The Song Dynasty is an era of gathering stars. A large number of people such as Kou Zhun, Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo, Shen Kuo, Yue Fei, Zhu, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Wen Tianxiang and so on are dazzling in China and even in the world history. Because the Song Dynasty attached great importance to culture and education, and achieved great academic and cultural achievements, China's culture became more profound and mature, so talents emerged constantly. Amin Song Lian said, "Since the Qin Dynasty, civilization has flourished in the Song Dynasty." There were eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and six in Song Dynasty. Besides Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe, there are also Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong and Ouyang Xiu. Four Great Calligraphers in Song Dynasty: Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Neo-Confucianism in Northern Song Dynasty: Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao. Three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty: Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu. Four Great Masters in Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao. It is important that many celebrities in the Song Dynasty were born in poverty. Both Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu were born in single-parent families and grew up poor. Fan Zhongyan's father died when he was one year old, and his mother Xie took Fan Zhongyan, who was still in infancy, and remarried to Zhujiajian. Fan Zhongyan had a hard time since childhood, drinking porridge and studying hard. Ouyang Xiu couldn't afford a pen and paper at home when he was a child, and his mother taught him to read with a reed pole. In the end, through their own efforts, both of them became masters of culture, courtiers and pillars of the country. Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu may have similar fates, and they became real friends. Wang Anshi, Su Xun, Su Shi and Ceng Gong are all cultural masters trained by Ouyang Xiu. Su Shi also trained four famous Su Men Bachelor: Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan and Chao He. Lu You is a student in Ceng Gong, and Lu You and Xin Qiji are good friends. Their gathering together formed a cultural salon and a literary club. Many literary societies appeared in the Song Dynasty. In a word, Song Dynasty was a paradise for intellectuals.
Four Great Calligraphers in Song Dynasty: Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Many famous painters appeared in Song Dynasty, including Fan Kuan, Guo, Zhou, Zhao, Xia Gui and Zhang Zeduan. What best represents the highest artistic level of Chinese painting is the broadness and artistic conception of landscape painting in Song Dynasty! There were many talented landscape painters in Song Dynasty, each with his own expertise and creation. Lin Yuan in the Northern Song Dynasty, Fan Kuan's Mountains and Snow Scenery, Xu Daoning's Trees and Waters, Guo's description of the subtle changes of the four seasons, Zhao Lingxiang's Lyrical Scenery, Mi Fei and Mi Youren's Yunshan Ink Painting, and Xia Gui's Landscape all reflect the art of landscape.
Song Dynasty is a country of poetry. Song poetry is a huge treasure house. All aspects of knowledge are very rich. But this treasure house, our cognitive development is very little. Song poetry is the continuation, development and breakthrough of Tang poetry. There were more poets and more poems in Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty enriched the types and forms of poetry. The number of Song poetry creations is unprecedented. Peking University is compiling The Complete Poems of Song Dynasty. According to preliminary statistics, there are no fewer than 9,000 authors, four times as many as the whole Tang poetry. The Collection of Song Ci has more than 1,300 people and nearly 20,000 chapters. Confucius added hundreds of poets and wrote more than 400 poems in Complete Song Poetry Supplement.
Lu You, a prolific poet in the Song Dynasty, claimed to be "10,000 poems in 60 years". Lu You now has more than 9,300 poems. Yang Wanli wrote more than 20,000 songs. But now there is only a small part left. You Mao, one of the four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty, left even fewer poems. So many great poets have written so many poems that more of us can only have a chance to read a few of their poems. It can be said that we haven't even touched the fur, let alone experienced their fine bones. Song poetry reflects the expansion of social horizons and the deepening of efforts to cut into life. The climate and atmosphere of Song and Tang are different, and the poet is brave in innovation, thus forming a "Song tune" which is completely different from "Tang Yin". As a new type of symphonic poem, Song Ci can not only be recited on the desk of literati, but also spread to the voice of musicians, which enhances its entertainment and communication, and has a large audience.
