Genghis Khan lived in an era of fierce conflicts among Mongolian tribes and ethnic groups: "The stars are circling around/the ministries are in a mess/who can sleep in bed with peace of mind/all grab financial resources/the earth shakes/the world is in chaos/who can sleep in bed with peace of mind/people kill each other." With fire and sword's tempering aroused his desire to unify Mongolian tribes. The powerful enemies he faced were Jamukha in Zadakan, Wang Han in Kelie in the west and Sun Han in Naiman. Jamukha gathered 30,000 people from 13 departments in Anshan, Zagreb to attack Temujin. Temujin divided the 30,000 men into 13 wings to fight him. This is the famous "Battle of 13 Wings". Although Temujin (Genghis Khan) was outnumbered, he won the hearts of the people. Then there is the war to eliminate the main logistics department and conquer Taiji and Tieni River. The most crucial battle was the battle to "broaden the field" with the joint forces of Naiman Department, Meiere Begging Department and Ivopriz Department. The tribe called Jamukha "Gulhan" (meaning Lord of the world), but Jamukha was defeated. 1 195, the Tatar Department was destroyed, and then Wang Han of Kelie Department was destroyed through the Battle of Helan Zhenshatuo and the Battle of the Winner Owen Doyle. 1204, after the Battle of Mount Hunakun, Sun Han of Naiman was chased to Guchuruko for annihilation. After the extinction of Naiman tribe, the Mongolian plateau formed a great unity. 1206, Temujin was honored as Genghis Khan, Yekemang Horun Uhles (Great Mongolia), a powerful military ruling country.
After the unification of Mongolia, Genghis Khan used a large number of soldiers overseas. Taking advantage of the increasingly decadent rulers of the Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan destroyed everything, set out from the timid Qinghe River, drove straight into it, took Wang Guti's department and won half of the Jin Dynasty. 1218-1223, Genghis Khan led his troops to the west, pursued hard and conquered the west Liao. Later, he conquered the thorn submodule. 1July 227, Rong Yuan, who was all-powerful and shocked the world, died in the army. His wisdom and strength have become an important part of Mongolian traditional culture, which is famous for its bravery and agility.
Genghis Khan has been through many battles, and his military culture is also very rich. Today, let's talk about it.
First, the correct strategy was adopted. Genghis Khan adopted the strategy of concentrating his forces and dividing them one by one according to the comparison between the enemy and the enemy in the activities of unifying Mongolian ministries and Chinese territory.
In the Mongolian society at the end of 12 and the beginning of 13, unification is a historical necessity. At that time, Mongolian society was relatively strong, including Jamukha in Zagreb, Wang Han and Tatar in Kelie, and Sun Han in Naiman. Who is the best person when competing with others? He first united with Wang Han of Kelie Department, became an "answer" (friend) with Jamukha, and "covered the quilt" with Jamukha (Xie Zaishan translated "The Secret History of Mongolia"). They defeated the begging department first, gathered all the people and strengthened their own strength. Then we continued to adopt the strategy of uniting with Wang Han, defeated Jamukha at 120 1, and defeated Thailand for a few days. Later, Genghis Khan pointed the finger at his feud Tatar, but it was still difficult to destroy Tatar on his own. He adopted the strategy of uniting the rulers. Genghis Khan used and assisted Prime Minister Wan to attack Tatar, and Tatar was in a slump. So far, Genghis Khan has unified most parts of Mongolia, and his main rivals are Naiman and Kelie.
Genghis Khan grew stronger by relying on Wang Han's strength. He called Wang Han "the father of Khan" and has always formed a relatively strong alliance with Wang Han. But Wang Han's son Sang Kun has seen that Genghis Khan "didn't take us seriously". Wang Han also realized that Genghis Khan was full-fledged and posed a great threat to himself. Pre-emptive, after the Battle of Helan Zhenshatuo and the Battle of Zheerwendur, while Wang Han was unprepared, he was setting up a golden tent to hold a banquet and wipe out Wang Han in one fell swoop. In the end, only the powerful Naiman system is left. Naimambu has always been arrogant. They misjudged the strength of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan personally commanded and went straight to Hunakun Mountain, where Sun Hanzhong Army was located, and won.
