poisoning, malaria mother and carbuncle.
① Meridian: mainly cough due to adverse qi, wheezing in throat, swelling and pain in throat, shortness of breath, malaria, hernia and carbuncle.
② "Don't record": exclude phlegm and water in the chest, like vomiting and edema, five fluids of five internal organs' skin and lumbago, and cold toxin and botulism.
③ Theory of Medicinal Properties: Treating heart and abdominal distension, removing dampness, benefiting five internal organs with cold phlegm, and crying like glue. Indications: dredging blood vessels, treating malignant sores, rheumatism, toxic wind, limb spasm, inability to walk, diarrhea, swelling and pain.
4 "Japanese Herbal Medicine": cure cough and malaria.
⑤ "Outline": Argument water by drinking phlegm, hypochondriac pain.
⑥ "Materia Medica": The silk thread touched by the decoction is easy to fall off, and it can be a tumor. [6]
dosage
Oral administration: decoction, 0.5 ~ 1 yuan; I still took the pills and dispersed them. External use: grind and apply or rinse with water. [6]
1.5~3g. Daphne genkwa vinegar is ground and swallowed, once 0.6~0.9g, once a day 1 time. Appropriate amount for external use. [5]
Drug treatment should be avoided.
Physical weakness and pregnant women are prohibited. [6]
Not applicable to licorice. [5]
pharmacological action
1, diuresis
Lv Xianghua reported that compared with the control group, the urine output and sodium excretion rate of rats in the decoction group of Daphne genkwa (10 g/kg) were significantly increased, and the potassium excretion was similar. When the dosage was 20g/kg, the urinary excretion rate, sodium excretion rate and potassium excretion rate increased significantly, but 2.5 or 5g/kg was ineffective. It is also reported that intravenous injection of 50% Daphne genkwa decoction (0.4- 1.0g/kg) can more than double the urine volume for about 20 minutes. Rats with ascites were treated with intraperitoneal injection of 3% sodium chloride solution, intragastric administration of 10g/kg Daphne genkwa decoction or alcohol infusion, all of which had diuretic effect. [7]
2, antitussive and expectorant effects
The experimental results of ammonia induced cough showed that mice were given 1.25g/kg alcohol-water extracts of Daphne genkwa and Daphne genkwa, or 0.625g/kg genkwanin. The excretion experiment of phenol red showed that 5g/kg Daphne genkwa vinegar, 0.625g/kg hydroxyl genkwanin or its alcohol-water extract from Daphne genkwa benzene had certain expectorant effects, and its expectorant mechanism might be related to the reduction of inflammation and the thickening of sputum after treatment. [7]
3, the role of the central nervous system
According to Xiao Qingci's report, 90 Kunming mice weighing 15-25g, male or female, were randomly divided into 9 groups, each with 10. According to the dosage listed in Table 4, the drugs were given by gavage, and recorded by YsD-4 pharmacological and physiological experimental multi-purpose instrument and electric stimulation box, and the number of voltages that caused mice to scream at different times was observed. The results are shown in Table 4. The results showed that oral administration of 20g/kg licorice or fried Daphne genkwa decoction in mice had certain analgesic effect. And fried Daphne genkwa fell on licorice. Compared with the single decoction with the same dose, the analgesic effect after compatibility is better than that of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, and second to that of fried Daphne genkwa. Wei Chengwu and others reported that intraperitoneal injection of ethanol extract of Daphne genkwa 500mg/kg (converted into crude drug, the same below) had obvious analgesic effects on mice by hot plate method, antimony potassium tartrate writhing method and electric shock method, and naloxone, a morphine receptor antagonist, could block its analgesic effects. The ethanol extract of Daphne genkwa (1000 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into mice, which showed obvious sedative effect, and it had obvious anticonvulsant effect in the anticonvulsant experiment of strychnine or sodium benzoate caffeine, and had strong anticonvulsant effect. In addition, Daphne genkwa can obviously enhance the anesthetic effect of pentobarbital sodium on dogs. [7]
4, the role of the digestive system
(1). Effects on isolated intestinal segments of animals
Several healthy adult rabbits weighing about 2kg, half male and half female, were taken out of jejunum after acute execution and stored in Tyrode solution for later use. The experiment was divided into 20 groups. The results showed that at high concentration, fried Daphne genkwa was better than licorice, and at low concentration, licorice fell on Daphne genkwa. Bian also reported that 1.8mg (crude drug) /ml of 50% decoction, water immersion and alcohol immersion of raw and vinegar Daphne genkwa can excite isolated rabbit ileum, which can increase intestinal peristalsis, but increase tension and dosage will inhibit it. The alcohol extracts of raw Daphne genkwa and vinegar Daphne genkwa can cause mild diarrhea in rabbits and vomiting in dogs, but have no effect on mice. It is also reported that 1% stimulation oil of Daphne genkwa can make the isolated duodenum of rats stiff and contract, but it will be excited first and then inhibit the isolated duodenum of rabbits. 10% vinegar and 10% Daphne genkwa have similar effects.
(2) Effect on intestinal peristalsis in rats.