Song is the second wave of China civilization. It not only makes the verve civilization develop to absoluteness, but also makes the civilian culture develop. Traditional Chinese opera, including burlesque, acrobatics, puppet shows, shadow play, rap, zaju, etc. There are hundreds of acrobatics among them. Petty bourgeoisie was serious in Song Dynasty, and most of the feelings expressed in Song Ci were to express the leisure of drinking lightly and singing low. Song Ci embodies the stable political situation and the prosperous, rich and superior social life in the Song Dynasty. The prosperity of prostitution originated from the high prosperity of urban economy in Song Dynasty. The entertainment industry in Song Dynasty was more clearly divided into four categories: official prostitutes, geisha, geisha and commercial prostitutes. The "prostitute" in the Song Dynasty is not a "prostitute" in the modern sense. Most people can buy works of art, not bodies. Most of them are equivalent to modern literary and art workers. They are usually talented and beautiful. Some people have profound attainments in piano, chess, songs, poems, books and paintings. Some can be called artists in that field. "Official prostitute" is the most admirable. They are not only outstanding in appearance, but also brilliant. Their appearance, knowledge, intelligence and artistic taste are outstanding. Nowadays, actresses and stars, or women who are engaged in literary and artistic work, are hard to compare with them, because the women in the Red Chamber were cultivated from childhood and constantly edified, but now some women in the entertainment circle may become stars if they are beautiful and have only studied for two years ... It can be said that a famous prostitute in the Song Dynasty is much better than a modern female star.
Tea culture didn't reach the artistic level until the Song Dynasty. Tea in Song Dynasty is not tea in the present sense, but a kind of tea beverage. Some need sugar, some need salt, and all kinds of tea. This is a kind of tea and tea culture with countless ways of drinking. Unfortunately, it, like most of the crafts and cultures of the Song Dynasty, has not survived until now. In the Song Dynasty, all kinds of petal tea were very popular. Song also has the wind of fighting tea. Cai Xiang introduced Jian 'an Doucha in Tea Classic, especially a semi-fermented white tea produced locally. Song people used all kinds of exquisite porcelain bowls to drink tea, among which Millie lamp and Tianmu bowl of rabbit were famous tea sets at that time. According to the subtle differences in the color of the rabbit's Millie lamp, people also call it "Millie the Golden Rabbit" and "Millie the Silver Rabbit". Tea cups in Song Dynasty were divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze and blue and white glaze. "Light and beautiful horses, flowers in Chengdu, bowls of ice and snow, tea in Jian Xi." "Short paper is inclined to be grass, and the window is clear and the milk is divided into tea." "Three crows make the sky clear, arrange rice bowls and set tea bottles." "There are two or three thatched cottages on the roadside, and you can see the guests patting the horses and ordering tea." Tea culture is often permeated in the poems of Song Dynasty. "Seven sweet mixed core tea, colorful Yu Xia. When you first start drinking, you feel that your kindness is very heavy, so don't praise it. " Mei, a famous realist poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, also wrote such leisurely tea poems with the flavor of petty bourgeoisie plot. Twenty articles in Song Huizong's Daguan Tea Theory introduced tea culture. Tea culture in Song Dynasty is a comprehensive embodiment of elite culture and popular culture, and it is a culture that appeals to both refined and popular tastes.
Jade culture began to flow to the people in the Song Dynasty. Because Song Huizong likes jade so much. Jade carving that led to the unprecedented development of jade articles in Song Dynasty and the unprecedented development of secularization tendency. Jade articles in the Song Dynasty are much more interesting and less ceremonial. In the Song Dynasty, jade carving markets and shops specializing in selling jade appeared. Citizens become appreciators and owners of jade articles. Wearing jade is sought after and loved by the general public and literati. Besides jade carving, there are wood carving, bamboo carving, lacquer ware, bronze ware, gold and silver ware, tooth horn, tablet, seal, pen, ink, paper and inkstone. They all had high attainments in the Song Dynasty. All these show that the culture and art of the Song Dynasty are superb and profound. Although the song dynasty opened
In Song Dynasty, under the impetus of technological progress and tenancy system, agricultural production made remarkable development. In the history of handicraft industry, the division of labor is fine, the technology is advanced and the products are famous; The level of commodity economy surpassed the past, towns prospered, currency circulation expanded, and the earliest paper money was born.