Genghis Khan had already set the goal of unifying China, but he didn't send troops to Nanjing, the capital of the Song Dynasty. On one occasion, he asked General Guo Baoyu how to attack the Central Plains. Guo said, "The size of the Central Plains should not be underestimated. Southwest Zhufan Yong Han is available, so we should take it first, in order to get money, and then we are determined to win "(Yuan Shi, Volume 149, Biography of Guo Baoyu). Xixia is weaker than Jin and is Jin's right-hand man. If we destroy Xixia first, Jin will be helpless. As Hao Jing said: "Since the Uighur War (that is, the121kloc-0/year Uighur War in which Genghis Khan attacked gold on a large scale), he took advantage of the advantages of Xia Yan and Yun Yun and sent his troops away. It seems that he didn't intend to take it, not only broke Uighur, but also destroyed Xixia. After capturing Xixia, Xixia became a partial division of Mongolia's attack on Jin Guo and turned the enemy into me. This is called strangeness. As scholars have said, "When a weak enemy is destroyed, a strong enemy loses its wings, from weak to strong, easy to attack and destroy, close to the enemy, close to the enemy, and easy to attack and destroy" (History of Ancient Mongolian War by Luo Wangzabu and others).
Second, flexible tactics. In terms of combat methods, Genghis Khan was often able to build a strategic position, assess the situation, improvise and be flexible.
The troops led by Genghis Khan pay attention to knowing ourselves and ourselves. Every time they fight a battle, they should observe the enemy's situation, including politics, economy, military affairs, geography and other aspects, and never fight unprepared or uncertain battles. When approaching the enemy lines, we often "look at the terrain first, observe the enemy's actual situation, and take advantage of the chaos." When marching, we are often afraid of (middle) crouching. Although we are partial to this division, we must first send elite cavalry to disperse them ... We must judge the truth before and after, such as a certain road can enter, a certain city can attack, a certain place can fight, and a certain place can camp. "When camping: Leave two horses in the camp every time, and untie the saddle at night to prevent accidents" (Black Tatar). In the battle of Hunakun Mountain, their troops were few and they fought from a long distance, so they were exhausted. So when I got to the front, I stayed a little, temporarily avoiding a large-scale conflict with Naiman's troops and saving my strength. Naiman instead created the illusion that the Mongolian army was stronger than Mazhuang, and they were attracted instead of being sent, which increased their fear. In order to levy gold, Genghis Khan carefully planned and made detailed preparations for five years.
Genghis Khan made six expeditions to Xixia for 23 years. The tactics used are different. Attacking Haicheng is a tough battle, and it will take 40 days to attack. Genghis Khan tied the tails of cats and swallows in the city with hemp wadding soaked in oil, and took advantage of the chaos to attack and fall into it. The second time, the storm. During the siege of Zhongxing House, it was impossible to storm, so Genghis Khan ordered to build a dike to raise the water level and divert water to attack the city. Zhongxing mansion is in a hurry. During the second attack on Zhongxing Mansion, the main force of Xixia was destroyed, and all its foreign aid was besieged without fighting. Its peripheral Lintao Prefecture (now Lintao, Gansu Province), Tao Tao (now Lintan, Gansu Province), Hehe (now Bao Han, Gansu Province), Xining (now Xining, Qinghai Province), Deshun (now Jingning, Gansu Province) and other places were all captured, and Zhongxing Prefecture was besieged for a long time, and its ammunition was exhausted.
When he hit Naiman, Genghis Khan gave orders to the generals: "Enter like a peach skin, place like a sea array, attack like a chisel and fight." The so-called progress is like peach skin, that is, scattered progress; Put it like a sea array, that is, implement a roundabout encirclement. The Secret History of Mongolia says, "It is like a sea array." Wang Guowei's Notes on Black Tatar said: "The crow scattered the stars." Far or near, more or less, gather or disperse, come or not, come like the sky were to fall, go like electrocution. "If you win, you will be attacked and killed by the tail enemy, and you will not be allowed to escape. If you lose, you will leave and leave, and you will not chase. " In the fierce battle, they are good at changing positions back and forth, drifting and advancing and retreating freely. The so-called deus ex, is to rush forward. In order to wipe out Naiman, Genghis Khan personally led the Baatu team of the Guards to attack the Chaqiermawute Canyon, the stronghold of the Japanese aggressors. They cut through the Hunakun Mountain and went straight to the heart of Sun's disaster area: he was "dressed in armor, with no puncture place/heavy armor/no acupuncture place, like a hungry eagle/soaring/like a beast/jumping".
Genghis Khan's troops also made holes during the expedition to the flower thorn submodule. Mongolian troops crossed the Pamirs, a forbidden area in the world, and surrounded the flower thorn submodule from the south. Their main force also crossed the Kigilkum desert, covering an area of 600 kilometers, and surrounded the thorn submodule from the west. In the pursuit of Maha, they crossed the iceberg canyon in the Caucasus. Make maha end greatly shocked. In this way, we took it by surprise and won a brilliant victory.