Rats were randomly divided into three groups by whole intestine propulsion method. After fasting for 24 hours, raw Daphne genkwa and vinegar-roasted Daphne genkwa (40g/kg) were taken orally, and 5% charcoal powder was given at the same time for 65438 0 hours post-treatment. The control group was set up to observe the advancing length of charcoal powder in raw Daphne genkwa group and vinegar-processed Daphne genkwa group, measure the total length of small intestine (mm) of rats, and calculate the advancing rate (each group 10). The results showed that raw Daphne genkwa and vinegar-processed Daphne genkwa had a slight exciting effect on the intestinal peristalsis of rats, which accelerated the intestinal peristalsis. The dyeing length of carbon powder in the raw Daphne genkwa group increased by 6.4% on average compared with the control group. Compared with the control group, the vinegar-baked Daphne genkwa group increased by 9.7% on average; It shows that vinegar-baked Daphne genkwa has a stronger effect on intestinal peristalsis than raw Daphne genkwa. [7]
5. Antifertility effect
The combination of Daphne genkwa terpene and estradiol has synergistic effect on isolated uterus of rats, but its effect on cervix is weaker than that on uterine body, and it has no synergistic effect with estradiol. Injecting 100μg/kg Daphne genkwa terpene into the cervix of domestic rabbits caused strong contraction. Intravenous injection of genkwanin in dogs has the same effect. Intrauterine medication in pregnant monkeys can also lead to abortion. The effect of local administration is enhanced, and the reaction of intravenous injection is slow or not obvious. The cause of abortion can be seen from the pathological examination results of placenta and fetus induced by Daphne genkwa terpene. The results showed that the denatured chorionic decidua tissue was thrombosed, the red blood cells were destroyed, and a large number of neutrophils gathered under the placental chorion plate, which was the reason for the infiltration of inflammatory cells after injection of drugs. The blood vessels of fetal organs are obviously dilated, and the diseases such as edema, bleeding and cell swelling are the direct effects of drugs on local tissues. Degeneration and necrosis of decidual cells, inflammatory cell infiltration and adhesive tape edema may be due to the increase of endogenous prostaglandin secretion and release, which leads to the contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells, thus achieving the purpose of induced labor. From the ultrastructural function of cells, the drug can cause obvious degeneration and necrosis of decidua and placenta, destroy lysosomes and release a large amount of phospholipase A, which leads to accelerated synthesis and release of prostaglandin by rough endoplasmic reticulum in decidua and continues to maintain secretion function. Experiments show that with the increase of prostaglandin content in amniotic fluid of induced labor pregnant women, the labor process begins, which stimulates the contraction of uterine smooth muscle and causes abortion. This further shows that endogenous prostaglandins play an important role in the induced labor mechanism of Daphne genkwa terpenes. HCG (chorionic gonadotropin), estradiol and estriol all decreased during induced labor, indicating that the drug has certain damage to placental tissue, and the level of progesterone decreased, which is beneficial to the start of uterine contraction and may be an auxiliary cause of abortion. Another study showed that Daphne genkwa terpene (20μg/ml) inhibited the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in mouse embryos. Injecting Daphne genkwa terpene into the amniotic cavity of pregnant rabbits for 3 hours, the radioactivity of amniotic fluid, placenta and fetus is the strongest within 48 hours, while the radioactivity of maternal blood and internal organs is very weak, and the urine excretion in 72 hours is only 9. 1% of the injected amount. It can be seen that intrauterine administration is safer to induce labor. [7]
6. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO)
1983, Noro and Tacataka found that the flowers and buds of Daphne genkwa had strong inhibitory effects on XO, and four components were isolated from them, namely genkwanin, apigenin, 3- hydroxy genkwanin and luteolin, and their inhibitory IC50 were 7×10, respectively. Apigenin and luteolin are the strongest inhibitors of XO. Under experimental conditions, these flavonoids have no strong inhibitory activity on monoamine oxidase. [7]
7. Anti-leukemia effect
Two diterpenoids, Daphne genkwa and Daphne genkwa ester A, were isolated by Hall IH and Novo T, respectively, which have strong anti-P-388 lymphoblastic leukemia effects. At low dose (0.8mg/kg) in vivo, they showed strong inhibitory activity, and their T/C values were 175% and 15 1% respectively. The study also showed that Daphne genkwa and Daphne genkwa ester A could inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein in P-388 cancer cells, while Daphne genkwa ester A could inhibit the synthesis of phosphoribosyl aminotransferase, inosine dehydrogenase, dihydrofolate reductase and purine in DNA polymerase. For the latter, the reaction with interfering peptidyl transferase is inhibited in the extension step. [7]
8, antibacterial effect
In vitro experiments, the ethanol-water extracts of Daphne genkwa and Daphne genkwa have inhibitory effects on pneumococcus, hemolytic streptococcus and influenza Bacillus at the concentration of 1: 50. The water extract of Daphne genkwa (1: 4) has inhibitory effect on skin fungi such as Lentinus edodes, Microsporum Oddoun and Nocardia stellata in vitro. Genkwanin has no antibacterial effect. [7]