The culture of the Song Dynasty made unprecedented progress, and achieved fruitful results in the fields of Neo-Confucianism, literature, history, art, science and technology. Outstanding figures such as Er Cheng, Zhu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, etc. were famous throughout the ages. The invention and application of movable type printing, compass and gunpowder have made outstanding contributions to mankind.
Song Dynasty is the most prosperous dynasty in China, with the most prosperous national culture, the most scientific and technological innovations, the healthiest population growth, the highest crop yield per unit area and the highest people's living standards. If you don't believe me, I'll introduce you to a dreamlike Song Dynasty. Let's dream back to the Song Dynasty: 1 The economically developed Fu Song has long been a historical conclusion. Other dynasties "suppressed business" but that's all. The exception is the Song Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin, the great ancestor of the early Song Dynasty, said that the idea of attaching importance to economy has been running through the Song Dynasty, which is a very important prerequisite for ensuring economic development. In the early Song Dynasty, officials studied the way of managing money and sought wealth, and the Song Dynasty adjusted the legislation of previous dynasties. The traditional practice of emphasizing criminal law over civil law has been specially studied and implemented, such as monopoly law, salt law, wine law and tea law. The Song Dynasty became one of the most active periods of economic legislation in ancient China. The economic laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty unified the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists, and were very scientific laws and regulations. These correct policy orientations have made the commercial tide flourish and the trade develop rapidly, making the Song Dynasty the earliest paper money bank in the world, unique! Even banks can borrow money to pay in different places. Even in modern times, it is a very advanced economic management system. Geographically, the development of the Song Dynasty is not limited to the old areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, and even the social, economic and cultural development in mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas is greater than that in the Tang Dynasty. This is also surprising. From the perspective of handicrafts, pits, mines, tea, salt, shipbuilding, sugar making, textiles and porcelain are all more advanced than those in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the increase in output, the technical improvement is also very obvious. For example, the production technology of "sugar ice" (rock sugar) and the excellent excavation of Song porcelain all reflect the maturity and innovation of technology. The rise of commerce and handicrafts liberated a large number of farmers who were taken into exile in the land and put them into commercial handicrafts. In the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron and coal mines were mined, and the earliest manufacturing factories in the world appeared in shipyards, paper mills, printing houses, weaving factories, firearms factories, official kilns and other processing factories all over the country, showing that the prosperity of handicrafts at that time was unprecedented! As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, China had learned to make steel by burning coal. The big handicraft industry employs hundreds of full-time industrial workers, while the two military industries of the government employ 8,000 workers-this is already the scale of heavy industry! Taking 1078 as an example, the annual output of iron and steel industry in northern China reached1250,000 tons, while that in Britain was only 76,000 tons at the beginning of 1788 industrial revolution. In addition, mining, metallurgy, paper making, porcelain making, silk weaving and navigation are also very developed. Song Dynasty was the home of "high-tech" before modern times, and it was the overlord of world handicraft industry at that time! From the commercial point of view, cities in the Tang Dynasty tended to be administrative centers, while towns in the Song Dynasty tended to be industrialized. The trading areas in the Tang Dynasty were strictly controlled by officials, while the Song Dynasty was more free. Due to the further development of commodity economy, the boundary between residential area and commercial area gradually disappears. Some of these "new" cities in the Song Dynasty have developed to a very large scale, such as Kaifeng and Hangzhou, with a population of one million. Even at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the largest city outside China was "Baghdad" with a population of only 300,000-500,000. Hundreds of years later, Arab traveler Ibn Betuta called Hangzhou "the largest city in the world"! The population engaged in industry and commerce has gradually increased, the output has increased, and the investment capital has greatly expanded. Therefore, it is not only agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue. The proportion of industry and commerce has surpassed that of agriculture, and there have been copperplate advertisements in its commercial operation, which is more than 300 years earlier than western capitalism. For Su Dongpo, a bachelor, he once wrote an advertisement poem for an old woman who cooked oil, which made it prosperous. More interestingly, the song dynasty also. The appearance of tabloids similar to modern newspapers and the earliest trademarks in history is of great significance, which marks the gradual improvement of the commercialization system in Song Dynasty. In addition, On the Velocity of Money Circulation written by Shen Kuo, a famous scholar, has reached the level of modern monetary theory. The prosperous commercial wave in the Song Dynasty was also the earliest mother of capitalism in the world, and the rapid economic development in the Song Dynasty created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. 