In combat, the Mongolian army often adopts circuitous tactics instead of direct attack. Sometimes it is a strategic detour. For example, the destruction of gold in the Song Dynasty was the strategic plan of Genghis Khan before he died. Sometimes, in specific battles, we surround ourselves without fighting, fall into the trap without fighting, and spare no effort to make the enemy tired and troubled. "Tatar Record of the Monk" said: "In addition to this plan, or armed group cards, one step shot and one step hit the cymbals, it will collapse on both sides, and the collapse will be chaotic; When the enemy enters from the chaos and sees it, he will ride step by step with a frown, and then stay in the team after the step to meet the enemy. If the enemy or fortified city walls fail in all aspects, he will drive away cattle, sheep and livestock, or whip horses and stir up the enemy's team. Few are unbeaten. If the enemy or Senji refuses to ride a horse, he will ride a horse everywhere to disperse his whistle, and sometimes he will send an arrow to make the enemy work. If the enemy is at loggerheads for a long time, they will go on a hunger strike or lose their wages. He pushed the soldiers when he couldn't stand still. Or if the enemy line moves, don't fight, wait until it is tired, and then rush in. " Have a strong fighting capacity.
Third, a feature of Genghis Khan's army is "cavalry". Because Mongolians are mainly engaged in animal husbandry, they can ride horses, graze and hunt. In the eyes of Mongols, "a horse is worth more than anything. Without it, the grassland economy can't work ... "(Vladimirtsov's History of Mongolian Social System). Mongolian shepherds are very good at riding horses. According to the 98 "History of Soldiers" in the History of Yuan Dynasty, Genghis Khan regarded "a widowed man over 15 and under 70 as a soldier." These troops "mounted their horses to prepare for war, dismounted and gathered for grazing", and the Mongolian army exerted great power on the vast grassland.
Mongolian cavalry is characterized by its high speed and often adopts internal attack tactics. Whether it's luring the enemy to go deep or leading the enemy to attack, whether it's feint or panic attack, its speed is shocking. In the battle of Shatuo in Helan Town where Temujin confronted Wang Han, Temujin received the information of Wang Hanqi's attack and prepared for the attack. Wang Han of Temujin Department also took the form of surprise attack in the Battle of Mount Dur. In the battle against Naiman, first, "attack Naiman's sentry until they reach their Zhong Jun and enter in their panic" (Xie Zaishan translated The Secret History of Mongolia). As Peng Daya wrote, Xu's "A Brief Introduction to the Black Tartars" analyzed: "At the time of confrontation, every time the cavalry crosses the enemy line, it will move at one stroke, regardless of the number of people. Although it is 100,000; If you don't move, the front team will cross, the second team will fight again, and it will be the same for the back team. When Fang Qi rushed to the enemy, it was a moment of delay and a plan to deploy troops from front to back. When the soldiers were four in one, they finally arrived at a sly one who responded from all directions and Qi Li collided for a while. " Lin Bu, a foreign scholar, marveled: "The way of modern blitzkrieg is to learn from Mongolia 700 years ago."
The Mongolian army has a system of "following the horse". The so-called horse-following system means that one person leads a horse and the horse stops. The record of becoming a monk says: "When you started your career, there were several horses that you could ride every day, so the horses were not trapped." As a result, the Mongolian army fell from the sky and died like electricity. Horses are particularly sensitive to sight, smell and hearing. "The History of Dosan Mongolia" said: "This generation has a keen sense of smell, hearing and vision, and can be like wild animals. Wild house all year round. I was used to riding and shooting when I was naive, and I was used to hard work in bad weather. This natural fighter is also a pony. Although its appearance is not beautiful, it is easy to gallop, hard-working and not afraid of climate discomfort. " Horses are alert, know the way, and can tell the direction in bad environment; This horse is docile and stubborn. It can be absolutely loyal to its owner and keep strangers at a distance. It is brave and energetic. On the battlefield of Bloodstained, it can run for dozens or hundreds of miles and carry the injured owner to a safe place. And horse milk can be fed to soldiers. Mongolian war horses are not picky about food. Although they travel around the world, they don't need to worry about forage. These war horses "have no straw during the day, so they can only graze at night and ride with their grass until dawn in Mu Zhi." Mongolians have rich experience in horse training, and can reach the level of "thousands of horses are in a group, there is no neighing, and there is no need to control the system or escape when dismounting".