2. The pursuit of rich spiritual and cultural brilliance and material life is becoming more and more urgent, so there is a strong cultural demand in the Song Dynasty while the economy is developing, and the aesthetic taste of national leisure life has contributed to the high cultural prosperity in the Song Dynasty. Acrobatics, traditional Chinese opera, folk music, novels, calligraphy and architecture all developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty. At the same time, a large number of famous literati and poets appeared in the Song Dynasty. Everyone is familiar with them, such as Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Kou Zhun Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shen Kuo, Xin Qiji, Zhu, Li Qingzhao and so on. Even now, these scholars are still in their prime, and their brilliance remains the same. Among the eight most famous Tang and Song masters in ancient and modern China and abroad, calligraphers in the Song Dynasty accounted for a large number, even more numerous. The four most famous calligraphers are Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Their works are enough to amaze calligraphers. Even Qin Gui, the great traitor, can learn a good pen and dance well. If he is a decent man, he must be a calligrapher and writer, not to mention heroic and resourceful heroes such as Yue Fei! Because of the blossoming of culture, the Song Dynasty was divided into the north and the south: there were four great masters in the Southern Song Dynasty, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, You Mao, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao (Neo-Confucianism), and three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu and Zhang Qian, who erased them. It is precisely because of Song Wenhua's vigorous development that the Song Dynasty completed the "Confucian Renaissance" and produced new Confucianism. The traditional "Confucian Classics" entered a new stage of "Song Studies" and promoted the in-depth development of the intersection of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Ci rose in the late Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. Therefore, there are Tang poetry and Song poetry, as well as Yuanqu. It is said that visible words are one of the representatives of Song culture. To study the culture of Song Dynasty, we must know something about its ci, the most representative of which is Su Shi's When is the Bright Moon, which is almost unknown. That is to say, ordinary children sing a few sentences, which makes people feel elegant and floating, and makes people feel that they are in a fairyland, lonely in the world, and people who are sad everywhere can be described as reaching the peak and exerting the advantages of mink tablets to the extreme! "Jiang? He also wrote hunting in Michigan, and other poets have made great achievements. Even poetesss like Li Qingzhao are indispensable. Women are good at writing and have reached this level. From ancient times to the present, Li Qingzhao was the only one in the Song Dynasty. If I list the people of Song Ci one by one, I may not finish talking for a day, but I'll just count the nine Niu Yi hairs of Song Ci culture. As far as Song Ci is concerned, the whole book is * * *. Kong's Complete Song Poetry Supplement received more than 20,000 poets and more than 1,300 poems. On the original basis, more than 100 poets wrote more than 400 poems, which fully reflected the status of Ci culture in the Song Dynasty and Ci was worthy of being the representative of Song Wenhua, showing a cheerful vitality! " Poetry is the essence of China's ancient literature. In the Song Dynasty, the interpretation of "poetry" was promoted to a new level, a more popular and universal level, and a more free metrical level. Although Song Dynasty was the heyday of Ci, it was also a country of poetry. No matter primary school, middle school, university or even graduate students, the poems of the Tang and Song Dynasties are the continuation, development and breakthrough of the poems of the Song Dynasty. The types and forms of poetry in Song Dynasty are unprecedented. As far as I know, Peking University is compiling The Complete Poems of Song Dynasty. According to preliminary statistics, there are no fewer than 9,000 authors, four times as many as the whole Tang poetry! As far as the number of individual poems is concerned, the individual with the largest number of poems was born in the Song Dynasty. Let us always remember the name of this person who cares about the country and the people. He is Lu You. Do you still remember the last wish of the great poet for national rejuvenation? Do you remember his last words? If you forget, then listen! What a simple language "I don't forget to tell Weng about the Japanese Family Festival in Beiding Central Plains". I didn't see Zionism before I died. I will also hear this news after my death ... My children, when you worship the sacrifice, don't forget to tell your's father this news ... Let me die in my grave ... I closed my eyes and shed tears for some reason. And tears, not only for the sadness hidden in the "poem", but also for Qian Qian and Qian Qian, a patriot like Lu You, and the ultimate fate of the Song Dynasty! Haha, the keyboard is wet. Let's have a rest. Let's cheer up and continue to write. Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties is a huge treasure house, which is inexhaustible. Poetry contains countless wealth of knowledge, but we know little about this treasure house and develop it. Can we not regret it? There are so many potential resources waiting for us to develop. Why are we not tempted? Before I talked about the calligraphy of the four great calligraphers, I didn't say much about the achievements of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty. Which painters emerged in the Song Dynasty? The most famous painters are Fan Kuan, Xia Gui, Guo, Zhang Zeduan and other famous painters. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival was written by Zhang Zeduan, which best represents the highest artistic achievement in China's painting history. It is sometimes ethereal and artistic conception is like flowing water. Landscape painters in the Song Dynasty can be described as talented people with their own strengths. For example, painters in the Northern Song Dynasty include Fan Kuan (who is good at landscapes and snow scenes), Xu Daoning (who is good at trees and wild waters), Guo (who is good at depicting the subtle changes of the four seasons), Li Cheng (known as Selin Pingyuan), Zhao Linglong (known as lyrical xiaojing), Mi Youren and his son (also known as Yunshan Moxi), etc., which are rich in content and hard to exhaust, while Xia Guihe's poetic landscapes in the Southern Song Dynasty reflect the constant change and development of landscape painting art. Together with Liu Songnian, they are called the four unknown or reclusive folk painters in the Southern Song Dynasty, and they are also a dime a dozen, which shows that calligraphy and painting in the Song Dynasty have reached the peak of artistic creation. In addition, the rise of storytelling in Song Dynasty also opened a new era in the history of China literature. It can be said that the vernacular novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were the first, and the civilian culture also flourished, such as shadow play, burlesque, acrobatics, puppet show, rap and so on, and the economic leap developed material life. Prostitutes in Song Dynasty were clearly divided into four categories: commercial prostitutes, geisha, geisha and official prostitutes. Of course, most of these prostitutes don't sell themselves but just entertain themselves, and quite a few of them are proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry and songs. Some prostitutes can even set up their own families, which are now folk artists. Among the four types of geisha, the official prostitute is the most talented and charming. The status of natural official prostitutes is also high. In the Song Dynasty, all tea cultures were also very tasty. It is inferior tea rather than inferior drink. Even the teacups are divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze, blue glaze and white glaze. It can be seen that the Song people also enjoyed the superiority. There are various kinds of petal teas circulating among the people, and Hui Zong, the monarch, also introduced the tea culture in Daguan Tea Theory. It can be said that the tea culture in Song Dynasty was China-like. The comprehensive embodiment of China ancient elite culture and popular culture is refined and popular culture. Huizong people have made great progress because they like the high-quality jade carving art. At the same time, woodcarving, bamboo carving, Qi Diao, inscriptions, seals, bronzes, gold and silver wares, horns, brushes, ink, paper and inkstones all have high attainments, which shows the superb and profound culture and art of the Song Dynasty! The Song Dynasty also created the "Song Character" that is now used, which shows its far-reaching influence on the writing. Earth-shaking changes have also taken place in the field of historiography in the Song Dynasty. The genre of historiography in the Song Dynasty is diversified, and epigraphy (similar to archaeology) appears. Historical works are also extremely rich, and famous historians have reached the peak of the development of ancient historiography in China. The earliest dictionary in China, Shuo Wen Jie Zi, has long been lost since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was also edited by Xu Xuan brothers in the Song Dynasty. Scholars believe that before the founding of New China, China culture had three climaxes. 1 During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended. 2 Cultural Renaissance in the Song Dynasty. Chen Zeng, the "Four Major Movements" New Culture Movement, said: These comments deserve attention. Historian Toynbee (UK) once said, "If I have to choose a Song Dynasty that I want to live in China most", and Mr. Wang once said, "The dynasty I yearn for most is the Song Dynasty!" Even Deng Guangming once said, "The height of material civilization and spiritual civilization in the Song Dynasty can be said to be unprecedented in the historical period of the whole feudal society! "Yes, the culture of the Song Dynasty has attracted countless literati, which is indeed unprecedented in the whole feudal social history!
References:
Baidu baike